Population explosion causes and its consequences
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1) High population growth is caused by high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing lifespans. 2) The consequences of overpopulation include overexploitation of natural resources, increased environmental pollution, and more poverty and malnutrition. 3) India has implemented measures like family planning programs since 1952 to promote smaller families and control population growth through education, contraceptive distribution, and voluntary sterilization programs.
Population explosion causes and its consequences
- 1. 3.POPULATION EXPLOSION CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES & MEASURE Lecture by: SRINVAS GAJJELA. Assistant Professor Biosciences & Bioengineering Dept. RGUKT Basar, Nirmal – TS.
- 2. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION 1). High fertility Rate /Accelerating Birth rate: – Fertility rate of a country: The no. of Children a woman gives birth to during her child bearing age. – High fertility rate causes rapid increase in population of the country. – HFR (High fertility rate ) are prevalent in under developed nations (where Literacy rates especially among women are low). – 9 out of 10 top countries with highest fertility rate are in Africa. – In Africa several regions are victims of poverty, famine, drought and diseases. • Ex: Niger –a country in Africa has HFR, a Woman on an average gives birth to 7 children. • India has Fertility rate of 2.2. ( in 1960’s it was 6) – Bihar has highest fertility rate of 3.34 (on of the most Backward state in India. – AP Fertility rate is 1.6 , Telangana state : 1.7
- 3. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION.. 2).Decrease in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): – IMR : The no of deaths of infants under 1 yearold per 1000 live births. – Reasons for IMR: • An improvement in medical science and technology, • Better maternal care facilities and • wide usage of preventive drugs (vaccines). • IMR is an index of the health of the country • Monaco, Japan, Iceland & Singapore has IMR less than 2.5 • While India (as on 2016) IMR IS 34.
- 4. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION.. 3).Increase in life expectancy: – The average life expectancy of human has improved significantly due to – • Improved living conditions, better hygiene, • sanitation habits, better nutrition, health, and education. • The steady supply of good quality of food makes sure that population is well nourished. – Hence population grow when adequately nourished. • Japan, Switzerland & Singapore has highest Life expectancy in the world i.e 83 yrs. • Indians Life expectancy is 68yrs. (as in 2015).
- 5. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION.. 4).Increased immigrations: • An increase in immigration also causes population explosion particularly in developed countries. • It happens when a large no. of people come to an already populated place with the intention to reside permanently.
- 6. India Population age groups
- 7. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION.. • 5).Less space than required : • In urban cities it is often found there is very less scope for making available extra space to accommodate additional population. • Hence a large population is packed into a smaller space. • The population density (is the number of people per unit of area) of India is 416 people per square kilometer, which ranks 31st in the world. • In Mumbai, the population density is 21,000 people per square kilometer (54,000/square mile) • Population residing in urban areas in India, according to 1901 census, was 11.4%. This count increased to 28.53% according to 2001 census, and crossing 30% as per 2011 census, standing at 31.16%.
- 10. India Population density compared to other countries
- 11. Consequences of Population Explosion (1) Over Exploitation of Natural Resources: • Due to high growth in population, the requirements of the people increased at a tremendous rate and consequently, the natural resources were unexpectedly over exploited hence depleted. • The Earth has limited natural resources in the form of water, fauna, flora, minerals, fossil fuels – Out of them, some are renewable and some are non- renewable resources. – The non-renewable resources are being extinct because of over utilization.
- 12. • The water crisis and disputes about the rightful share of the water within states and outside the countries. • Humans extract and use around 50% of the more natural resources than they did just 30 years ago. • It is estimated that within 40 years, the reserves of petroleum will be vanished completely in the world. • Similarly, water scarcity can be observed everywhere.
- 13. (2) Industrialization and Urbanization: • Urbanization is a result of growth of population in urban areas. • As a country develops from primarily an agricultural to an industrial economy, large-scale emigrational rural residents to towns and cities takes place. • During the process, the growth rate of urban areas is typically double the pace of overall population increase. • Urbanization is taking place at faster rate in India., According to the 1901 census, the population residing in urban areas was 11.4%. It was increased to 28.53 % and in 2018 it is 33.2%.
- 14. • Urbanization eventually leads to a severe decline in the number of people living in the countryside, with negative population growth rates in rural areas. • Urban areas face acute shortage of land and water and other environmental problems. • Vast areas of urban are converted into slums.
- 15. INDIA SLUM FACTS (Extra Information) • According to last census in 2011, the slum-dwelling population of India had risen from 27.9 million in 1981 to 93.06 million in 2011. ● Even after offering many services and facilities, most of the people living in slum areas do not have electricity, water supply and cooking gas. ● After Mumbai, Delhi has the second largest slum Population in India. ● Slum people are mostly unemployed or daily wage workers who cannot even afford basic necessities of life. ● 1 out every 5 person from the slums belongs to the Schedule Caste (SC) community. ● However sex ratio of this community is far better than the communities living in the urban area.
- 17. • The literacy rate in these areas has risen up to a remarkable level that is 77%, but it is still less than the urban area. ● Slum areas gets created when individuals or families move to the urban areas in order to fulfill their dreams or to find a better economy ● India is a third world country that suffers from poverty, malnutrition, diseases, and more. ● India alone is responsible for 25% of the deaths of children among the world. ● The slums offer many great risks for the poor children due to the unsanitary environment. ● Nearly 1.8 million people lives in slum areas in capital of India - New Delhi. ● According to UNICEF, “India alone, more than 1 million child lives could be saved with a few vitamins and some type of okay nutrition. (Extra Information)
- 18. (3) Shrinking Agricultural Land: • There is unbreakable cycle of transformation of – forest land into agricultural land and – the agricultural lands are being converted into construction of residential colonies and establishment of industries in or around the cities. • The rate of transformation is tremendous. • The per capita availability of land for cultivation declined by 50% from 1.1 acres in 1911 to 0.6acres in 1971 in India. Since then it has shrunken much further. • Ex: The tropical rain forests of Amazon Basin, within the territory of Brazil were cut down at a large scale during eighties for construction of agricultural farm lands, which led a way for severe ecological disturbances.
- 19. (4) Global Warming: • Population explosion is linked with global warming. • The increase in population leads to greater consumption of resources. • The amount of CO2 & other green house gasses increases. • This causes rise in global temperatures. • The global average surface temperature has increased during the 20th century by about 0.6 degrees centigrade. • If it increases further the consequences will be disastrous.
- 20. (5) Environmental Pollution • The tremendous growth in population has led to the degradation of the environment. • Air , water, and soil have got polluted.
- 21. (6) Poverty, Malnutrition and Famine: • Poverty and malnutrition is a growing and common phenomenon in the underdeveloped countries. • Millions of people live in HUNGER & Suffer from MALNOURISHMENT as they cannot afford to buy food, nutritious food or cannot afford farming supplies on their own . Malnutrition in BHUTAN
- 22. • Poverty and malnutrition are a common phenomenon in underdeveloped countries. • Africa – world’s poorest continent. • Countries of sub sharan Africa suffer from frequent droughts, and famines. Hence recorded highest rates of starvation deaths. Malnutrition in NIGER
- 23. 7).POPULATION REDUCES THE RATE OF CAPITAL FORMATION • In underdeveloped countries due to high birth rates and low life expectancy the no. of dependents in family is high. • Nearly 40-50% of population is in non-productive age groups – that simply consumes and does not produce anything. • The per capita income is low because the dependents have to be fed and taken care of. • Job opportunities too are less in poor countries. Hence there is little scope for savings and capital formation.
- 24. 8).Population growth weakens social infrastructure • In welfare states like India the Govt. pledges to meet the social needs of the people by providing basic facilities like – – Subsidized education, housing & medical aid • But vast increase in population casts a heavy burden on the government and derails many plans.
- 25. Are there any advantages of High Population Growth? Increase in the rate of population growth has advantages also: The growing population of youth in developing countries like India can play a important role in building the economy. Their strength and talent can be utilized in various ways. In contrast, the advanced countries like Japan and many European countries are facing a peculiar problems associated with a sharp decline in population. – EX: Japan has become a society of aging people because of rapid fall in fertility rate & increase in longevity. – Nearly a quarters of population is above 65 years – Because of decreased labour force, dependence of robots is increasing both at home and in factories.. – There is no one to take care of elderly population.
- 26. POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES INITIATIVES IN INDIA • There are no easy solutions to the problems of population explosion. • Population growth is linked with poverty, and illiteracy. • It is possible only when people are educated and enjoy reasonably good standards of living that the population of a country stabilizes. • It is not a coincidence that countries like Norway, Switzerland, Singapore, & The USA – have high Human Development Index have a low growth rate of population. • In India economically backward states – Bihar, UP, Rajasthan – have highest Birth rates.
- 27. • In countries like India societal norms, & prejudices(an unjustified attitude or opinion, usually a negative one) influences the size of the families. – The preference for a male child, – Child marriages – Low status of women in many communities
- 28. • India was first country in the world to launch a nation wide FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME in 1952. – Govt. agencies and institutions have spread the message of the importance of having small families. – Media was extensively used for making awareness among the people. – Enlighten the parents - could spend time and resources in small families & hence can be happy. – Cheap contraceptives were distributed even in most remote areas. .
- 29. FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME in 1952. –Sex education was popularized. –Sterilizations were conducted & Abortion was legalized. –Couples were encouraged to go in for sterilization(Vsectomy for males, Tubectomy for females) after the birth of 2 children. Small family, Happy family, Healthy family
- 30. • Every country must devise its own ways to tackle the problems of overpopulation. – In 1979 China started the ‘one child per family’ policy. Those who defied the law and had a second child were subjected to brutal punishment. – The child too had to face the impact as Chinese Govt. had denied him/ her education& health care. – The infamous population control measures was successful in bringing down the birthrate. But at the cost gross human rights violations. • Such coercive policies would not be practical & ill suited in a large democratic country like India.
- 32. Measure to control Population a) The Govt. should regularly conduct programmes to educate the public about the ill effects of overpopulation. b) Social organizations & NGOs should actively involve and inform people about the available methods of family planning. c) People should be persuaded but not coerced to undergo sterilization after having 2 children. d) Family literacy should be encouraged, so that women can take informed decisions about the size of their families. e) Ban on child marriages should be enforced strictly. f) Maternal and child care facilities should be improved.
- 34. SMALL FAMILY … HEALTHY FAMILY & HAPPY FAMILY..