Poultry w-bakker_minimum_ventelation
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1. Minimum ventilation is important for broiler chickens in the first few weeks to guarantee fresh air, optimal growth, and organ development. It uses still air or very low air speeds to avoid chilling the chicks. 2. There are different ventilation systems used depending on the age of the chickens and outdoor temperatures, ranging from minimum ventilation for young chicks to tunnel ventilation for older birds to control heat. 3. Key factors for minimum ventilation systems include air exchange rate, pressure drop across inlets, and uniform air distribution without excess cooling of the chicks. This helps optimize health, growth and final performance of the flock.
Poultry w-bakker_minimum_ventelation
- 1. Minimum Ventilation to Maximise Broiler Farm Performance IngIng. Winfridus. Winfridus BakkerBakker CobbCobb--VantressVantress
- 2. Available Types Of Ventilation Systems Simplified Natural ventilation system where the house isNatural ventilation system where the house is open.open. Positive pressure system for open and closedPositive pressure system for open and closed houses.houses. Negative pressure system, by far the best designNegative pressure system, by far the best design and the most efficient and economical for anyand the most efficient and economical for any poultry operation world wide.poultry operation world wide.
- 3. Most birds live in highly technical houses.Most birds live in highly technical houses.
- 4. Influence of ambient Temperature on the Mortality of Chicks in 1st wk. Temp.Temp. inin ººCC 27.527.5 28.528.5 3030 3131 3232 % Mort. 7.00 3.00 0.92 0.19 0.26 Temp.Temp. inin ººFF 81.581.5 83.383.3 8686 87.887.8 89.689.6
- 5. Behavior of Chicks First Few Days The chicks behave normally when the rectal temperature is between 39.5 and 40.0ºC. When the temperature is lower the chicks will huddle together. When the temperature is too high the chicks first start making a lot of noise, then open their beaks to pant. Wings will drop and the chicks will cry louder and louder. If the temperature continues to rise they will go unconscious and die when the rectal temperature gets to 44ºC.
- 6. Rectal Temperature of Chicks 37.3 37.6 38 38.3 38.7 39 39.3 39.7 40 40.3 40.6 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Litter Temperature at 2.5 cm below the litter surface RectalTemperature Chick Temp. Ideal Temp. 39.5-40ºC
- 7. How to take temperatures of Chicks Chicks that are smallerChicks that are smaller tend to have some lowertend to have some lower temperature at hatch.temperature at hatch. If the navel temperatureIf the navel temperature is taken subtract 0.5is taken subtract 0.5ººCC compared to rectalcompared to rectal temperatures (39.5temperatures (39.5-- 4040ººC).C).
- 9. Air Leaks Chicks huddled together
- 10. LITTER TEMP. EFFECT ON 7- DAY MORTALITY Arkansas integrator studyArkansas integrator study 3,600,000 birds placed during December3,600,000 birds placed during December Temperatures taken at placementTemperatures taken at placement Litter Temp. Taken 2.5 cm Into LitterLitter Temp. Taken 2.5 cm Into Litter Compared trends with 7Compared trends with 7--day mortalityday mortality Compared 10 bestCompared 10 best vsvs 10 worst 710 worst 7--dayday mortalitymortality Conclusion: higher temperature correlatesConclusion: higher temperature correlates with lower mortalitywith lower mortality
- 11. 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 Avg. of 10 Best .67% Mortality Avg. of 10 Worst 5.16% Mortality Arkansas Integrator Study 10 Best vs 10 Worst Avg. Litter Temp. 28o C 23oC
- 12. Litter Temperature Study conducted in Holland during winterStudy conducted in Holland during winter of 2003of 2003--2004.2004. Study conducted over 200 broiler houses.Study conducted over 200 broiler houses. Study conducted over 4,500,000 chickens.Study conducted over 4,500,000 chickens. Litter temperature measured at placement.Litter temperature measured at placement. Litter temperature correlated against dailyLitter temperature correlated against daily gain and feed conversion.gain and feed conversion.
- 13. Floor Temperature FloorFloor TemperatureTemperature ººCC FeedFeed ConversionConversion Daily gain inDaily gain in gramsgrams 2020 ººCC -- 6868 ººFF 1.521.52 5050 2222 1.511.51 50.650.6 2424 1.501.50 51.251.2 2626 1.491.49 51.851.8 2828 1.481.48 52.452.4 3030 1.471.47 53.053.0 3232 ººCC -- 9090 ººFF 1.461.46 53.653.6 Diff. 20-32ºC 0.06 3.6
- 14. Floor Temperature • How hot? 40ºC (Litter under brooder) • How hot ? 32ºC (Litter temperature whole house with heaters) • First 5 days is critical time (chick body temperature should rise to 40ºC) • Why? • Health/7 day mortality • Feed intake/performance
- 15. Chilled Chicks = Lower Weights University of GA study Cold stress chicks for just 45 minutes at placement. 12.8 °C= 55 ºF cold environment Banded and mixed control and stressed chicks. Cold stressed chicks were significantly lighter (109 grams = 0.24 lbs) at 35 days of age. More critical with small chicks or slightly dehydrated chicks (increased surface to weightincreased surface to weight ratio).ratio).
- 16. Effect of brooding temperature on broiler performance to 42 days Brood temp.Brood temp. BW (g)BW (g) FCRFCR MortalityMortality (%)(%) 29.4-32.2ºC (85-90ºF) 2267 (5 lbs) 1.71 2.08 23.9-26.7ºC (75-80ºF) 2219 (4.89) 1.77 4.17 21.1-23.9ºC (70-75ºF) 2149 (4.74) 1.82 7.08
- 17. Early House Design Open Top Chimney No Air Velocity Across Birds On Floor CHIMNEY HEAT FRESH AIR FRESH AIR & OXYGEN NOTHING AT BIRD LEVEL
- 18. High House Design Open Sidewalls Because Of Heat Up Lift No Air On Floor CHIMNEY 3.20 m 10.5 f Heat Hot Heat Bubble FRESH AIR NOTHING AT BIRD LEVEL
- 19. Present House Design 2.40 m 7.8 f Heat as Insulator ++ -- House height is determined by height of machines that need to enter to harvest birds, clean out the house etc. Ideal side house opening gives air restriction for entering. Opening on opposite site is 5 times inlet opening.
- 20. Improved House Design With Drop Curtain Sidewalls At Top Of Opening For Natural Ventilation Heat as InsulatorPositive Negative To increase air exchange in the house without high air velocity across birds. Higher curtain on windward side of the house.
- 21. Improved House Design With Drop Curtain Sidewalls At Top Of Opening For Natural Ventilation Heat as InsulatorPositive Neutral To decrease air exchange in the house without high air velocity across birds. Lower curtain on windward side of the house.
- 22. Improved House Design With Drop Curtain Sidewalls At Top Of Opening For Natural Ventilation Heat as InsulatorPositive To increase air exchange in the house and higher air velocity across birds. Curtains even on both sides of the house.
- 23. Poultry House Ventilation Systems 1.1. NATURAL VENTILAITONNATURAL VENTILAITON To be used when totalTo be used when total mechanical ventilation is not available however should includemechanical ventilation is not available however should include minimum ventilation fans for early age.minimum ventilation fans for early age. 2.2. MINIMUM VENTILATION SYSTEMMINIMUM VENTILATION SYSTEM To be used forTo be used for cool weather and during brooding. Low air velocity over the birdcool weather and during brooding. Low air velocity over the birdss and long air exchange rate. This system is for air quality and aand long air exchange rate. This system is for air quality and a slight amount of temperature control.slight amount of temperature control. 3.3. TRANSITION VENTILATION SYSTEMTRANSITION VENTILATION SYSTEM To be usedTo be used to allow for a much better air exchange rate inside the house,to allow for a much better air exchange rate inside the house, without high air velocity across the birds, until the birds morwithout high air velocity across the birds, until the birds more thane than 28 days of age. Difficult to justify the cost compared to benef28 days of age. Difficult to justify the cost compared to benefits.its. 4.4. SUMMER VENTILATION SYSTEMSUMMER VENTILATION SYSTEM To be used forTo be used for temperature control and create a high air speed (velocity) acrostemperature control and create a high air speed (velocity) across thes the birds. To lower the effective temperature and reduce heatbirds. To lower the effective temperature and reduce heat prostration.prostration.
- 24. What happens to Air Speed from a fan within the House 12 m or 39 f 1 m / 3 f 1800 – 1200 – 800 – 600 – 400 – 200 – 50 f/m 9.1 - 6.1 - 4.0 - 3.0 - 2.0 - 1 - 0.25 m/sec Loose hanging fan in the house Very un -uniform air speed and migration of the birds occurs. Birds try to find the best environment.
- 25. Order of Best Ventilation Efficiencies of Chicken Houses Tunnel ventilation with foggers and minimum ventilation. Tunnel ventilation with evaporative cooling and minimum ventilation. 1-2 2-1 3 Open wall house with positive pressure fans in sidewall at 60 degree angle. 4 Open wall house with stir fans down the center of the house in one row. *All Houses Shown Have Minimum Ventilation Going Across The house.
- 26. Ventilation efficiencies continue. 5 Stir fans staggered down center of the house in two rows. Open wall house. Open wall house and hope the wind blows.6 3 Closed cross ventilated houses with foggers. 4 In hot climates In mild climates
- 31. Fan model number to look for in the fan specification book The cone fans should be installed a minimum of 1/2 the diameter of the fan from the ground and when possible 30 inches (76 cm).
- 34. Minimum Ventilation Is based on negative pressure in the houseIs based on negative pressure in the house to get the proper air distribution.to get the proper air distribution. Is used as a cross ventilation to keep the airIs used as a cross ventilation to keep the air speed very low or almost nil in the first 2speed very low or almost nil in the first 2 weeks.weeks. Is used to avoid chilling the chicks so thatIs used to avoid chilling the chicks so that all available feed energy can go for growthall available feed energy can go for growth and uniformity.and uniformity.
- 35. Broiler House Ventilation System HOUSES IN HOT CLIMATES CAN HAVEHOUSES IN HOT CLIMATES CAN HAVE ONE VENTILATION SYSTEM, BUTONE VENTILATION SYSTEM, BUT………….... During the first 3 weeks the curtains are down andDuring the first 3 weeks the curtains are down and only natural ventilation is used.only natural ventilation is used. As of 21As of 21--28 days TUNNEL VENTILATION is used28 days TUNNEL VENTILATION is used till the end to keep the birds cool and avoid heattill the end to keep the birds cool and avoid heat prostration.prostration. However apply minimum ventilation concept if noHowever apply minimum ventilation concept if no optimal results are obtained with Natural Ventilationoptimal results are obtained with Natural Ventilation in the first 3 weeks, with negative reflection on finalin the first 3 weeks, with negative reflection on final BW, Mortality andBW, Mortality and FCRFCR (90% of the cases).(90% of the cases).
- 36. What is the Importance of Minimum Ventilation in Chicks? Minimum ventilation will guarantee that ventilation and fresh air are given to the chicks as of day old to obtain maximum growth rate and organ development in the first few weeks, critical for good end performance of the flock.
- 37. Air temperature & Air Speed over the Chicks 11stst weekweek -- Still airStill air -- Max. 15 fpm.Temp. 32Max. 15 fpm.Temp. 32 ººC (90C (90 ººF)F) 22dd weekweek -- Still airStill air -- Max. 30 fpm. Temp. 29Max. 30 fpm. Temp. 29 ººC (84C (84 ººF)F) 3d week3d week -- Max. 100 fpm.Max. 100 fpm. EffectiveEffective Temp. 27Temp. 27 ººC (81C (81ººF)F) 44thth weekweek -- Max. 200 fpmMax. 200 fpm EffectiveEffective Temp. 25Temp. 25 ººC (77C (77 ººF)F) > 28 days depending on temperature.> 28 days depending on temperature. EffectiveEffective Temp.Temp. 2222 ººC (72C (72 ººF) and lowering to 18F) and lowering to 18 ººC (64C (64 ººF) > 35 days.F) > 35 days.
- 38. All fans running in the 1st week
- 39. 550 fpm at 25 days of age
- 40. 26 Day old Male broiler
- 41. All Broilers Down on the Floor
- 43. Cross and Tunnel Ventilation
- 44. Cross & Tunnel Ventilation Calculations 400 f long 9 f height Tunnel ventilation: Width house x Av. Height = cross section 40 f x 9 f = 360 f2. 1 fan 36” = 11,000 cfm ÷ 360 f2 = 30 f/m With 48” fan the air speed will increase to 21,500 cfm ÷ 360 f2 = 60 f/m. If larger fans are used the problem only gets worse. 40 f wide Cross ventilation: Length house x Av. Height = cross section 400 f x 9 f = 3600 f2. 1 fan 36” = 11,000 cfm ÷ 3600 f2 = 3 f/m
- 45. Explaining Ventilation Concept Air cannon Minimum Ventilation (winter) Maximum Ventilation (summer) Timer controlled Thermostat controlled Air movement to 500’/min-2.4m/sec Pads > 28ºC> 25ºC>20ºC Change from min. to max. Ventilation is automatic Air cannons + VF 48 inlets <20ºC
- 46. Cross-flow Ventilation for ALL Climates 0208 Greece Minimum ventilation for chicks. Air cannons Side wall fan900 fpm
- 47. Cross-Flow Ventilation With Counter Balanced Inlet For Second Stage Air Volume HOT COOL OUTSIDE AIR COMFORTABLE ANIMALS, WARM DRY FLOORS, EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF AIR, AND LOW UTILITY COSTS TEMPERATURE WILL ALWAYS INCREASE BAD AIR
- 48. Cross-Flow Ventilation With Continuous Slot For Second Stage Air Volume HOT COOL OUTSIDE AIR COMFORTABLE ANIMALS, WARM DRY FLOORS, EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF AIR, LOW ENERGY COST TEMPERATURE WILL ALWAYS INCREASE BAD AIR
- 49. Ventilation Criteria in Sequence of Importance before 28 days of age Air exchange in the house. Air volume can never beAir exchange in the house. Air volume can never be compromised for temperature only.compromised for temperature only. Pressure drop across the inlets or air cannons. Needed asPressure drop across the inlets or air cannons. Needed as an effective tool for proper air distribution and reducean effective tool for proper air distribution and reduce heating costs.heating costs. Air distribution. Minimum ventilation has as a rule theAir distribution. Minimum ventilation has as a rule the objective to get good warm and fresh air distribution toobjective to get good warm and fresh air distribution to chicks without cooling them down.chicks without cooling them down. House temperature. Expansion of air by heat andHouse temperature. Expansion of air by heat and evaporation of moisture from the air are the only twoevaporation of moisture from the air are the only two things that will keep floors dry in cold weather.things that will keep floors dry in cold weather.
- 50. Side Fans Needed - Calculations Rule: Side fans runs 1 minute ofRule: Side fans runs 1 minute of every 8 minutes and then 1every 8 minutes and then 1 minute every 5 minutes.minute every 5 minutes. Take volume houseTake volume house ÷÷ 8 = 19,0008 = 19,000 cfmcfm (example)(example) One 36One 36”” fan rated 10,500fan rated 10,500 cfmcfm 19,00019,000 ÷÷ 10,500 = 2 fans10,500 = 2 fans House volumeHouse volume ÷÷ 5 = 30,4005 = 30,400 cfmcfm ÷÷ 10,500 = 3 fans in side wall.10,500 = 3 fans in side wall.
- 51. Side Fans Spacing Calculation Spacing of the side fans isSpacing of the side fans is important.important. Take # fans and doubleTake # fans and double number, so in this casenumber, so in this case 3x2=6.3x2=6. Take length house = 400 fTake length house = 400 f ÷÷ 6 = 67 feet first fan. 2d6 = 67 feet first fan. 2d Fan at 67 x 2 = 134 f.Fan at 67 x 2 = 134 f. from first and 3d fan atfrom first and 3d fan at same distance of 134 feetsame distance of 134 feet from 2d.from 2d. 400 feet long house 67 feet 134 feet 134 feet 67 feet
- 52. Air cannons-First Stage Min. Ventilation Calculation & Spacing Take the length of theTake the length of the househouse ÷÷ 10 + 8.10 + 8. Example: 400 feetExample: 400 feet househouse ÷÷ 10 + 8 = 4810 + 8 = 48 air cannons.air cannons. In 4 corners 2 each =8In 4 corners 2 each =8 Resting 40 to beResting 40 to be spread out over 400spread out over 400 feet = 1 every 10 feet.feet = 1 every 10 feet.
- 53. Every air cannon has capacity of 40 cfm (2.5 “ (6.4 cm) diameter) in which air speed enters at 1100 fpm and exits at 900 fpm (difference is due to friction loss).
- 60. Transition Ventilation In this procedure sufficient inlet capacity isIn this procedure sufficient inlet capacity is installed so that up to 21installed so that up to 21--28 days of age the birds28 days of age the birds can have proper air exchange without the excesscan have proper air exchange without the excess air speed.air speed. With the 2 side curtains being opened for a fewWith the 2 side curtains being opened for a few cmcm’’s or when installing inlets like TJP 2155,s or when installing inlets like TJP 2155, calculate the inlet opening based on 4 fans runningcalculate the inlet opening based on 4 fans running instead of 2 (minimum ventilation for first 14instead of 2 (minimum ventilation for first 14 days).days).
- 61. Final Thoughts Minimum ventilation is very important toMinimum ventilation is very important to assure the proper growth and uniformity ofassure the proper growth and uniformity of the broiler flocks.the broiler flocks. A good start (0A good start (0--14 days) represents more14 days) represents more than 50% of the success of the flock.than 50% of the success of the flock. Analyze your broiler results knowingAnalyze your broiler results knowing weekly BWweekly BW’’s and mortality. With theses and mortality. With these data you should fine tune management.data you should fine tune management. Minimum ventilation is a crucial part of thisMinimum ventilation is a crucial part of this management.management.