Cells & Cellphones - Looking deep at the molecular level
0 likes531 views
The document discusses the effects of man-made electromagnetic (EM) radiation on living organisms, highlighting the distinction between thermal and athermal effects. It explores potential bioeffects at the molecular and cellular level, focusing on interactions with cell membranes and DNA, while emphasizing the need for open-minded scientific inquiry in this area. Overall, it concludes that while EM radiation influences cellular mechanisms, there is insufficient evidence to confirm significant adverse health impacts from current EM emissions.
![Background:
Increased Ca2+ efflux from brain tissues with ELF
modulated RF EMFs (Bawin et al. 1975, Blackman et al. 1979,
1980a, b, Adey et al. 1982), and with ELF electric fields
without an RF carrier (Bawin & Adey 1976).
Observations:
Increased Ca2+ efflux from brain tissue at particular
frequencies of an applied magnetic field in the same vector
direction as Earth’s natural DC field (Blackman et al 1985).
Overall findings:
Liboff (2006)1 cites 71 papers, on this apparent ‘window’ or
‘resonance’ phenomenon’ with only 11 reporting negative
findings.
Today >150 papers in model systems: bone, cell culture, rat behaviour,
neural cell culture, diatom motility, complex biological systems, plants,
cell-free systems.
Explanation:
In a magnetic field, Ca2+ and other ions behave like a physics
cyclotron and so response can be ‘tuned’ to the cyclotron
frequency – hence ‘ICR’.
Status:
However, ICR may be an inappropriate
analogy – unlike a real cyclotron, Ca2+
ions are not in a vacuum.
Ca2+ efflux and Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) models
1Liboff 2006 Chapter 9. In Bioengineering and biophysical aspects of EMFs p261-292. Eds Barnes & Greenebaum. 1 edition (7 Nov 2006) CRC Press
DC B
m
q
f
2
1
r
m
Field BDC x
F Bqv mv r 2
f
r
v 2
For Ca2+, q=2, m = mass of Ca ion
e.g. at BDC = 50 mT, f = 40 Hz
Bawin et al. 1975 PNAS 247:74-81; Bawin & Adey 1976 PNAS 73:1999-2003 [10 – 15 V/m in air; 0.1 mV/cm
in tissue]
Gavalas-Medici & Day-Magdaleno 1976 Nature 261:256-259. Blackman et al. 1985 Bioelectromagnetics
6:327-37.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pptsuresh-141202043811-conversion-gate01/85/Cells-Cellphones-Looking-deep-at-the-molecular-level-29-320.jpg)
Cells & Cellphones - Looking deep at the molecular level
- 1. “Cell’s”responsetoa“Cellphone/ EMF”–Lookingdeepatmolecularlevel Dr AVS Suresh MD, DM, ECMO Consultant Hemato-Oncologist Chief Scientific Officer & Director, ClinSync
- 2. Natural radiation Biological life has always taken place in a sea of naturally occurring EM radiation of ◦cosmic, ◦atmospheric and ◦geomagnetic origin Electromagnetic radiation of nearly all wavelengths.
- 3. Big bang (13.2 bn) Earth forms (4.5 bn) Present day 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 1 1011 Time (years)
- 4. Big bang (13.2 bn) Earth forms (4.5 bn) Present day 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 1 1011 Magnetotactic bacteria (2 bn) Time (years)
- 5. Big bang (13.2 bn) Earth forms (4.5 bn) Present day 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 1 1011 Magnetotactic bacteria (2 bn) Time (years) Bird compass (90 m)
- 6. Big bang (13.2 bn) Earth forms (4.5 bn) Present day 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 1 1011 Magnetotactic bacteria (2 bn) Time (years) Bird compass (90 m) Early man (6 m)
- 7. Big bang (13.2 bn) Earth forms (4.5 bn) Present day 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 1 1011 Magnetotactic bacteria (2 bn) Time (years) Bird compass (90 m) Early man (6 m) Electrification (1878)
- 9. Man Made The effects of artificial (man-made) EM radiation on living tissue can be broadly divided into two categories: ◦Thermal effects, i.e. the destructive effects of gross thermal heating. ◦Athermaleffectsor relatively ‘weak fields’ that produce temperature increases below the range of normal organism fluctuations. Slid e 9
- 10. ISan equationNever will be an equation Living and Nonliving Objects Differ Fundamentally
- 11. Man-made EM radiation Simple man-made (artificial) externally applied weak EM radiation currently used to test for the effects of EM radiation would also seriously need to consider that: ◦Any complex biological modulation systems are not readily duplicated by human produced weak EM radiation as currently used for testing purposes. ◦Effects produced by man made EM radiation may be more due to increasing the general stress load on the organism rather than because of distortion of information. Slid e 11
- 14. Molecular and cellular level bioeffects of Electromagnetic Fields ThestudiesofinteractionsofEMFwithbiologicalmediahavebeenalwaysartificial. Possibleinteractionswithcellmembranesproposedthatcellmembranescouldactasnon-linearresonatorsstronglyamplifiedsignalswithinanarrowrangeoffrequencies. Effect range from nerve excitations, electronically induced forces, the dielectric breakdown of cell membranes and other processes that directly involve electric fields. Slid e 14
- 15. Law of SuperpositionSystem’sDifferentialEquationsLaw HoldsLawDoesn’t HoldLinearNonlinear
- 16. RRM: interacting proteins have the same frequency but opposite phase Slid e 16 cell Cell membrane p1 f1 p2 f2 p3f3 DNA Sinusoids of the same frequency but different phase
- 17. Why should we be worried so much about the DNA The functionality of a given cell goes with specific orders given by DNA Periodic simple-AAAA Periodic complex-CAT CAT Complex-non informative---AKJLHA DHA SKDSK Complex-informative-NOTE THIS POINT
- 18. Why should we be worried so much about the DNA The functionality of a given cell goes with specific orders given by DNA Periodic simple-AAAA Periodic complex-CAT CAT Complex-non informative---AKJLHA DHA SKDSK Complex-informative-NOT THIS POINT
- 19. Postulate: proteins interact through oscillations of a physical field possibly electromagnetic charge transfer through the protein backbone is a sufficient condition for EM radiation/absorption W= W(COOH)-W(NH2) = 0.13 Ry. Vmax= where e is the electron charge, and mis electron mass. V < 7.87 x 10 5m/sec distance between amino acids could be considered at: d= 3.8 Å Fmax < V/(2d); Fmin =2 Fmax/N, where N = total number of amino acids Fmax < 1x1015Hz, Lmin > 330 nm Fmin > 1x 1013Hz, Lmax < 30000 nm meW2 Slide 19
- 20. Human DNA is ~2meters long and has ~3 billion base pairs
- 21. -230-160+1 (bp)-320-192-107-68-100-166HSPMYCAHSP70Sp1AP-2HSESp1AP-2HSESREATFTATASp1AP-2HSPMYCCHSPMYCBHeat Shock Domain(thermal) EMF Domain(non-thermal) . EMF Specific Domain in HSP70 Lin et al (1999) J Cellular Biochem 75:170-176.
- 22. EMF-Specific DNA can be movedcountsChloramphenicol transferase (CAT) Activity0102030405060BackgroundEMNegativeControlLuciferase Activitycounts0102030405060BackgroundEMNegativeControlExperimental ConditionsExperimental Conditions Lin et al (2001) J Cellular Biochem 81:143-148.
- 23. The next 2 important questions So What? Who cares? There are 260 million knownmutation associated with cancer But only 26 are proven to cause the cancer beyond doubt
- 24. Primary detection Subsequent response MF Common question: Given that we are all exposed to the geomagnetic field of 50 mT, how can a 50 Hz 0.4 mT field make any difference? The primary physics detector, only has to detect It is the subsequent biological response that matters
- 25. Primary detection Subsequent response MF Common question: Given that we are all exposed to the geomagnetic field of 50 mT, how can a 50 Hz 0.4 mT field make any difference? The primary physics detector, only has to detect It is the subsequent biological response that matters
- 26. The Point? Ascientistmustkeepanopenmindandbeableandwillingtoletgooftheirparadigmsandtheirmodels– otherwisewedevelopofacultureofscientistsinterferingwithscience
- 27. Rhythmic signals and behaviour of the human body Life processes in any biological organism are usually based on rhythmic oscillations: Electrophysiological signals such as ECG, EEG, EMG Hormonal/biochemical rhythms such as circadian rhythms Electrical and electromagnetic resonances in the body, particularly at the cell level Slid e 27
- 28. To try to understand the epidemiological findings, lets consider three physical interaction mechanisms and some biology So-called Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) models and Ca2+efflux from cells Circadian rhythm and melatonin disruption could potentially explain many of the health effects Biogenic Magnetite in animals & humans Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM) at low fields Mechanisms Cryptochromes in birds and in man
- 29. Background: Increased Ca2+ efflux from brain tissues with ELF modulated RF EMFs (Bawin et al. 1975, Blackman et al. 1979, 1980a, b, Adey et al. 1982), and with ELF electric fields without an RF carrier (Bawin & Adey 1976). Observations: Increased Ca2+ efflux from brain tissue at particular frequencies of an applied magnetic field in the same vector direction as Earth’s natural DC field (Blackman et al 1985). Overall findings: Liboff (2006)1 cites 71 papers, on this apparent ‘window’ or ‘resonance’ phenomenon’ with only 11 reporting negative findings. Today >150 papers in model systems: bone, cell culture, rat behaviour, neural cell culture, diatom motility, complex biological systems, plants, cell-free systems. Explanation: In a magnetic field, Ca2+ and other ions behave like a physics cyclotron and so response can be ‘tuned’ to the cyclotron frequency – hence ‘ICR’. Status: However, ICR may be an inappropriate analogy – unlike a real cyclotron, Ca2+ ions are not in a vacuum. Ca2+ efflux and Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) models 1Liboff 2006 Chapter 9. In Bioengineering and biophysical aspects of EMFs p261-292. Eds Barnes & Greenebaum. 1 edition (7 Nov 2006) CRC Press DC B m q f 2 1 r m Field BDC x F Bqv mv r 2 f r v 2 For Ca2+, q=2, m = mass of Ca ion e.g. at BDC = 50 mT, f = 40 Hz Bawin et al. 1975 PNAS 247:74-81; Bawin & Adey 1976 PNAS 73:1999-2003 [10 – 15 V/m in air; 0.1 mV/cm in tissue] Gavalas-Medici & Day-Magdaleno 1976 Nature 261:256-259. Blackman et al. 1985 Bioelectromagnetics 6:327-37.
- 30. Physical interaction mechanisms and some biology So-called Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) and Ca2+efflux from cells Circadian rhythm and melatonin disruption could potentially explain many of the health effects Biogenic Magnetite in animals & humans Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM) at low fields Mechanisms Cryptochromes in birds and in man
- 31. Physical interaction mechanisms and some biology So-called Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) and Ca2+efflux from cells Circadian rhythm and melatonin disruption could potentially explain many of the health effects Biogenic Magnetite in animals & humans Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM) at low fields Mechanisms Cryptochromes in birds and in man
- 32. Magnetite and other iron-mineral particles in animals and man All possess biogenic magnetite or other membrane bound iron-mineral particles (magnetosomes) used for navigation (magnetic sensitivity exists in all major groups of vertebrate animals, as well as in some molluscs, crustaceans and insects, including flies, chickens and mole rats)
- 33. U = - μ.B where μ = v M U = potential energy of dipole magnet in field B m = magnetic moment v = particle volume; r = radius M = 4.8 x 105 J T-1 m-3 k = Boltzmann’s constant, 1.3807 x 10-23 J K-1, and T the absolute temperature. The energy required to rotate the particle 180° is 2U, compare this to the thermal energy kT at 300° K Potential energy of magnetic particle in the Earth’s field - Compare this with the thermal energy kT But the sensitivity is magnified with arrays & clusters of iron-based minerals Magnetic Field B 0 500 1000 1500 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Diameter, 2r nm Ratio of MF energy to kT 50 μT 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.4 μT 50 μT 0.4 μT 0 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
- 34. Particles of interest: Single domain Superparamagnetic (sp) Whole particle rotates Particle remains stationary but MF vector flips Pigeons Solov’yov & Greiner 2007 Biophys J 93:1493–1509 - force of 0.2 pN sufficient to excite channels in nerve cell Fleissner et al. Naturwissenschaften 94:631–642 (2007) using μ-SXRF and μ-XANES. Magnetite structures could transduce 50 Hz MFs at 0.5 mT: Vanderstraeten & Gillis (2010) Bioelectromagnetics 31:371- 379 Similar structures in chickens, European Robin and Garden Warbler Maghemite: 3 3 Fe2 O 4 3 2 2 Fe Fe O Magnetite: In pigeons, the inclination sensitivity is 0.02 - 0.17 degrees, down to 0.01 mT (~10 nT) - Gould 2010 Current Biol 21;R226 30 – 200 nm <30 nm 5 mm ─ Trigemina l nerve 10 mm
- 35. Physical interaction mechanisms and some biology So-called Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) and Ca2+efflux from cells Circadian rhythm and melatonin disruption could potentially explain many of the health effects Biogenic Magnetite in animals & humans Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM) at low fields Mechanisms Cryptochromes in birds and in man
- 36. Introduction to RPM – Zeeman splitting and Larmor precession hυ Energy + 1/2 - 1/2 B-Field (a) (b) No field Applied field Spin direction Precession of electron spin vector with frequency B-Field At the GM field in Nottingham, 50 mT: - h is ~10-7 of thermal energy kT The equivalent classical model has the electron spin vector precessing at the Larmor frequency of 1.4 MHz at 50 mT Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) Zeeman Effect 1896 Joseph Larmor (1857-1942) Get resonant absorption (ESR) at frequency = 1.4 MHz at 50 mT In a static MF, get splitting of spectral lines due to the electron spin
- 37. RPM and the Low Field Effect Singlet products Triplet products Electron transfer Magnetic nuclei + external field Blue-light photon (Different products) S↔T mixing S T Woodward et al. 2009 Biochem Soc Trans 37(2):358-At low fields* get an increased rate of S-T conversion T-state radical pairs cannot recombine, so they react elsewhere, e.g. with DNA *for GM field sensitivity, requires RP lifetimes ~1 us
- 38. If both radicals experience the sameMF, no S-T mixing occurs If each radical experiences a differentMF, S-T mixing may occur 1 2 Unpaired electron -radical 1 (precesses about B1) Unpaired electron -radical 2 (precesses about B2) Both radicals see the Earth’s magnetic field, 50 mT, in addition to any internal fields At the low fields of interest, the radical pair needs to live for ~1 ms, for S-T mixing to evolve B1 B2
- 39. EMF for Health Conditions Fracture non-union –65-75Hz Congenital pseudoarthrosis –15Hz Osteoporosis –72Hz Hip arthroplasty –50Hz Arthritis –50Hz Tinnitus –0.5-17Hz Rotator Cuff Tendonitis –71-75Hz Venous skin ulcers –75Hz Multiple sclerosis –4-13Hz (Shupak, 2003)
- 40. PEMF CellularEffects Increases osteoblast intracellular calcium & alters response to epidermal growth factor. (Shigaku,1990) Stimulates production of type-I collagen, osteocalcin, & osteopontin. (Cornaglia, et al., 2006) Antiinflammatory effect via restoration of plasma membrane calcium ATPase activity. (Selvam, et al., 2007)
- 41. Conclusions EMF had some effect on cells What it will lead is not known We can say that in last 140 years of electromagnetic emission from high tension lines, no observable adversities notes No proven AE from cells at cellular level The results are not enough to support the apprehensions Care is always advisable
- 42. Conclusion