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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
OF AGENT-BASED
TECHNOLOGY
Edited by Haiping Xu

Practical Applications of Agent-Based Technology
Edited by Haiping Xu
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for
commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which
ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in
any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the
work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify
the original source.
As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published
chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly
credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.
Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Ivona Lovric
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team
First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org
Practical Applications of Agent-Based Technology, Edited by Haiping Xu
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0276-2

Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Agent-Based System Applied
to Smart Distribution Grid Operation 1
D. Issicaba, M. A. Rosa, W. Franchin and J. A. Peças Lopes
Chapter 2 Conflict Resolution in Resource
Federation with Intelligent Agent Negotiation 21
Wai-Khuen Cheng and Huah-Yong Chan
Chapter 3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Agents in Electronic Auctions 45
Jacob Sow, Patricia Anthony and Chong Mun Ho
Chapter 4 Developing a Multi-Issue E-Negotiation
System for E-Commerce with JADE 71
Bala M. Balachandran
Chapter 5 Adaptive Virtual Environments:
The Role of Intelligent Agents 87
Marcus S. de Aquino and Fernando da F. de Souza
Chapter 6 Software Agent Finds Its
Way in the Changing Environment 111
Algirdas Sokas

Preface
Over the past decade, there has been a strong revival of interest in agent-based
technology, with a recognition that it impacts many areas such as artificial intelligence,
distributed computing, and software engineering. Agent-based technology can be
used to solve a variety of business and technology problems. Examples of such
applications include electronic commerce, grid computing, social networks, and
adaptive virtual environment. In an agent-based system, software agents with
sufficient intelligence and autonomy are adopted to perform tasks such as sensing,
planning, scheduling, reasoning and decision-making. An agent can either work
independently or coordinate with other agents to accomplish tasks and missions. In
the former case, an agent typically generates a set of goals based on its motivation, and
also a list of plans for achieving its goals. In the later case, a collection of agents are
structured as a multi-agent system (MAS), where a coordination model based on
message passing among agents is defined to provide a uniform interface for their
interactions. In this book, we provide a collection of practical applications of agent-
based technology. Chapter 1 demonstrates how agent-based technology can be applied
to smart distribution grid operation. It presents an agent-based architecture which can
be developed to support the smooth modernization of the power distribution grids.
Chapter 2 discusses how to resolve conflicts in resource federation with agent
negotiation. A scenario of resource federation in grid computing is illustrated to show
the adoption of creative negotiation for conflict resolution. Chapter 3 and 4 provide
two application examples of agent-based technology in electronic commerce, where
homogeneous and heterogeneous agents are defined and adopted for electronic
auctions (Chapter 3), and a multi-issue e-negotiation system is developed for
electronic commerce (Chapter 4). Chapter 5 presents an innovative application of
intelligent agents in adaptive virtual environments. By using intelligent agents, a
three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment can be tuned into an adaptive system,
which improves the quality of human-computer interface. Chapter 6 provides another
example of using intelligent agent to find the shortest path between two points in a
changing drawing environment.
Although we present quite a few practical application examples of using agent-based
technology in this book, the collection of such application areas is far from completion.
The purpose of this book is to provide examples of recent advances in agent-based

VIII Preface
systems and demonstrate how agent-based technology can be used to solve practical
problems. It is our hope that this book will not only help the researchers and
practitioners to understand the practical usage of agent-based technology, but also
provides them hints of using agent-based technology in innovative ways.
This book has been a collaborative effort, which wouldn’t be possible for us to
complete it without the substantial contribution and generous assistance we received
from many people. We are most grateful, of course, to the authors of the chapters for
the quality of their research. We are also especially grateful for the generous support
from the InTech Open Access Publisher. At InTech, we thank all those who assisted in
this book, especially Ivona Lovric for her much hard work on communicating with the
authors and helping put all chapters together.
Haiping Xu, PhD
Associate Professor
Director of Concurrent Software Engineering Laboratory
Computer and Information Science Department
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Massachusetts
USA

0
Agent-Based System Applied to Smart
Distribution Grid Operation
D. Issicaba, M. A. Rosa, W. Franchin and J. A. Peças Lopes
Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering of Porto (INESC Porto)
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto
Portugal
1. Introduction
The twenty-ﬁrst century has been called software century by some software engineering
researchers. The challenge for humanity is to improve the quality of life without making
unsustainable demands on the environment. Agent-oriented software engineering is an
important emerging technology that can cope with the ever-increasing software complexity
of the technical world (Liu & Antsaklis, 2009).
This chapter presents an agent-based architecture which was developed to support the smooth
modernization of the power distribution grids. This architecture copes with the smart grid
paradigm (ETP, 2008) and leads to changes in the grid operation rules, control and protection,
as well as grid infrastructure. The main target of the architecture is to distribute decisions
related to smart grid operation and to improve service adequacy and security. Hence, a
complex environment simulation is designed to emulate the distribution grid operation and
evaluate the impact of agent’s plans of action. The environment itself is modeled using a
combined discrete-continuous simulation approach (Law, 2007) in which steady-state and
dynamic aspects of the electrical behavior of distribution grids are represented in a detail
way.
The simulation platform was designed according to the software engineering methodology
Prometheus (Pagdgham & Winikoff, 2007). The resultant architecture follows a block-oriented
paradigm in which the power distribution grid is divided into blocks for protection and
control purposes. Such paradigm shows to be considerably convenient to support the
transition from actual grids to smart grids. In addition, it allows software agents to be
assigned to the management and control of blocks of the grid, given life to “block agents”.
Agents are also assigned to entities which are capable of affecting the distribution grid
operation, such as distributed generators (DGs), special loads, and electric vehicles (EVs). All
agents are modeled according to the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) paradigm (Bratman et al.,
1988) and implemented using JASON (Bordini et al., 2007), the open source interpreter of an
extended version of AgentSpeak. A didactic case study illustrates how service adequacy and
security can be improved with the application of the proposed agent-based decision planning.
1

2 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH
1.1 Problem statement
Electrical power grids are designed to provide electricity with a certain level of adequacy
and security. Like most of the systems developed by the human beings, the electrical power
grids evolve based on trends motivated by economical, environmental and societal drivers.
Recently, such drivers have caused the advent of well-established initiatives especially
concerned with these systems as the Modern Grid Initiative (NETL, 2007), the IntelliGrid
Initiative (EPRI, 2005), and the European Smart Grids Technology Platform (ETP, 2008).
In general terms, these initiatives try to foster on different extends the deployment of
decentralized control and management solutions, the integration of renewable and distributed
energy resources, as well as the modernization of the power grids. The deployment of
decentralized control and management solutions has increased in the past few years. The
integration of renewable and distributed energy resources has also increased, particulary in
what concerns wind power in Europe. The modernization of the power grids is a gradual
process which can be observed in countries with more economical power.
The technical challenges created by this context embrace several power engineering related
fields of expertise as power electronics, communication, information technology, and software
engineering. Additionally, the quoted drivers have been influencing power engineering
itself in terms of its areas (long-term planning, mid-term planning, short-term or operational
planning, operation, control and protection), as well as its structure/organization (generation,
transmission, and distribution). In particular, the distribution grid operation and control
might stand as one of the most promising to change areas. As a matter of fact, most of
the interruptions in supply are caused by problems at the distribution grids which lacks
monitoring and control devices in comparison with the transmission grids. Furthermore,
distribution grids are the main locus for distributed energy resources (DERs) such as DGs,
energy storage devices and controllable loads. At last, the proposed modernization along with
the integration of DERs must guarantee service adequacy and security. Such target involves
re-evaluating distribution grid operation and control under the presence of DERs.
Nowadays, the capability of DERs are yet not exploited at their most. In fact, traditionally
distribution utilities employ the practice of tripping DGs after the occurrence of a fault.
Hence, islanded operation is avoided both for sustaining the operation after a fault or for
restorative purposes. Therefore, in order to profit from the benefits DERs can provide to
the grid operation and to foster the large-scale integration of DERs, control strategies for
the emergency operation of distribution grids with DERs must be developed. Furthermore,
the impact of these control strategies in the distribution grid performance must be evaluated
to foster the integration of such strategies into the operation procedures. Finally, these
control strategies must be designed in order to make it possible their gradual implementation,
without requiring great changes in the simple and cheap structure actual distributions grids
are operated.
1.2 Motivation
Agent-based technology provides the most suitable paradigm to allow a smooth transition
from the actual distribution grids to smart distribution grids. Such statement is justified by
the followings.
2 Practical Applications of Agent-Based Technology

Agent-Based System Applied to Smart Distribution Grid Operation 3
1. The increase in complexity and size of the distribution grids bring up the need
for distributed intelligence and local solutions, which fall into the scope of agent-based
technology.
2. Smart/modern grid design concepts related with operation and communication can be
tested through an agent-based modeling and simulation.
3. Decentralization, autonomy and active management are properties inherent of a system
developed under the agent-oriented philosophies. Furthermore, an adequate agent-based
modeling can produce ﬂexible, extensible, and robust systems1(McArthur et al., 2007). All
these features are of most importance to a smooth modernization of distribution grids.
The tangible product of the work is an agent-based simulation platform where the smart grid
operation and control solutions can be tested and evaluated. The target group of the work
includes software engineering researchers and power engineers.
2. Brief discussion about the state of the art
Regarding applications related to this research, some works must be emphasized. In (Rehtanz,
2003), the application of autonomous systems concepts and intelligent agents theory for
power systems operation and control is discussed. In (Amin, 2001), a conceptual framework
for a power system self-healing infrastructure is envisaged. In (Nagata & Sasaki, 2002; Nagata
et al., 2004; 2003a;b), the authors presented a multi-agent system designed for distribution
systems restoration. This works abstracts network buses as agents, along with a so called
facilitation agent who is responsible for aiding negotiation processes among bus agents. A
more decentralized approach for distribution system restoration is shown in (Solanki et al.,
2007), where switches, loads and upstream links are abstracted as agents. In (Hossack
et al., 2003), the agent abstraction was utilized to integrate tools for post-fault diagnoses.
In (Baxevanos & Labridis, 2007), a control and protection framework using agent-based
technology is proposed. An autonomous regional active network management system is
introduced and discussed in (Davidson & McArthur, 2007). This work provides an interesting
discussion about requirements for practical active management of distribution grids. In
(Dimeas & Hatziargyriou, 2005), entities related with the control of micro grids are abstracted
as agents and their interactions modeled. Although in this work the agent-based modeling
was utilized, the resultant control architecture maintain the hierarchical structure applied in
the micro grid (and multi-micro grid) concept. A distributed electric power system simulator
environment is presented in (Hopkinson et al., 2006). Finally, an intelligent agent-based
environment to coordinate maintenance schedule discussions is introduced in (Rosa et al.,
2009), and a modern computing environment for power system reliability assessment is
presented in (Rosa et al., 2010).
In general, these works do not describe the deployment of a software engineering
methodology. In addition, none of them provide one of the most important issue for
the practical implementation and acceptance of agent-based technology in distribution
grid applications: an environment which emulates the system operation to evaluate
the agent-based solutions according to standardized (and regulated) distribution grid
performance indices (see (Issicaba et al., 2011) for details). This work introduces such
1 Conceptually, ﬂexibility is the ability to respond correctly to different (dynamic) situations. Extensibility
connotes the ability of augmenting, upgrading or adding new functionality to a system. Finally,
robustness stands for a degree of system fault tolerance.
3
Agent-Based System Applied to Smart Distribution Grid Operation

4 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH
a platform as well as discusses the physical/hardware implementation of the proposed
solutions, how the environment is influenced by them in terms of modeling, and some agent
interactions necessary to solve problems related to smart distribution grid operation.
3. Distribution grid automation
Grid, in the electrical engineering vocabulary, means the infrastructure used to deliver electric
energy over an area. As a consequence, it connects the whole chain of the electricity
business from the high voltage generation and transmission facilities up to houses and
industries. Hence, large amounts of electric energy are produced in the generation facilities
and transported through the transmission grid. By means of the distribution grid, these
amounts of electric energy are partitioned and distributed to the customers over large
coverage areas, usually under the concession of an electric distribution utility.
Distribution grid automation consists of a set of technologies that enable an electric
distribution utility to remotely monitor, coordinate an operate distribution grid components,
such as circuit breakers, reclosers, autosectionalizers, and so on, in a real-time mode from
remote locations (Northcote-Green & Wilson, 2006). The main reason for the distribution grid
automation may be sustained by the difficulties the utilities have in monitoring, coordinating
and operating feeders everyday, manually. Usually, the remote controls are activated at a
control room inside the electric distribution utility. It is interesting to notice the centralized
concept behind this control principle which, in fact, is one of the automation measures
adopted for reducing the utility man hour and man power.
One of the primary difficulties about managing a distribution grid starts with its extend.
Usually, for each 1 km of transmission grid there are about 70 km of distribution grids, only
considering an ordinary distribution utility around the world. Therefore, huge investments in
distribution management system (DMS) including cooperation with other application systems
such as network geographic information system, costumer information system and usually a
large communication infrastructure are needed.
3.1 General aspects about the distribution grid automation
Before introducing any set of architectural solutions for the control and
automation of distribution grids under the smart grid paradigm, it is
important to highlight some others existing initiatives such as the GridWise
Architecture Council (http://www.gridwiseac.org/), EPRI IntelliGrid
(http://intelligrid.epri.com/) and Utility AMI (http://www.uti
lityami.org/). These initiatives along with the U.S. National Institute of Standards
and Technology (http://www.nist.gov/) and other stakeholders have constructed
a reference model for smart grid interoperability of energy technology and information
technology operation with electric power system, end-use applications and load (IEEEP2030,
2011). Besides the goals and general directives, such model identify the logical information
that can be interchanged between entities, communication interfaces, and data flow. Such
information is of major interest to evaluate the complexity in operating power systems. As an
instance, Fig. 1 shows the distribution grid domain, its entities and related communication
interfaces of this model. Apart from these initiatives, some European projects can also be
quoted such as the InovGrid Project, which proposes an hierarchical technical architecture
focused on micro grids and multi-micro grid concepts (Cunha et al., 2008).
4 Practical Applications of Agent-Based Technology

Other documents randomly have
different content

Mr. Oswald. Mr. William A. McKenzie.
Mr. Jenner. This is the Mr. McKenzie present here representing
you?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. And does that exhibit consist of more than 1 page?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; it does.
Mr. Jenner. Turn to the second page. Does it bear a signature?
Mr. Jenner. Are you familiar with those signatures?
Mr. Oswald. The two signatures appear on the second page. One
I am familiar with—Mrs. Marina Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. Excuse me, sir. Is that the first of those that are in a
series?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; that is correct.
Mr. Jenner. And you are familiar with that, and that is her
signature?
Mr. Jenner. The next signature purports to be that of whom?
Mr. Oswald. Mrs. Katherine Ford.
Mr. Jenner. And your testimony, if I repeated the questions that I
did as to the previous exhibit, regarding Mrs. Ford, would be the
same? You are not familiar with her signature?
Mr. Oswald. That is correct.
Mr. Jenner. And the next signature, please?
Mr. Oswald. Sir?
Mr. Jenner. The next signature?

Mr. Oswald. That is the only two signatures that appear on that
second page.
Mr. Jenner. Would you proceed to the next exhibit?
Mr. Oswald. 275.
Mr. Jenner. That consists of how many pages?
Mr. Oswald. Two pages.
Mr. Jenner. Does it bear a signature on the first page?
Mr. Oswald. There is a signature on the first page. The signature
is Mr. William A. McKenzie.
Mr. Jenner. You are familiar with that signature, and that is his
signature?
Mr. Jenner. The same gentleman we have identified?
Mr. Jenner. All right. Are there any signatures on the second page
of that exhibit?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir. There are two signatures on the second
page, and in order as they appear——
Mr. Jenner. Excuse me. Are you familiar with either of them?
Mr. Oswald. I am familiar with one of them.
Mr. Jenner. All right. Let's take the first one, which is what?
Mr. Oswald. Mrs. Marina N. Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. You are familiar with her signature?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; I am.
Mr. Jenner. Is that her signature?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir. I would say that was her signature.
Mr. Jenner. And the second name appears to be that of whom?

Mr. Oswald. Mrs. Katherine Ford.
Mr. Jenner. And your testimony with respect to her, were I to
pursue it, would be the same as you testified to a previous exhibit,
insofar as your familiarity with her signature is concerned?
Mr. Jenner. Thank you, sir.
Forgive the interruption, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Dulles. That is all right.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Chairman, Mr. McKenzie has produced for us and
tendered to us four documents, during the recess, which I would
wish to identify. They have a relationship to the exhibits, the
signatures of which I have just finished having identified.
Would you mark those, please, Mr. Liebeler?
Mr. Dulles. Do you wish these admitted as exhibits?
Mr. Jenner. If you please, sir. I would like to identify the exhibits
and indicate their content first.
I would call on you, Mr. McKenzie, to identify the series of
exhibits. They are numbered, Mr. Chairman, Commission Exhibits
276, 277, 278, and 279.
If you will identify them, I may have some questions of the
witness.
Mr. McKenzie. Mr. Chairman, Exhibit No. 276 is a contract dated
December 6, 1963, addressed to Mr. James H. Martin, Dallas, Tex.,
and signed by Mrs. Marina N. Oswald, consisting of four pages.
Mr. Dulles. I wish that admitted at this time with that description.
Mr. Jenner. If I may put one question to the witness: Mr. Oswald,
would you look at the last page of that exhibit? Does it purport to
bear a signature?

Mr. Jenner. Are you familiar with that signature?
Mr. Oswald. There are three signatures.
Mr. Jenner. Are you familiar with all of them?
Mr. Oswald. May I ask my attorney something here?
Mr. Jenner. Surely.
Mr. McKenzie. Mr. Jenner, if I may interrupt you, and pardon me
for doing so—on page 3 there is likewise a signature. And I think
perhaps he should start at that page.
Mr. Jenner. That is a fine suggestion.
Will you now refer to page 3. Does it bear a signature?
Mr. Jenner. Whose signature is it?
Mr. Oswald. Mrs. Marina N. Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. Turn to page 4. There are several signatures on that
page, is that correct?
Mr. Oswald. That is correct. There are three.
Mr. Jenner. Are you familiar with any of them?
Mr. Jenner. Would you take them in order, taking the uppermost
one first. Indicate whether you are familiar with that signature, and
whose signature it is.
Mr. Oswald. It is my own signature, Robert Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. The next under that?
Mr. Oswald. Mr. James H. Martin.

Mr. Jenner. And it is his signature?
Mr. Jenner. Who is Mr. James H. Martin?
Mr. Oswald. He was, at that time, when this contract was signed,
appointed as Marina's business agent. But employed at the Inn of
the Six Flags at Arlington, Tex.
Mr. Jenner. He has been identified in previous sessions before the
Commission.
And there is a third signature?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; there is.
Mr. Jenner. And are you familiar with that signature?
Mr. Jenner. Whose is it, please?
Mr. Oswald. Mr. John M. Thorne, Attorney.
Mr. Jenner. And he is the Mr. Thorne that we have identified a
few moments ago?
Mr. Jenner. He was at that time the attorney for Mrs. Marina
Oswald?
Mr. Jenner. Is there a fourth signature?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; there is not.
Mr. Jenner. Were those signatures affixed in your presence?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; they were.
Mr. Dulles. Mr. Jenner, I believe these are photostatic copies, are
they not, that are being identified?

Mr. Jenner. Yes, sir.
Mr. McKenzie, would you please make a statement with respect
to that?
Mr. McKenzie. Yes, sir. I was going to at this time, Mr. Jenner,
state for the record that Exhibit 276 is a photostatic copy. And this
photostatic copy was furnished to me by Mrs. Marina N. Oswald.
Mr. Dulles. Where is the original of that?
Mr. McKenzie. Marina N. Oswald has the original.
Mr. Dulles. Has that been so compared, that we know this is a
true copy?
Mr. McKenzie. Mr. Chairman. Pardon me.
I retract that statement.
Marina N. Oswald furnished to me a copy of this exhibit, but it
was a signed copy, and it was an original copy.
Mr. Jenner. A duplicate original?
Mr. McKenzie. Yes. And I presume Mr. James Martin had the
original, since it is addressed to him.
Mr. Dulles. And both the original and this duplicate bear these
signatures, do they?
Mr. McKenzie. I have never seen the original, sir, but I presume
that they do. And I think Robert Oswald here can clarify that,
because he was present at the time that the original was signed,
and also the duplicate copies.
Mr. Dulles. And the duplicates were signed by the same parties
as the original?
Representative Ford. May I ask—did you get a copy of the
original at the time?

Mr. Oswald. No, sir. I received a copy in the mail the second day
after the signatures were signed. My copies were unsigned.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Oswald, were you present when all of the copies
were contemporaneously signed, if they were contemporaneously
signed?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; I was.
Mr. Jenner. So you know of your own knowledge that what has
been termed here the original, which may be in the possession of
Mr. Martin, was signed, and was signed in your presence?
Mr. Jenner. And the document which we are now discussing is a
photostatic copy of a carbon copy of the original?
Mr. Jenner. Executed contemporaneously with the original?
Mr. Jenner. Would you have any further questions?
Mr. Dulles. No, I have no further questions.
Shall we admit this at this time, or do you want to wait until you
have gone through them all, and then admit them all?
Mr. Jenner. It might be more convenient to identify them all,
because they are of a series, if I have your permission.
Mr. Dulles. Certainly.
Mr. McKenzie. The next document is Commission Exhibit 277, and
purports to be a photocopy, or is a photocopy of a purported
contract between Marina N. Oswald and Robert Oswald, bearing the
date of December 9, 1963, and purportedly signed by Marina N.
Oswald, Robert L. Oswald, John M. Thorne, attorney, and James H.
Martin, approved as to form, and consisting of two pages.

Mr. Jenner. Now, if you would turn to the second page, please, sir
—I notice a recital, "Executed by the undersigned parties this Ninth
day of December A.D., 1963," and what purports to be your
signature.
Was this document, or that of which this is a Xerox copy,
executed on that date?
Mr. Oswald. I do not have a calendar before me. If the ninth day
of December was a Monday, it was signed on that date.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Dulles is checking the calendar.
Mr. Dulles. I am afraid I don't have a 1963 calendar here.
Mr. Jenner. I am observing a calendar, and the ninth was a
Monday.
Mr. McKenzie, does the previous document also bear a date?
Mr. McKenzie. It bears the date of December 6, Mr. Jenner.
Mr. Jenner. December 6, then, was a Saturday.
Mr. McKenzie. If Monday was the ninth, Friday was the sixth.
Mr. Jenner. Was the previous exhibit, which is numbered 276,
executed on December 6th?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; it was not.
Mr. Jenner. On what date was it executed?
Mr. Oswald. It was executed on Monday, December 9th.
Mr. Jenner. Despite its bearing a date of December 6th, it was
actually executed on the ninth, when Commission Exhibit 277 was
executed?
Mr. Jenner. Now, directing your attention to the second page of
Exhibit No. 277, that likewise bears a series of signatures. I ask you
first whether those signatures were affixed in your presence?

Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; they were.
Mr. Jenner. Now, was the document now identified as 277, which
is a Xerox copy—was the original of Exhibit 277 executed at the
same time as the copy which you have produced for us executed?
Mr. Oswald. May I have that again, please, sir?
Yes, sir; that is correct.
Mr. Jenner. That is, there were a series of papers, original and
carbon copies, signed, at one and the same time?
Mr. Jenner. And all of them were signed in your presence?
Mr. Jenner. All right.
Now, there are four signatures on that page. Would you proceed
to state your familiarity with those signatures and identify them?
Mr. Oswald. All right.
Left to right, as the signatures appear—my signature, Robert L.
Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. And to the right of that?
Mr. Oswald. And to the right of that, the signature of Mrs. Marina
N. Oswald, which I am familiar with.
The next signature is Mr. John M. Thorne, attorney, and I am
familiar with his signature.
And the last signature that appears on this second page, Mr.
James H. Martin. I am also familiar with his signature.
Mr. Jenner. And these persons are the same persons you have
heretofore identified?

Mr. Jenner. And is the document of which this 277 is a Xerox copy
in the same condition now as it was the time those signatures were
affixed to it?
Mr. Oswald. May I have a moment, sir?
Mr. Jenner. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Is that likewise true of Exhibit No. 276?
Would you take a look at it, please?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; that is correct. And if I may say this about
this—on page 3 of Exhibit 276, you will note that towards the upper
right-hand part of this page there was—on this copy, there is a dark
mark, following the word "royalties."
Representative Ford. What page is that?
Mr. Oswald. Page 3, the sixth line, the word that was crossed off
or out of the contract was the word "gifts."
Mr. Jenner. And was that done in the course of the discussion and
preceding the execution of the document?
Mr. Jenner. So the document is in the same condition it was when
executed?
Mr. Jenner. Would you identify the next exhibit, Mr. McKenzie?
Mr. McKenzie. The next exhibit is a photocopy of an investment
agency agreement. It is Commission Exhibit No. 278. This exhibit
bears the date of December 30, 1963, and is an agreement by and
between John M. Thorne and James H. Martin, co-trustees, of Dallas
County, Tex., referred to in the exhibit as principal, and the First
National Bank of Fort Worth, Tex., referred to in the exhibit as agent.

The exhibit consists of 3 pages, together with a schedule A and
a letter addressed to the Trust Department of the First National Bank
of Fort Worth, Tex.
This exhibit is a photocopy of a photocopy of a duplicate
original.
I have seen the duplicate original upon which it had the names,
handwritten names of John M. Thorne, co-trustee, and James H.
Martin, co-trustee, as principal, on page 3, and Preston A. Utterbach,
Vice President and Trust Officer of the First National Bank of Fort
Worth, Tex.
However, these Xerox copies of a copy, being a photocopy, do
not have the signatures on, because the second photocopy did not
reproduce the signatures.
I have seen those.
Mr. Jenner. The Xerox machine was unable to pick up the
signatures?
Mr. McKenzie. No. The prior photocopy was unable to pick up the
signatures.
Mr. Dulles. Because they had not been put on, or because they
didn't pick them up?
Mr. McKenzie. It would not pick them up, Mr. Dulles. The
signatures were on the instrument itself, but the photo machine
would not reproduce the signatures.
Mr. Jenner. You actually saw the signatures?
Mr. McKenzie. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Where did you see that document, Mr. McKenzie?
Mr. McKenzie. Marina N. Oswald gave it to me in my office.
Mr. Jenner. Would you state the thrust or substance of those
agreements?

Mr. McKenzie. The substance of it is that Mr. Thorne and Mr.
Martin, as principals, constituted the First National Bank of Fort
Worth as the agent to hold certain trust funds, consisting, as shown
by the exhibit, attached to this exhibit, of $25,000.
Mr. Jenner. It was deposited with the First National Bank of Fort
Worth under this trust and deposit agreement, agency agreement?
I presume that to be true. I know Preston Utterbach. And if his
signature was on it, I know that the funds were deposited there at
the bank, or else he would not have executed it.
Mr. Dulles. Could I ask the source of these funds, if you know?
Mr. McKenzie. I do not know them, sir. But Marina Oswald has
told me that she felt that the funds came from contributions made to
herself and her children, from various sources, of which I know
nothing.
Mr. Jenner. Excuse me, Mr. McKenzie.
Did you use the word "felt." She told you she felt?
Mr. McKenzie. Yes, I did.
Mr. Jenner. That is the extent of your personal knowledge?
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Oswald, do you have any personal knowledge,
apart from or in addition to that of Mr. McKenzie, with respect to the
source of the funds?
Mr. Oswald. I would say this was monies received through the
mails, and delivered in person to Mr. Thorne or perhaps Mr. Martin
by various people who wanted to contribute to Marina's welfare and
her children's welfare.
Mr. Jenner. Upon what is your statement based? Conversations?
Mr. Oswald. Conversations, and also being——

Mr. Jenner. With whom, sir?
Mr. Oswald. Marina N. Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. She related this to you?
Mr. Oswald. Yes.
Anybody else? What about Mr. Thorne and Mr. Martin? Had you
had conversations with them as to the source of these funds?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir. I would say that would be correct, too.
Mr. Jenner. Did these conversations take place in the presence of
Mrs. Marina Oswald? Your conversations with Mr. Thorne and Mr.
Martin?
Mr. Oswald. Not that I recall, sir. I am thinking perhaps, when I
was aware at first that the $25,000 was to be placed in the trust
fund at the First National Bank of Fort Worth, I learned this through
a conversation on the telephone.
Mr. Jenner. With whom?
Mr. Oswald. With Mr. Jim Martin.
Mr. Jenner. Are you familiar with Mr. Martin's voice?
Mr. Oswald. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Did you call him or did he call you?
Mr. Oswald. I do not recall, sir.
Mr. Jenner. When did this take place?
Mr. Oswald. Approximately a week prior to the actual deposit and
setting up of the trust fund at the First National Bank in Fort Worth.
Representative Ford. Mr. Jenner, I suggest we get a copy of the
deposit slip or some other validation of the actual amount.
Mr. Jenner. Thank you, sir. We will undertake to do that. These
documents, as I have indicated, were produced for us during the

recess. We don't have the full information.
Perhaps, Mr. McKenzie—you have been quite helpful. You might
be further helpful to us—you might have the deposit—evidence of
the deposit.
Mr. McKenzie. Mr. Jenner, I wish I did have it. However, I know
that the First National Bank of Fort Worth would gladly duplicate that
for you. And I contemplate that I will be in the process of obtaining
a copy from either Mr. Thorne or Mr. Martin in the very near future,
because I have asked both of those gentlemen, on behalf of Marina
Oswald and her children, for a full and complete accounting as of
February 18, 1964, and I will likewise say that she has informed me
up until February 18, 1964, she has had no accounting from either
of those gentlemen.
Mr. Jenner. Is there another exhibit?
The next exhibit, Mr. Jenner, is Commission Exhibit No. 279,
which is a Xerox copy of a power of attorney granted to the firm of
Thorne and Leach, attorneys and counselors at law, bearing the date
of December 5, 1963, in which it has three—I presume these are
omissions from the exhibit—commencing on line 4, following the
words "trust funds", there is an omission, and then the word
"bequests", and then there is another omission, and on line 5, at the
beginning of that line, there is an omission.
Mr. Dulles. What is the nature of the omissions?
Mr. McKenzie. Mr. Dulles, I have been told that the word "gifts"
was omitted. The word "gift" was originally in it. But I have been
told the word "gift" was omitted, or struck out.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Dulles, I had intended to question the witness
about that.
Mr. McKenzie. This contract provides that Marina N. Oswald,
"bargain, transfer, sell and assign an undivided 10 percent of all such
sums when collected or paid to my account," referring to the fund in

the preceding paragraph. The agreement is signed by Marina N.
Oswald, witnessed by James H. Martin, and accepted by John M.
Thorne.
I am familiar with Marina N. Oswald's signature, and this is a
copy of her signature, or is her signature. I am not familiar with Mr.
Martin's signature or Mr. Thorne's signature.
Mr. Jenner. Directing your attention to that document, Mr.
Oswald, are you familiar with any of the signatures it bears?
Mr. Jenner. Would you identify each signature and indicate those
with which you are familiar?
Mr. Oswald. As they appear in order, the first signature is Mrs.
Marina N. Oswald. I am familiar with this signature.
The second signature is Mr. James H. Martin. I am familiar with
his signature.
Mr. Jenner. It is his signature?
Mr. Oswald. I would say yes, it is.
Mr. Dulles. Is that under "Accepted"—is that first word there
"John"?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir. And the last signature as appears on this
Exhibit 279 is the signature of John M. Thorne.
Mr. Jenner. Do you know the day upon which that document was
executed? It bears a date of December 5, which is a Thursday.
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; I do not.
Pardon me—the 5th day of December is the date purported—
that this document was executed at. I am not familiar that it was
executed on that date.

Mr. Jenner. Are you familiar with the date when it was in fact
executed?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; I am not. I might further state I was not
present when this document was signed, and I was not aware of this
document until Thursday, February 13th.
Mr. Jenner. 19——
Mr. Oswald. 1964.
Mr. Jenner. May I inquire of you, Mr. McKenzie, whether you have
seen the original of the document of which this purports to be a
Xerox copy?
Mr. McKenzie. I have not, sir. But I have seen a duplicate copy, an
original copy.
Mr. Jenner. A duplicate executed copy?
Mr. Jenner. That was furnished to you by whom?
Mr. McKenzie. By Marina N. Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. And this is a photostatic copy of what, with respect to
an original, carbon copy or otherwise?
Mr. McKenzie. It is a photocopy of a carbon copy.
Mr. Jenner. And have you personally seen the carbon copy of
which this is a photo?
Mr. McKenzie. Yes, sir; I have.
Mr. Jenner. And is the document now identified as Commission
Exhibit No. 279 in the same condition now as it was when you first
saw it?
Mr. McKenzie. Exactly.
Mr. Jenner. And to the best of your recollection, is it a duplicate
of the original?

The next exhibit is Commission Exhibit No. 280 entitled "The
Oswald Trust," and bearing a heading, "The State of Texas, County
of Dallas, Know all men by these presents," and it is a trust
agreement dated December 30, 1963, by and between Marina
Nikolaevna Oswald "a widow, hereinafter called grantor, and John M.
Thorne and James H. Martin of Dallas County, Texas, co-trustees,
hereinafter called the trustee" in which it describes certain funds
described on Schedule A attached to this exhibit, which consists of
some six pages, plus the Schedule A, Schedule A describing the trust
funds as cash, $25,000. And I might add, in my opinion, Mr. Jenner,
for whatever it may be worth, that this trust grants to John Thorne
and James Martin purportedly grants unto those two men as co-
trustees absolute discretion as to the distribution of the trust funds.
In fact, on page 2 it says, "as the trustee shall in either case in
its uncontrolled discretion deem advisable."
Mr. Dulles. Who is the beneficiary of this trust?
Mr. McKenzie. Marina Oswald and her children, in the discretion of
John Thorne and James Martin.
Representative Ford. Is that $25,000 the same $25,000 referred
to in a previous exhibit?
Mr. McKenzie. Mr. Ford, I presume so. But that is only a
presumption on my part. I do not know.
I might further add, for the benefit of counsel and the
Commission, that Marina Oswald has informed me, and I think
Robert Oswald can testify as to this, which I leave to your discretion,
that at no time have these, up until February 14—have these——
Mr. Jenner. 1964?
Mr. McKenzie. 1964—have these exhibits, numbered consecutively
from 276 through 280, been read to her in Russian. And at the time
of execution, they were not interpreted, nor did they show of the

contents—what the contents were, except as explained to her in
English.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. McKenzie, the document is identified as
Commission Exhibit No. 280, directing your attention to page 5, has
blanks for signatures, and names of grantor and co-trustees under
those lines.
Could I ask you whether you have seen the original of this
document?
Mr. McKenzie. I have not, sir. I have seen a copy.
Mr. Jenner. An executed copy?
Mr. McKenzie. To the best of my recollection, it was an executed
copy, yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. And from what source did you obtain or was the
document exhibited to you?
Mr. McKenzie. The document was given to me by Marina Oswald.
Mr. Jenner. And you observed that it was executed?
Mr. Jenner. By the persons whose names appear on page 5 of the
Exhibit 280?
I have made these exhibits available to the Commission for
whatever purpose they may serve the Commission, and for no other
purpose.
Mr. Dulles. Yes. I think we might want to reserve on that until
the whole Commission can get together. We want to examine
everything within the mandate we have been given by the President.
We don't want to go afield, quite naturally. And we cannot tell at this
stage what bearing these particular papers might have. So I think I
would like to reserve judgment on these.

Mr. McKenzie. Well, Mr. Dulles, I made that statement in view of
that fact. I felt that that would be true.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. McKenzie, for the purpose of our record, would
you be offended if we had you sworn, so you could then state that
the statements you have made to the Commission are true and
correct?
Mr. McKenzie. I would not be offended in any way.
Mr. Dulles. Do you, Mr. McKenzie, swear that what you have
stated, is the full truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. McKenzie. I do, Mr. Dulles.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Chairman, I offer in evidence as Commission
Exhibits 276 through 280, inclusive, the documents that have been
so identified.
Mr. Dulles. They may be accepted.
(The documents referred to were marked Commission Exhibits
Nos. 276 through 280, inclusive, for identification, and received in
evidence.)
Mr. Dulles. I wish to state, in accepting these documents, the
Commission does not want to pass on or assume any responsibility
with respect to the financial or other arrangements described in
these documents.
Mr. Jenner. I sought to identify them, Mr. Chairman, and
gentlemen, and to tender them in evidence because of events of the
past few days, and to confirm Mr. McKenzie's authority to speak on
behalf of Mr. Oswald.
Mr. Dulles. Very well.
Mr. Jenner. At the recess, Mr. Oswald, we were dealing with—
excuse me.
We were dealing with the period of time that you and your
mother and your two brothers lived in Benbrook, Tex. This brought

us through the summer of 1948, I believe.
Am I correct?
Mr. Oswald. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Liebeler has determined that the divorce of Mr.
Ekdahl and your mother took place in 1948. We cannot give you the
month and the day in 1948, but it was during the year 1948.
We had reached the point in which you related to us that, I
believe, following the divorce of Mr. Ekdahl and your mother, she
purchased a small home.
Mr. Jenner. And refresh my recollection, please—was that in
Benbrook, Tex.?
Mr. Oswald. That was in Benbrook, Tex.
Mr. Jenner. Have we reached a point now at which your brother,
Lee, had entered elementary school?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; we have.
Mr. Jenner. And you boys have now terminated your attendance
at the military academy?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, that is correct.
Mr. Jenner. And would you please relate what elementary school
you and your brother, John, attended, and Lee, if he attended the
same school?
Mr. Oswald. Prior to the school year of 1948–49, we moved to
Ewing Street, 7408 Ewing Street, within the limits of the city of Fort
Worth.
Mr. Jenner. Was the home that had been purchased in Benbrook,
Tex., sold?
Mr. Oswald. I would say yes, sir.

Mr. Jenner. Well, you state that you would say. Is that your best
information?
I am not aware of any transactions in regards to the selling of
that home or anything. Since we did move, and she did purchase
this home on 7408 Ewing Street, in Fort Worth, I would assume that
she did sell the house at Benbrook, because she didn't rent it, and
we no longer went out there. I feel sure she did sell it.
Mr. Jenner. Did I understand you to say that your mother
purchased a home at 7408 Ewing?
Mr. Jenner. Would you, in very short compass, tell us the physical
characteristics of that home?
Mr. Oswald. It was a two bedroom, asbestos siding, with an
attached garage, red roof, small porch on the front, and an average
sized lot.
Mr. Jenner. These homes you have been describing all have, as I
recall it—have either attached garage or separate garages.
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir—with the exception of the home there in
Benbrook that my mother purchased after the divorce from Mr.
Ekdahl—it did not have a garage, and I did not recall a garage at the
native stone house in Benbrook.
Mr. Jenner. The purpose of my inquiry was, did the family have
an automobile?
Mr. Jenner. Was that true when you lived in Louisiana?
Mr. Oswald. To my best recollection on that—my father did have,
at the time of his death, either a 1937 or 1938 Chevrolet. I believe
my mother sold it after his death. I believe she did not own an

automobile in New Orleans, when we were at the Bethlehem Orphan
Home.
Mr. Jenner. Were you boys interested in automobiles, as most
young teenagers are?
Mr. Oswald. I think so, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Tinker around with them, drive them?
Mr. Jenner. Both you and your brother John?
Mr. Jenner. Later on, in later years, did your brother Lee—was he
likewise interested in automobiles, did he tinker with them?
Mr. Oswald. Not to my knowledge, sir, did he tinker with them.
Even though I can recall a couple of occasions with automobiles that
I owned that he would assist me in any repairs I might be making
on the automobile at that time.
Mr. Jenner. Well, I have in mind his interest now. Was he a good
driver?
Mr. Oswald. To my knowledge, he did not drive.
Mr. Jenner. He did not drive at all?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; he did not.
Mr. Jenner. Did you ever see him drive an automobile?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; I did not. On two or three occasions in later
years, I offered to teach him to drive.
Mr. Jenner. You recall this specifically now, do you? Would you
relate to the Commission this course of events in his life—a young
man who never did learn, at least to your knowledge, to drive an
automobile?

The first occasion that I recall that I offered to Lee to teach him
how to drive—at that time, I owned a '56 Chevrolet. I had married,
and I was residing at 7313 Davenport, Fort Worth, Tex., a home
which I had purchased. And Lee was home on leave.
Mr. Jenner. Give us the time, please, as closely as you can.
Mr. Oswald. This would be some time in 1958.
Mr. Jenner. He was then in the Marine Corps?
Mr. Jenner. And he was home on leave?
Mr. Jenner. State the circumstances, will you please?
Mr. Oswald. With relation to my offer to teach him how to drive?

Mr. Jenner. Yes. How did that come about?
Mr. Oswald. Well, he was spending a day, or part of a day over at
our house. We were going to the grocery store or something—Lee
and I. As I backed out of the driveway, I recall saying something to
him, or he brought it up, or something—about wanting to learn how
to drive.
And I said, "Well, we can start right now."
It was an automatic transmission.
"It is the easiest thing in the world to do. There is nothing to
worry about. And I would be right here with you."
Well, he didn't think that was the time to try to start. He did
want to learn how to drive, though. And he did not take the wheel.
Mr. Jenner. He did not?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir.
At no time was I present when he took the wheel of a car and
drove it.
Mr. Jenner. And on any occasion in your lifetime, did you ever see
him, whether you were in the vehicle—whether or not you were in
the vehicle—behind the wheel and actually operating in motion an
automobile?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; I have never known him to operate an
automobile, to drive it.
Mr. Jenner. What about Mrs. Marina Oswald in that respect?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; to my knowledge she does not drive and she
does not know how to drive, and I have never seen her operate an
automobile.
Mr. Jenner. I notice when you are smoking that you hold the
cigarette in your left hand. Are you left handed?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir. I am left handed when I write and eat.

Mr. Jenner. And you are right handed otherwise?
Mr. Jenner. Throwing a baseball?
Mr. Oswald. Throwing a baseball.
At one time I could handle it with both hands—especially a
football better than a baseball. But I have returned to my right hand
on that. I was more accurate with my right hand than with my left
hand, in throwing things. I kick footballs right footed and so forth.
Mr. Jenner. What about your father? Was he right handed or left
handed?
Mr. Oswald. This I do not know, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Your mother?
Mr. Oswald. My mother is left handed.
Mr. Jenner. And your brother Lee?
Mr. Oswald. He was right handed.
Representative Ford. Was there ever a time that he appeared to
be left handed, as far as you recollect?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir. I have never known him to handle anything—
throw a baseball, football, et cetera, fire a rifle, or do anything, left
handed.
Mr. Jenner. In order to be certain of the details in this respect,
when he wrote, did be write with his right or his left hand?
Mr. Oswald. Right handed.
Mr. Jenner. Right handed?
Mr. Jenner. And you in fact have seen him write with his right
hand?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir, I have.

Mr. Jenner. During your youth?
Mr. Jenner. Did you ever—was there ever an occasion when you
saw him write or attempt to write with his left hand?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir, I have never seen him at any time, on any
occasion, ever attempt to write or do anything left handed.
Mr. Jenner. You really covered my next question, but I would like
to ask it anyhow.
There are men in athletics who are either right handed or left
handed, but who throw or bat or do something from the other side.
Did he ever throw left handed or in any athletic endeavor
employ his left hand predominantly as against his right hand?
Mr. Oswald. No, sir; not to my knowledge, he never did.
Mr. Jenner. From your many years of experience with him, being
associated with him, as his brother, was he a predominantly right-
handed person?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir; he most certainly was.
Representative Ford. And you personally saw him throw, kick, or
do anything athletic over the years, and saw him use his right hand
exclusively?
Mr. Oswald. Yes, sir. I would say without qualification—I might be
repeating myself here—at no time did I ever know him to do
anything left handed, to the extent that it would be predominant. Of
course his hands worked together, and so forth. But I have never
known him to do anything left handed.
Mr. Jenner. From your long acquaintance with him, and your
intimate knowledge of his physical characteristics in that respect, do
you have an opinion as to whether he was instinctively right-handed
or instinctively a left-handed person?

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