Ppt0000002
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Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method to rapidly measure arterial oxygen saturation using light absorption. It uses red and infrared light passed through tissue to determine oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels. Readings are affected by various patient factors like low perfusion, skin pigmentation, abnormal hemoglobins, and motion artifact. While pulse oximetry provides continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation, its readings must be interpreted carefully due to potential sources of error.
![• DEVICE LIMITATIONS/VALIDATION OF RESULTS:
1 Factors, agents, or situations that may affect readings, limit precision, or
limit the performance or application of a pulse oximeter include
7.1.1 motion artifact
7.1.2 abnormal hemoglobins (primarily carboxyhemoglobin [COHb] and met-
hemoglobin [metHb])
7.1.3 intravascular dyes
7.1.4 exposure of measuring probe to ambient light during measurement
7.1.5 low perfusion states
7.1.6 skin pigmentation
7.1.7 nail polish or nail coverings with finger probe
7.1.8 inability to detect saturations below 83% with the same degree of
accuracy and precision seen at higher saturations(](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ppt0000002-120402130134-phpapp02/85/Ppt0000002-19-320.jpg)
Ppt0000002
- 1. Pulse Oximetry By sabry amin
- 2. Pulse Oximetry – A portable device for the rapid noninvasive measurement of arterial O2 saturation – Assists in the diagnosis of hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
- 3. Pulse Oximetry There are many different makes, models, and styles of pulse oximeters • Some pulse oximeters have a screen which shows a wave form, some also have an additional attachment to monitor carbon dioxide levels in the blood • The pulse oximeter will also give you a heart rate reading as well
- 4. Oxygen saturation is an indicator of the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen at the time of the measurement. The reading, obtained through pulse oximetry, uses a light sensor containing two sources of light (red and infrared) that are absorbed by hemoglobin and transmitted through tissues to a photodetector. The amount of light transmitted through the tissue is then converted to a digital value representing the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
- 5. Pulse Oximetry • Uses spectrophotometry based on the Beer- Lambert law • Differentiates oxy from deoxy Hb by the differences in absorption of light at 660 nm and 940 nm • Minimizes tissue interference by separating out the pulsatile signal • Estimates HR by measuring cyclic changes in light transmission • Estimates functional Hb by comparing amounts of oxy and deoxy Hb
- 6. The accuracy of SpO2 measurements requires consideration of a number of physiologic variables. Such patient variables include the following: • Hemoglobin level • Arterial blood flow to the vascular bed • Temperature of the digit or the area where • the oximetrysensor is located • Patient's oxygenation ability • Percentage of inspired oxygen • Evidence of ventilation-perfusion mismatch • Amount of ambient light seen by the sensor • Venous return at the probe location
- 7. Indications: • Patients in respiratory distress • All critically ill patients • Patients requiring O2 concentrations of 40% or greater • Stable patients at risk from sudden deterioration • Monitoring during procedures such as suctioning
- 8. indications • hypoxemia • During bronchoscopy • 2.monitoring during anaesthesia • 3.exercise testing • 4.sleep studies – detect hypoxemia
- 9. indications i Intensive care units I Emergency rooms E Operating rooms
- 10. How to Apply the Pulse Oximeter Step 1 – Body Substance Isolation • Step 2 – Remove fingernail polish if it applies • Step 3 – Apply pulse oximet
- 12. Step 4 – Leave finger probe on for 15-30 (can take up to 60) seconds to obtain an accurate reading • Step 5 – Record time and reading
- 17. :Contraindications Contraindications: • Severe peripheral vascular disease • Severe anemia (decreased Hemoglobin) • Hypothermia A quality signal may be unobtainable in 10% of patients with a temperature less than 35.0 degrees Celsius A signal failure will occur at temperatures less than 28.5 degrees Celsius • Hypotension (Low b/p) • Placement distal to a tourniquet, or blood pressure cuff
- 18. limitations • 1.loss of pulsation • Hypothermia , hypotension • 2.inadequate hemoglobin – anaemia • 3.dysfunctional hemoglobin –carboxy-Hb • Methhemoglobinemia • 4.fetal hemoglobin • 5.factors affecting oxygen dissociation curve ( alkalosis )
- 19. • DEVICE LIMITATIONS/VALIDATION OF RESULTS: 1 Factors, agents, or situations that may affect readings, limit precision, or limit the performance or application of a pulse oximeter include 7.1.1 motion artifact 7.1.2 abnormal hemoglobins (primarily carboxyhemoglobin [COHb] and met- hemoglobin [metHb]) 7.1.3 intravascular dyes 7.1.4 exposure of measuring probe to ambient light during measurement 7.1.5 low perfusion states 7.1.6 skin pigmentation 7.1.7 nail polish or nail coverings with finger probe 7.1.8 inability to detect saturations below 83% with the same degree of accuracy and precision seen at higher saturations(
- 20. DEVICE LIMITATIONS/VALIDATION OF RESULTS 7.1.9 inability to quantitate the degree of hyperoxemia present( 7.1.10 Hyperbilirubinemia has been shown not to affect the accuracy of SpO2 readings.
- 21. HAZARDS/COMPLICATIONS: Pulse oximetry is considered a safe procedure, but because of device limitations, false-negative results for hypoxemia and/or false-positive results for normoxemia or hyperoxemia may lead to inappropriate treatment of the patient. In addition, tissue injury may occur at the measuring site as a result of probe misuse (eg, pressure sores from prolonged application or electrical shock and burns from the substitution of incompatible probes be-tween instruments).
- 22. INFECTION CONTROL: No special precautions are necessary, but Universal Precautions are recommended. .1 If the device probe is intended for multiple patient use, the probe should be cleaned between patient applications according to manufacturer recommendations. .2 The external portion of the monitor should be cleaned according to manufacturer's recommendations whenever the device remains in a patient's room for prolonged periods, when soiled, or when it has come in contact with potentially transmissible organisms.
- 23. Advantages • 1.noninvasive • 2.continuous real time information • 3.no calibration • 4.rapid response time (5-7 sec) • 5.minimal saturation error (1-2%) over range of 60-90 %
- 24. SOURCES OF ERROR • Sensitive to motion • Sats below 85% have increased error • Calibration is performed by company on normal patients breathing various gas mixtures, so cal is accurate only down to 80% • Low perfusion state increases error • Ambient light interferes with reading • Delay in reading of about 12 seconds
- 25. SOURCES OF ERROR • Skin pigmentation – Darker color may make the reading more variable due to optical shunting – Dark nail polish has the same effect, especially black, blue, and green…red is OK – Hyperbilirubinemia has no effect • Methylene blue and indigo carmine (dyes) cause underestimation of the saturation
- 26. SOURCES OF ERROR • Dysfunctional hemoglobin – Carboxyhemoglobin leads to overestimation of sats because it absorbs at 660 nm like oxyHb does – MetHb can mask the true saturation because it absorbs at both wavelengths used…sats are overestimated
- 27. • Thank you