This document discusses the difference between population and sample data, and how samples are used to make inferences about populations in statistical analysis. It defines a population as representing every possible observation, while a sample is a subset that aims to fairly represent the population. It notes that using a sample introduces risk that the sample may not accurately reflect the true population parameters, and that statistical analysis aims to mitigate this risk. The document provides examples of how these concepts apply in practical organizational metrics that are measured through sampling.