PPT1.4.Water Resources.ppt
- 1. Lecture on Water Resources By Ravi Gedela M. Tech IITG, (PhD IITG) Assistant professor Department of Bio-Sciences RGUKT -SKLM Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies
- 2. Water Resources • Water is the most abundant natural resource on the planet, the source of countless ecosystem services, and critical to industrial, agricultural, household, and recreational activities. • Research by experts helps inform effective water management policies that account for the value of water and address water quality and sustainability.
- 3. Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water, 97.2% of which is contained in the five oceans. The Antarctic ice sheet, containing 90% of all fresh water on the planet. Global Overview
- 4. Water resources in India • In India, there are four significant surface water resources. They are rivers, lakes, ponds, and tanks. • In India, there are around 10,360 rivers and their tributaries with a length of more than 1.6 kilometers. • The total yearly flow in India's river basins is estimated to be 1,869 cubic kilometers. However, only roughly 690 cubics (37%) kilometers of accessible surface water can be used.
- 5. • Water resources in India includes information on precipitation, surface and groundwater storage and hydropower potential. • India experiences an average precipitation of 1,170 millimetres (46 in) per year, or about 4,000 cubic kilometres (960 cu mi) of rains annually or about 1,720 cubic metres (61,000 cu ft) of fresh water per person every year. • India accounts for 18% of the world population and about 4% of the world’s water resources.
- 6. Volume of water stored in the water cycle's reservoirs Reservoir Volume of water (106 km³) Percent of total Ocean 1370 97.25 Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05 Groundwater 9.5 0.68 Lakes 0.125 0.01 Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005 Atmosphere 0.013 0.001 Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001 Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004
- 7. • One of the proposed solutions to solve the country’s water woes is the Indian rivers interlinking project. • Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of 750 millimetres (30 in) or more a year. • For the Himalayan basin, this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others.
- 8. Iceberg and Polar cap store most of the fresh water on Earth
- 10. Fresh Water Outlook • Estimated from existing data, some countries are going to experience serious shortage of fresh water supply in the coming 20 years time. • China, India and South Africa and Middle East countries may among the most adversely affected countries.
- 12. Competing water uses • Industrialized / developed countries tend to use more water in their industrial production. • Other countries tend to use more water for agricultural uses.
- 15. Distribution of population and water resources
- 17. Scarcity of fresh water • On a global basis, fresh water is a increasingly scarce resource. • It is partially caused by increasing population coupled by change of consumption pattern and climate changes. • Despite extensive river system, safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India
- 19. Problems related to Water crisis • Inadequate access to safe drinking water by over 1.1 billion people • Groundwater overdrafting leading to diminished agricultural yields • Overuse and pollution of water resources harming biodiversity • Regional conflicts over scarce water resources sometimes resulting in warfare.
- 20. Threats to fresh water resources • Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods. • Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth. • Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff.
- 21. Hydro power potential • Indian rivers have fairly good hydro power potential when they descend from their source mountains (Himalayas, Western Ghats, Aravali Range, Vindhya Mountains, Eastern Ghats, etc) before the water consumption or flowing to the sea. • The hydro power potential keeps on varying depending on the technological developments including alternate power sources, priorities and limitations.
- 22. Desalination of sea water as fresh water supply • Desalination of sea water can be done either via distillation or membrane process. • Both process requires large amount of energy and thus costly, which means desalination remains an expensive option for providing reliable fresh water supply, restricted to only economically well-off countries.
- 23. Thank You