Pp chapter 09 plots, graphs, and pictures revised

Copyright ©2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Plots, Graphs,
and Pictures
Chapter 9

Copyright ©2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 2
Thought Question 1:
Suppose you have been keeping track of
your staff’s work time. They spend 30%
of their time on reports, 45% on customer
inquiries, and 25% on Facebook.
Draw a pie chart and a bar graph to
depict this information. Which
is more visually appealing and useful.

Thought Question 2:
Here is a plot that has some problems.
Think of two reasons why this is not a good plot.

Thought Question 3:
Suppose you had a set of data representing
two measurement variables—namely, height
and weight—for each of 100 people.
How could you put that information into a
plot, graph, or picture that illustrated the
relationship between the two measurements
for each person?

Thought Question 4:
Suppose you own a company that produces candy
bars and you want to display two graphs. One graph
is for customers and shows the price of a candy bar
for each of the past 10 years. The other graph is for
stockholders and shows the amount the company
was worth for each of the past 10 years. You decide
to adjust the dollar amounts in one graph for
inflation but to use the actual dollar amounts in the
other graph. If you were trying to present the most
favorable story in each case, which graph would be
adjusted for inflation?

9.1 Well-Designed
Statistical Pictures
Basic Characteristics:
1. Data should stand out clearly from background.
2. Clear labeling that indicates
a. title or purpose of picture.
b. what each axis, bar, pie segment, …, denotes.
c. scale of each axis, including starting points.
3. Source for the data.
4. As little “chart junk” (extraneous material) as
possible.

9.2 Pictures of
Categorical Data
Three common pictures:
• Pie Charts
• Bar Graphs
• Pictograms

Source: Krantz, 1992, p. 188.
Pie Charts
Show what percentage of the whole
fall into each category for a single variable.
Pie chart of
hair colors
of white
American
children.

Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, BLS, Current Population survey.
Bar Graphs
Show what percentage or frequency of the whole
fall into each category – can be used for two or
three variables simultaneously.
Percentage
of men and
women 16
and over in
the labor force

Source: Science (vol. 260, 16 April, 1993, p. 409).
Pictograms
Bar graph that uses pictures related to topic.
Percentage
of Ph.D.s
earned by
women.
Left pictogram: Misleading because eye focuses on area
rather than just height.
Right pictogram: Visually more accurate, but less appealing.

9.3 Pictures of
Measurement Variables
Single Variable Pictures:
• Stemplots
• Histograms
Displaying Relationships:
• Line Graphs
• Scatterplots

Line Graphs
Displays a variable over time.
Line graph of
winning times for
men’s 500-meter
speed skating in
Winter Olympics
1924 to 2002
Source: http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com
Overall downward
trend with a larger
drop in 1952-1956.

Scatterplots
Displays relationship between two measurement variables.
Scatterplot of
GPA and verbal
SAT score.
Source: Ryan, Joiner, and Ryan, 1985, pp. 309-312.
Overall increasing
trend but still
variability in GPAs
at each level of
verbal SAT scores.

9.4 Difficulties and Disasters
in Plots, Graphs, and Pictures
Most Common Problems:
1. No labeling on one or more axes
2. Not starting at zero as a way to exaggerate
trends
3. Change(s) in labeling on one or more axes
4. Misleading units of measurement
5. Using poor information

No Labeling on One or More Axes
Example:
Graph with
no labeling (a)
and possible
interpretations
(b and c)
Source: Insert in the California Aggie (UC Davis), 30 May 1993.

Not Starting at Zero
Example:
Winning times
for Olympic
speed skating
data with
vertical axis
starting at 0.
Note: For some variables, graphs should not start at zero.
e.g. SAT scores with range from 350 to 800.
Drop is not
as dramatic.

Changes in Labeling
on One or More Axes
Example:
A bar graph with gap in
labeling. At first look, seems
vertical axis starts at 0, but
bottom of the graph actually
corresponds to 4.0%
Source: Davis (CA) Enterprise,
4 March 1994, p. A-7.

Changes in Labeling
on One or More Axes
Example:
Distance between
successive bars on
horizontal axis
keeps changing.
Source:
Washington Post graph
reprinted in Wainer, 1984.

Misleading Units of Measurement
Fine print: “In 1971
dollars, the price of a
32-cent stamp in
February 1995 would
be 8.4 cents.”
More truthful picture:
show changing price
of a first-class stamp
adjusted for inflation.
Source: USA Today, 7 March 1994, p. 13A.
Units can be different from those important to the reader.

Using Poor Information
Graph appears to show very few
deaths from solvent abuse before
late 1970’s.
Article quote: “It’s only since we
have started collecting accurate
data since 1982 that we have
begun to discover the real scale
of the problem” (p.5).
Source: The Independent on Sunday
(London), 13 March 1994.
Picture only as accurate as the
information used to design it.

9.5 A Checklist for
Ten questions to ask before interpreting:
1. Does the message of interest stand out clearly?
2. Is the purpose or title of the picture evident?
3. Is a source given for the data, either with the
picture or in an accompanying article?
4. Did the information in the picture come from a
reliable, believable source?
5. Is everything clearly labeled, leaving no
ambiguity?

9.5 A Checklist for
Ten questions to ask before interpreting:
6. Do the axes start at zero or not?
7. Do the axes maintain a constant scale?
8. Are there any breaks in the numbers on the
axes that may be easy to miss?
9. For financial data, have the numbers been
adjusted for inflation?
10. Is there information cluttering the picture or
misleading the eye?

Case Study 9.1: Time to Panic about
Illicit Drug Use?
Headline: “Emergency Situation among Our Youth.”
1991 rate was 11%, so in
1996 it was 1.8(11) = 19.8%
First look: seems 80% used
drugs in 1996 vs. 10% in 1992.
Careful reading: In 1996, the
rate of use was 80% higher, or
1.8 times what it was in 1991.
Actual rate of use not provided.
Source: U.S. Department of Justice

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