Preparing learners for_a_different_futur (1)

Ensuring
Learning
Outcomes
ISSN
1599-4880
No.46
Fall
2016

05
Fall 2016
I
t is often said that what you learn in school lasts a lifetime,
implying that the contents of education is extremely
important not only for us, but also for the future generation
as well. But how much do we know about what our chil-
dren are learning at school? Many of us are unfamiliar of what
is happening inside the classrooms and how it is benefitting the
learners. This is where the importance of measuring learning
outcomes comes in. The assessment of our current education
systems is crucial in order to establish a better strategy. Appro-
priate evaluation allows us to identify the pros and cons of
present policies, and provides us guidance on how to improve it.
It is our duty to enable learners to receive the proper education
that will teach them the value of peace, tolerance, and sustain-
able development.
Over the past decade, education policies have focused on
measuring the access to education, in other words, measuring
how many children actually go to school. Ensuring access to
education was indeed a great accomplishment; however it was
just the first step of achieving ensuring quality education. Since
the world has witnessed the advance of the quantity aspect of
education, now is the time to focus on the quality of educa-
tion. Educators and experts across the globe came together at
Incheon, South Korea last year to seek a new framework that
will complement the Education for All (EFA) agenda. Ever
since, with the guidance of the 2030 Agenda, various local,
national, regional, and global agencies have endeavored to
develop and promote a better measuring system. The Council of
Europe, for instance, is developing a new assessment framework
named Competences for Democratic Culture (CDC) that will
be introduced in this edition’s SangSaeng. The project aims to
create a framework that measures the democratic competences
of learners in all levels of formal education.
Though we are seeing great improvement, ensuring quality
learning outcome is still a challenge for the global community.
Assessment systems are complex, requiring detailed defining
and categorizing. For example, when monitoring learning
outcomes, researchers must also mind out-of-school popula-
tions to guarantee that no learners are left behind. This demands
a more intricate structure of evaluation, thus taking more time
and effort to construct a new strategy.
APCEIU would like to share these struggles in this edition of
SangSaeng, inviting our readers to participate in the discourse of
learning outcome assessments. Strong motivation and the sense
of Global Citizenship is sure to guide us through these chal-
lenges, ultimately assuring a more concrete education system
that will live up to the goals of Sustainable Development Goals
and the 2030 Agenda.
Utak Chung
Director
DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE
©
APCEIU
03 Director’sMessage
04 SpecialColumn
Learn to Live Together:
Pilars of Education Start
with Learn
28 Special Report
Experiences and
Difficulties of a Society:
Developing Socio-
cultural Skills of
Kyrgyzstan Students
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sangsaeng
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+UnescoAPCEIUorg2014
34 BestPractices
34 Embracing Sustainability:
You Can Make a Difference
39 Student Empowerment
through Values in Action
(SEVA): Training Students
to Express Opinions,
Reflect, Critically Evaluate,
and Appreciate One’s Own
Values and Those of Others
44 Letter
Be Global with a
Compassionate Heart
46 PeaceinMyMemory
Food for Peace in the
21st Century
50 APCEIUinAction
SangSaeng (상생) is published three times a year by the Asia-Pacific Centre of
Education for International Understanding (APCEIU) under the auspices of UNESCO.
No.46 Fall 2016
SangSaeng (상생), a Korean word with Chinese roots,
is composed of two characters: Sang (相), meaning
“mutual”(each other) and Saeng (生), meaning “life.” Put
together, they mean “living together,” “helping each other,”
which is our vision for the Asia-Pacific region. SangSaeng
(相生) aims to be a forum for constructive discussion of
issues, methods and experiences in the area of Education
for International Understanding. SangSaeng also seeks to
promote Global Citizenship Education, which is one of the
three priorities of Global Education First Initiative launched by
the United Nations in 2012.
Signed articles express the opinions of the authors and do
not necessarily represent the opinions of APCEIU.
FOCUS
ENSURING LEARNING
OUTCOMES
8 Preparing Learners for a Different Future: Monitoring
Education for Sustainable Development and Global
Citizenship in the New Education Agenda
14 Monitoring Knowledge for Better Learning
Outcomes: The Southeast Asia Primary Learning
Metrics’ Contribution to Global Citizenship and Its
Measurement
18 Competences for Democratic Culture: A Council
of Europe Project for Teaching and Assessing the
Democratic Competence of Students
24 From 21st Century Competences to Global
Citizenship and Global Competences
SangSaeng is printed on recycled paper.

07
06 SangSaeng
SPECIAL COLUMN
Fall 2016
T
here are four pillars of the
educational process according
to the World Commission’s
“Report on Education for the
XXI century” that I set up as UNESCO’s
director general in 1992: “Learn to be,”
“Learn to Know,” “Learn to do,” “Learn to
Live Together.”
I would add “Learn to Undertake”
because the Latin phrase “sapere aude”
(dare to know) by the Roman poet Horace
in 20 B.C. is indispensable today. “Know
how to dare!” Risk without knowledge is
dangerous but knowledge without risk is
useless.
In order to guide everyday behaviour,
it is essential to permanently bear in mind
that all human beings are equal in dignity,
regardless of their gender, ideology, belief,
skin colour, etc. All are equal; this is the
key guideline for everyone to live peace-
fully together, to respect each other, to
listen and to express oneself freely.
Always keep in mind the endless
human diversity; every human being is
unique biologically and intellectually at
every instant of his/her life, endowed with
distinctive faculties that every person
must be able, through proper education,
to fully exercise. There is no doubt that the
first pillar is to be: to think, to imagine, to
anticipate, to innovate, and to create. The
creative capacity is the hope of humanity.
There is no determinism and therefore,
any kind of fanaticism is unacceptable.
To be educated is, according to
UNESCO’s constitution, to be free and
responsible. Incarnated in finite biological
structures, humans are able to “fly” in the
infinite space of the spirit. And they are
the “eyes of the universe.”
There is a key-word in being free and
responsible: to share. To share and coop-
erate are the expressions of solidarity, of
being constantly ready to help, to go hand
in hand, and to build “SangSaeng.”
Changing the Air
It is now an urgent period in time because,
for the first time in history, points of
no return can be reached; the transition
from a culture of imposition, domination,
violence and war can transform or shift
towards a culture of understanding,
conciliation, alliance and peace. Simply
put, from force to word. Since the begin-
ning of time, males have had absolute
power, and the citizens, women and men,
have been silent, fearful, and obedient.
Before digital technology permeated
every part of our world, the immense
majority of people were born, lived and
died in an area that was no more than 50
square kilometres. They were completely
unaware of what was happening far away.
With the new information and
communication facilities available, a
new era began around two decades ago.
Human beings can express themselves
progressively and freely; they know
what takes place in the world and, more
importantly, women – the corner stone of
the new era, as President Nelson Mandela
told me in Pretoria in 1996 – increasingly
take part in the decision-making processes
by incorporating their inherent values and
capacities in a non mimetic way.
Global awareness and global citizen-
ship were pre-conditions for the “new
beginning” proclaimed in the Earth
Charter. The in-depth transformations
Learn to Live Together
Risk without
knowledge is
dangerous but
knowledge without
risk is useless.
“I am because you are”
(meaning of the Swahili word “Ubuntu”)
From left to right Shimon Peres, Yasser Arafat,
Federico Mayor and Yitzhak Rabin.
Federico Mayor and Rigoberta Menchú
©
Federico
Mayor
©
Federico
Mayor
Day of Peace
I N T E R N A T I O N A L
By Federico Mayor
(President, Culture of Peace Foundation;
Former Director General of UNESCO)
LEARN TO LIVE TOGETHER
Pillars of Education Start with Learn
©
Designed
by
Freepik.com

SangSaeng
SPECIAL COLUMN
Fall 2016
22,600; 1%
22,800; 1%
25,400; 1%
30,900; 2%
31,700; 2%
36,700; 2%
45,800; 3%
46,500; 3%
50,000; 3%
60,500; 3%
62,300; 4%
80,800; 5%
84,500; 5%
216,000; 12%
610,000; 33%
349,500; 20%
09
something we dream about and the
coming generations deserve.
The United Nations’ priorities – food,
water, health, environment care, educa-
tion and peace – could be implemented in
the framework of the Sustainable Devel-
opment Goals 2030 and the agreements
on Climate Change, if the necessary and
timely funds were obtained from the
colossal present investments in armament
and military security. The transition from
an economy of speculation, production
delocalization and war to a knowl-
edge-based economy of sustainable and
human development is extremely urgent.
To bring this forward, the wise initiative
of the Geneva based International Peace
Bureau, which was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1910, is requesting a 10 per
cent savings in military expenditures per
country and per year, which could provide
the resources that are denied today in
order to face the challenges posed by
extreme poverty (the root of migration),
climate change and nuclear threat.
In a Joint Call to rightly address social
and ecological emergencies, I suggested,
with the support of relevant personalities,
to convene an extraordinary session of the
General Assembly of the United Nations
in order to adopt without delay, interna-
tional measures that are required to over-
come the above mentioned challenges.
“Any challenge is placed beyond the
human distinctive capacity to create,” said
former United States President John F.
Kennedy in June 1963. The future is to be
invented and we can do it now. Yes we
can and with it, we can all live peacefully
together ... if we dare, if we share, if we
recognize the equal dignity in all human
beings.
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Australia
Italy
Brazil
South Korea
Japan
Germany
India
United Kingdom
France
Saudi Arabia
Russia
China
USA 610,000
Rest of the world
Learn to Live Together
Share of World Military Expenditure
Federico Mayor and Nelson Mandela
©
Federico
Mayor
©
Federico
Mayor
08
that are urgently needed can only take
place if the people can finally hold on to
the reins of their common destiny.
The past has already been written and
its lessons must be remembered. But the
future is to be invented: memory of the
past, but above all, memory of the future.
Now, more than ever, urged by potentially
irreversible processes, the following
generations must be permanently taken
into account. The main responsibility of
all those people and institutions related
to governance is the legacy to the forth-
coming human inhabitants of this planet.
Not to alter the conditions for a dignified
life is undoubtedly the first duty both at
the individual and collective levels.
Education Equals Solutions
Education for all throughout their life is
the solution. Human Rights, democracy
and a culture of peace and non-violence
are, from the conceptual and practical
point of view, the essential subjects to
be learned and committed with. Besides
UNESCO’s constitution and the Universal
Declaration, other sources of inspiration
and guidance are the World Plan of
Action for Education in Human Rights
and Democracy (Montreal, 1993); the
Declaration on Tolerance (UNESCO
General Conference, 1995); the Decla-
ration and Plan of Action for a Culture
of Peace (UN General Assembly, 1999);
the Earth Charter (2000); the Charter
of Fundamental Rights of the European
Union (2000), and so on.
These are the main philosophical,
research and applied lines of action the
Institute for Human Rights, Democracy
and a Culture of Peace and Non-violence
(DEMOS-PAZ) recently set up in the
Autonomous University of Madrid in
order to contribute to peace-building and
peace-keeping, mediation and non-violent
resolution of conflicts.
At the dawn of this millennium, it is
possible to change the secular utilization
of force by word instead of “para bellum”
and “para verbum.” Now, it is possible that
“We the peoples …” principle enshrined
in the Charter becomes a reality. Yes, the
very few can now be substituted by the
many and re-founded systems – with the
representation of states and civil society
– can take the wheel of the new world,
It is now an urgent
period in time
because, for the
first time in history,
points of no return
can be reached; the
transition from a
culture of imposition,
domination, violence
and war can
transform or shift
towards a culture
of understanding,
conciliation, alliance
and peace.
Gorbachev and Federico Mayor
©
Federico
Mayor

SangSaeng Fall 2016 09
Preparing Learners for a Different Future
T
he 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) reflect the heart of
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development. Goal 4, which
focuses on education within a lifelong
learning perspective, represents the vision
and aspirations of the global education
community for 2030. With its seven
targets and three means of implementa-
tion, it represents a level of ambition for
the next 15 years that goes beyond any
previous global education agreement.
By introducing global citizenship
education (GCED) and education for
sustainable development, target 4.7
captures the transformative aspirations
of the new global development agenda.
This particular target, more than any
other, touches on the content and quality
of education, especially relating to its
social, humanistic, and moral purposes.
It also acknowledges the role of culture
and the cultural dimensions of education.
In response to this explicit reference in
the target to knowledge and skills related
to sustainable development and global
citizenship, the international community
has prioritised progress assessments based
on the content of education.
The Inter-agency and Expert Group
on SDG indicators proposed a broad
global indicator to capture the wide scope
of target 4.7: “the extent to which global
citizenship education and education
for sustainable development are main-
streamed in national education policies,
curricula content, teacher education
and student assessment.” This measure
embraces indicators relating to inputs and
processes, but sidesteps the target’s aspira-
tional intent of ensuring that all learners,
young and old, acquire knowledge and
skills aligned with the transformative 2030
Agenda for sustainable development.
UNESCO member states’ reports on
implementation of the 1974 Recommen-
dation concerning Education for Interna-
tional Understanding, Co-operation and
Peace and Education relating to Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms are
proposed as the mechanism to monitor
progress towards the target. But low
response rates and submission quality
mean the process is weak and needs to be
complemented by a more systematic and
rigorous approach.
Curricula for Young Learners
The 2016 Global Education Monitoring
(GEM) Report collaborated with UNES-
CO’s International Bureau of Education
to carry out a study, and reviewed over
110 national curriculum framework
documents at the primary and secondary
education level from 78 countries1
covering the period of 2005-2015 to
capture different topics and themes
pertaining to Target 4.7: human rights,
gender equality, peace, non-violence and
human security, sustainable development,
and global citizenship. National curric-
ulum framework documents were coded
using a protocol with a set of key terms on
each topic.
Among 78 countries, 92 per cent
included one or more key terms relating to
human rights in their curricula with rights
(89 per cent) and democracy (80 per cent)
being the most prevalent ones. Countries
also placed some emphasis on sustainable
development issues. About three-quarters
of the countries incorporated sustainable
development and sustainability, but key
terms like social and economic sustain-
ability were present in less than one-third
of countries’ national curricula.
Gender equality appeared to be
less highlighted in national curriculum
frameworks. Less than 15 per cent of the
countries integrated key terms such as
gender empowerment, gender parity or
gender-sensitiveness in their national
curricula, and only 50 per cent of countries
mentioned gender equality. Countries also
make less reference to key terms related
to global citizenship. Around 10 per cent
of the countries included notions such
1. In the sample, there are 18 countries from Latin
America and the Caribbean, 16 from Europe and
Northern America, 15 from sub-Saharan Africa, 11
from the Pacific, 7 from Eastern and South-eastern
Asia, 6 from Southern Asia, 3 from North Africa and
Western Asia, and 2 from Caucasus and Central Asia.
Curricula are the
predominant means
by which knowledge
and skills are
conveyed to young
learners.
08
FOCUS
PREPARING LEARNERS
FOR A DIFFERENT
FUTURE
Monitoring Education for Sustainable
Development and Global Citizenship in the
New Education Agenda
By Aaron Benavot (Director, Global Education Monitoring Report)
Nihan Koseleci (Research Officer, Global Education Monitoring Report)

Fall 2016
FOCUS
11
11
Figure 2: Percentage of key terms related to sustainable development and global citizenship in national curriculum
frameworks, selected countries, 2005-2015
advancements in textbook content anal-
ysis provide promising windows to gauge
curricular content, especially if applied
to large samples of textbooks from many
countries.
Analysis for the 2016 GEM Report
compiled three datasets on secondary
school textbooks in history, civics, social
studies and geography. The vast majority
of textbooks were drawn from the most
extensive collection of textbooks from
around the world, at the Georg Eckert
Institute for International Textbook
Research in Germany.
This analysis shows that by the latest
decade, close to 50 per cent of the text-
books mention human rights, in contrast
to around 5 per cent earlier in the century.
This is closely tracked by rising framings
of civil and political rights as well as
economic, social, and cultural rights as
human rights. Moreover, across the world,
the proportion of textbooks mentioning
women’s rights has increased since 1980.
Yet, there are some continues that have
some regional variation in the extent to
which textbooks embrace gender equality:
the lowest percentage of textbooks is in
the Arab states (just above 10 per cent)
and the highest in Europe and North
America and sub-Saharan Africa (40 per
cent).
Five indicators were used to measure
the extent to which textbooks include
an explicit emphasis on environmental
issues. They include: whether environ-
mental protection or damage is discussed
in at least a paragraph, whether this
issue is linked to rights, and whether it
is discussed as a global issue. Coverage
of environmental protection or damage
in textbooks has increased dramatically
since the 1950s. While in the 1950s, only
close to 5 per cent of textbooks discussed
Stronger efforts are
needed to assess
concepts in target
4.7 for teacher
preparation and
training.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Luxembourg
Ireland
Lithuania
Belgium
Hungary
Norway
United
Kingdom
Canada
Malta
Serbia
Croatia
Portugal
Estonia
France
Iceland
Sweden
U.
R.
Tanzania
D.
R.
Congo
Niger
Cote
d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Ghana
South
Africa
South
Sudan
Lesotho
Seychelles
Gambia
Rwanda
Zambia
Namibia
Mauritius
Argentina
Haiti
Belize
Dominica
Brazil
Grenada
Paraguay
Mexico
Uruguay
Venezuela,
B.
R.
Chile
Dominican
Rep.
El
Salvador
Honduras
Panama
Peru
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Europe/N. America Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America/Caribbean
©
International
Bureau
of
Education,
2016.
as global inequalities or global thinking
in their curricula, and globalisation, and
multiculturalism and interculturalism
were mentioned in half of the countries’
national curricula (Figure 1).
Across the countries, there is some
variation in the prevalence of selected key
terms in the curricula (Figure 2). Among
the Latin America and the Caribbean
countries, key terms related to sustainable
development are common in Guatemala
and Nicaragua, but much less so in
Argentina, Belize, Dominica and Haiti. In
sub-Saharan Africa, almost all key words
related to sustainable development are
found in Mauritius, but none in the United
Republic of Tanzania and 10 per cent in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo and
Niger. In Europe and Northern America,
none are found in the United Kingdom,
and only 30 per cent were included in
Croatia, France and Hungary.
This new research is an initial attempt
to provide a global picture of the prev-
alence of content related to target 4.7 in
national curricula. A global mechanism
to monitor curriculum content would
require a systematic listing of national
curriculum frameworks and a coding
protocol to analyse curricular materials.
Such a mechanism would also require
close collaboration between education
ministries and regional or international
organizations to ensure that the quality
of the information is good and that the
process is country-led.
Within Textbooks
In many respects, textbooks reflect
classroom reality more closely (in terms
of both contents and teaching methods)
than official policy statements. Recent
SangSaeng
10
Figure 1: Percentage of countries including each of the key terms in their national curriculum frameworks, 2005-2015
The analysis is based on a sample of 78 countries.
Rights
Democracy
Freedom
Social
justice
Human
rights
education
Sustainable
development
Ecology
Environmental
education
Environmental
sustainability
Climate
change
Renewable
energy
sources
Waste
management
Economic
sustainability
Social
sustainability
Education
for
sustainable
development
Peace
Abuse/harassment/violence
Peace
education
Globalization
Multiculturalism/interculturalism
Global
citizen(ship)
Migration/immigration
Global
competition
Global-local
thinking
Global
inequality
Gender
equality
Gender
equity
Gender
sensitivity
Gender
parity
Empowerment
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Human rights Sustainable development
Peace and
non-violence
Global citizenship Gender equality
Textbooks are a
valuable source
of information
about national
commitment
to sustainable
development.
©
International
Bureau
of
Education,
2016.

Fall 2016
FOCUS
13
13
opinion or value surveys, the difficulty in
developing test items that are context-rel-
evant but not culturally biased, and the
broad scope of target’s topics and the
relative lack of research on adult learning.
Questions about basic facts on world
history, geography, international insti-
tutions and global processes that reflect
interdependence could serve as a starting
point to monitor learners’ knowledge on
notions as listed in the target 4.7. Yet, few
cognitive assessments exist in this area.
For instance, the 2009 International Civic
and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS)
included a specific item on knowledge
of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, which, adopted by the whole
international community, can provide a
common set of universal values that can
be used to make judgments about global
issues.
Across all participating countries, on
average, 68 per cent of students responded
correctly to this item. While in Finland,
Poland and the Republic of Korea, over
80 per cent of students recognised that
the United Nations Universal Declaration
of Human Rights is intended to apply
to all people; only around 40 per cent of
students did so in the Dominican Republic
and Thailand.
Preparing learners for a future of
climatic and environmental instability
begins by helping them understand issues
such as why and how climate change takes
place, and its likely effects on habitats and
ecosystems.
The 2006 PISA provided the first inter-
nationally comparable data on students’
knowledge of the environment and related
problems, the sources of this knowledge,
their attitudes on environmental issues
and the relationship between their results
in environmental science and their envi-
ronmental attitudes. Of the 108 questions
in the PISA 2006 science assessment, 24
were related to environmental science;
of these, 14 focused on geoscience. Each
subset was the basis for a performance
index. At the lower end of the index distri-
bution, students were unable to interpret
a graph or figure when given appro-
priate cues, or show basic knowledge of
common environmental processes. The
environmental science performance index
highlighted wide differences between
countries. In Azerbaijan, Indonesia,
Kyrgyzstan and Qatar, more than 70 per
cent of students were at level D or below,
compared with around 25 per cent in
Canada, Estonia, Finland and Japan.
Recent initiatives aim to fill some of
the information gaps. In 2016, UNESCO
and the International Association for the
Evaluation of Educational Achievement
(IEA) established an official agreement to
collaborate in the area of measuring global
citizenship and sustainable development.
In the 2016 ICCS assessment, students will
be asked to rate the seriousness of a broad
range of threats such as the extent of
poverty, living standards, human dignity,
economic well-being, and environmental
health. These ratings provide an indication
of students’ awareness of global issues,
and responses to individual items provide
a perspective on profiles of concern.
Another recent development has
seen the OECD decide to include global
competences as a field for testing in the
2018 round of PISA assessment. This will
indicate the extent to which a country’s
15-year-olds have the knowledge and
skills to work and interact with others
internationally.
A challenge for measuring outcomes
related to target 4.7 has to do with tension
between national values and the commit-
ment to a global agenda. Hence, there is
a need to develop comparative student
assessments that are more attuned to
local conditions. One promising example
is the Southeast Asia Primary Learning
Metrics, focusing on literacy, numeracy
and global citizenship in grade 5. In
2016–2017, at least six countries in the
region will pilot the assessment tools. By
2020, all countries of the Southeast Asian
Ministers of Education Organization
and the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations are expected to join.
Data sources on adult global knowl-
edge and understanding are even more
limited. Existing data on knowledge
and skills related to global citizenship
and sustainable development tend to be
limited to children and adolescents. Yet,
it is equally important to evaluate similar
knowledge and skills in the adult popula-
tion. There have been very few cognitive
assessments, however. An appropriate
monitoring framework would find ways
to better capture the target 4.7’s intent to
provide all learners with knowledge and
skills to promote sustainable develop-
ment. Future data collection efforts should
strengthen the knowledge base on out-of-
school youth and all adults.
this issue in at least one paragraph, 50
per cent did so over the 2000-2011 period
(Figure 3).
Stronger Efforts
Having countries mainstream sustainable
development and global citizenship
knowledge and skills in school curricula
and textbooks is an important basis for
monitoring country efforts to promote
target 4.7, but it is not sufficient.
Placing teachers who are prepared to
teach the many areas related to sustainable
development and global citizenship in
classrooms is equally important. Yet, data
collection tools on the content of teacher
education programmes all serve different
purposes and respond to different needs,
and are applied too infrequently to fill the
data gaps; nor do they follow a systematic
format that would ensure country
comparability.
The application of a standard coding
protocol – as for curricula and textbooks
– to teacher training institutions’ curricula
or the possible inclusion of global compe-
tence as a theme in the future rounds of
the Teaching and Learning International
Survey (TALIS), for instance, would make
it possible to analyse the effectiveness of
professional development in preparing
teachers to respond to various groups of
students, potentially though a range of
teaching strategies.
Tough Test
It is hard to test the knowledge and skills
for sustainable development. Challenges
include the scarcity of relevant student
assessments or specially developed
SangSaeng
12
Monitoring the
acquisition of
knowledge and
skills needed
for sustainable
development is not
easy.
Figure 3: Percentage of textbooks that include an explicit statement on environment
Source: Bromley et al., 2016
Environmental protection or damage Environment rights
Environmental movement
Global environmental issues
Global environmental movement
1950 - 1959 1970 - 1979 1990 - 1999
1960 - 1969 1980 - 1989 2000 - 2011
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
©
Bromley
et
al.,
2016

14 SangSaeng
FOCUS
15
Fall 2016
Monitoring Knowledge for Better Learning Outcomes
W
hile many countries have
made impressive progress
in access to education, the
focus of many education
programmes has shifted towards access
to quality education. This shift in focus to
learning is embodied in the recent SDG4,
“to ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all.” This consensus is
also reflected in the joint statement of
the Ninth ASEAN Education Ministers
meeting (9th ASED) in May 2016 in
Selangor, Malaysia. The statement notes
the critical role of education in “promoting
a better quality of life for children and
young people, and in providing them
opportunity to participate in and benefit
from the realization of a prosperous
ASEAN Community 2025.” The commit-
ment of this region was reaffirmed through
the adoption of the ASEAN Work Plan
on Education 2016-2020, with the inclu-
sion of Southeast Asia Primary Learning
Metrics (SEA-PLM) seen as an opportu-
nity to help achieve these regional goals
in enhancing equitable opportunities to
quality education and learning outcomes.
In addition, since 2014, the results of the
Strategic Dialogues for Education Minis-
ters (SDEM) of the Southeast Asian region
have also demonstrated a strong emphasis
on a new education agenda including the
promotion of a 21st Century curriculum
and revitalisation of teacher education.
These commitments have increased
the need to develop effective st rategies to
assess and monitor knowledge and skills
and demonstrate measurable learning
outcomes. Indeed, without effective as-
sessment systems, we cannot understand
the variations in learning outcomes and
where to focus interventions to enhance
the access to inclusive and quality learning
for all children.
Southeast Asia’s Response
In order to fill this gap, the SEA-PLM was
initiated in 2012 by the Southeast Asian
Ministers of Education Organisation
(SEAMEO) and the United Nations Chil-
dren’s Fund (UNICEF). Its aim is to serve
the goal of improving the quality of educa-
tion through the system level monitoring
of learner achievements.
While other regions in the world have
their own large-scale assessments such as
PASEC and SACMEQ in West and East
Africa respectively, LLECE in Latin Amer-
ica and PILNA covering the Pacific Islands
region, SEA-PLM is a response to the lack
of a regional assessment in the Southeast
Asian region. The primary grade assess-
ment tools developed for SEA-PLM are
also based on shared ASEAN values and a
regional assessment framework based on
national curricula.
A key starting point was a review of na-
tional curricula from the region – identi-
fying common domains of learning across
Southeast Asian countries and structuring
the tools to reflect the unique values and
spirit of ASEAN. The SEA-PLM’s import-
ant work has been supported by the tech-
nical experts from the Australian Council
for Educational Research (ACER), who
also provide support through regional and
national capacity building based on their
extensive experience in conducting inter-
national assessments.
Coverage
The SEA-PLM Assessment Framework
covers four domains namely: reading,
writing, mathematics and global citizen-
ship. It also has been developed collabo-
ratively with all countries of the region.
In addition to its four domains, SEA-PLM
also includes student, parent, teacher and
head-teacher questionnaires to provide
background information to complement
the assessment of students’ learning out-
comes. While SEA-PLM initially targets
Grade 5 students across the region, it is
also designed in a way that it could be ex-
panded to other grades as the programme
develops over time and in the region. The
metric takes inspiration from the Global
Learning Metrics Task Force (LMTF) and
linkages are established to the Monitoring
Learning Partnership which is attempting
to develop a global metrics that will allow
for comparisons of learning outcomes
across all countries.
SEA-PLM is highly innovative in that
one of its learning domains covers the
Global Citizenship domain, alongside the
three cognitive domains. This is a clear
sign of the region’s desire to further devel-
op core competencies and qualifications
Without effective
assessment
systems, we
cannot understand
the variations in
learning outcomes
and where to focus
interventions to
enhance access to
inclusive and quality
learning for all
children.
MONITORING
KNOWLEDGE FOR
BETTER LEARNING
OUTCOMES
THE SOUTHEAST ASIA PRIMARY
LEARNING METRICS’ CONTRIBUTION
TO GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AND
ITS MEASUREMENT
By Lauranne Beernaert (Project Coordinator, SEAMEO Secretariat)
Camilla Woeldike (Multi-Country Project Coordinator, UNICEF East Asia and the Pacific Regional Office)

17
Fall 2016
Monitoring Knowledge for Better Learning Outcomes
Global Citizenship domain in SEA-PLM
focuses on the active definition of global
citizenship for SEA-PLM over the pas-
sive definition, while acknowledging that
active global citizenship is mediated by
social and political contexts, opportunity
and resources in addition to knowledge
and attitudes and values. The second ele-
ment of the definition of Global Citizen-
ship domain of SEA-PLM refers to ASE-
AN values, as per the ASEAN Charter.
These common aspirations of the ASEAN
community include ideas such as inter-
connectedness, peace, freedom, security,
cultural heritage, and environmental sus-
tainability.
While the GCED literature usually rec-
ognizes three major measurement sub-do-
mains (e.g. cognitive aspects, attitudes and
values, and behaviours and skills) and three
content sub-domains to Global Citizenship
(e.g. Global Citizenship systems, issues
and dynamics; Global Citizenship aware-
ness and identities; and Global Citizenship
engagement), it is also recognized that all
these elements cannot be assessed through
one single assessment tool.
Based on the relatively young age of
respondents (Grade 5, 10 years of age)
and the form of the assessment, which is
through a questionnaire, the participating
countries and stakeholders agreed that
the assessment would focus primarily on
the measurement of attitudes and values
related to all three content sub-domains.
In addition, a few items that relate to stu-
dents’ experiences of activities that allow
them to exercise Global Citizenship-re-
lated behaviours and skills would also be
included in the questionnaire and would
cover behaviours related to the presenta-
tion of ideas, leadership, decision making,
communication, and advocacy for im-
provement.
The pioneering work of SEA-PLM is
currently undergoing its field trial phase to
ensure the tools and protocols are adequate,
rigorous and relevant for all participating
countries. The first main SEA-PLM survey
is planned for 2018 and the plan is that it
will take place every four years thereafter.
While the results of the regional assessment
will generate significant information on
how children of our region perform in the
traditional cognitive domains and help to
ensure they actually learn, it will also pro-
vide information to policy-makers on what
their students’ attitudes and values are to-
wards other people within the framework
of Global Citizenship.
As Global Citizenship is a relatively
new domain and highly debated, SEA-
PLM will provide a unique platform to
trigger both national conversations and
regional reflections within ASEAN on
how education can develop ASEAN values
and the positive values and competences
associated with Global Citizenship. It will
also hopefully influence future policy de-
sign as well as curriculum development
and teacher education strategies.
SEA-PLM will provide
a unique platform to
trigger both national
conversations and
regional reflections
within ASEAN on
how education can
develop ASEAN
values and the
positive values
and competences
associated with
Global Citizenship.
16 SangSaeng
FOCUS
The interdisciplinary
field of Global
Citizenship Education
(GCED) is becoming
more and more
embedded into
the curriculum of
countries across
the region through
various subjects,
including peace
education, moral and
social education, or
civics education.
for skills required in the 21st Century by
generating a new type of data to inform
policy-makers.
The Global Citizenship domain, which
embraces and supports Southeast Asian
values, as well as social and emotional
learning, will help promote tolerance to-
wards those of different religions, ethnic-
ities and those with disabilities, as well as
positive attitudes towards environmental
sustainability.
Through its inclusion in the ASEAN
Work Plan on Education 2016-2020, SEA-
PLM attempts to influence efforts towards
strengthening a “dynamic and harmoni-
ous community that is aware and proud
of its identity, culture, and heritage with
the strengthened ability to innovate and
proactively contribute to the global com-
munity,” as envisioned in the ASEAN So-
cio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025.
As the interdisciplinary field of Global
Citizenship Education (GCED) is becom-
ing more and more embedded into the
curriculum of countries across the region
through various subjects, including peace
education, moral and social education,
and civics education, attempts are being
made in SEA-PLM to recognise both the
diversity of the region and the common-
alities across all states, populations and
religious groups.
Getting Connected
The design of SEA-PLM was also in-
formed by learning from the various re-
gional studies that have been conducted,
including Learning to Live Together
by UNESCO, which addressed a gap in
identifying how teaching and learning
about peace and diversity are addressed
in national education policies. It is also in-
formed by nationally-led initiatives about
GCED and ASEAN and SEAMEO initia-
tives. Accordingly, it was decided that the
working definition of Global Citizenship
in SEA-PLM would be as follows:
“Global citizens appreciate and un-
derstand the interconnectedness of all
life on the planet. They act and relate to
others with this understanding to make
the world a more peaceful, just, safe and
sustainable place.” The key word in this
definition is the ‘interconnectedness’ be-
tween peoples, and between peoples and
their environment.
The first element of the definition of
©
APCEIU

FOCUS Competences for Democratic Culture
19
Fall 2016
T
he Council of Europe is currently
conducting a project that is devel-
oping a new European framework
of reference of the competences
which people require to participate effec-
tively in democratic culture.
The project, which is entitled Com-
petences for Democratic Culture (CDC),
will use the framework to formulate de-
tailed recommendations and guidelines
for European ministries of education on
curriculum development, pedagogy and
assessment at all levels of formal education
ranging from preschool through to higher
education. The core aim of the project is
to recommend ways in which national ed-
ucation systems can be harnessed for the
preparation of students for life as compe-
tent democratic citizens.
The phrase “democratic culture” is
used in the title of the CDC project to
underline the fact that, while democracy
cannot exist without democratic institu-
tions, these institutions themselves cannot
work in practice unless citizens hold dem-
ocratic values, attitudes and practices.
In other words, a functioning democra-
cy requires citizens to have a commitment
to democratic processes, a willingness to
express their opinions, a willingness to
listen to the opinions of others, a commit-
ment to decisions being made by majori-
ties, a commitment to the protection of mi-
norities and their rights, and a conviction
that conflicts must be resolved peacefully.
If citizens do not hold these values and at-
titudes, then quite simply democratic insti-
tutions are unable to function.
Four Phases
The CDC project is taking place in four
phases. The first phase, which took place
in 2014-2015, was devoted to the devel-
opment of a new conceptual model of the
competences which citizens require to
participate in democratic culture.
Phase two, which took place from
2015 to early 2016, involved the devel-
opment of descriptors (i.e., statements or
descriptions of what a person is able to do
if they have mastered a particular com-
petence) for each individual competence
that is specified in the model. These de-
scriptors have been formulated using the
language of learning outcomes, and are
being assigned to levels of education (i.e.,
preschool, primary, secondary, higher).
Phase three of the project, which is
taking place during 2016-2017, is devot-
ed to ascertaining whether or not the de-
scriptors can be assigned to different lev-
els of proficiency (e.g., basic, intermediate,
advanced).
Finally, in phase four, which is also
running from 2016-2017, supporting doc-
umentation is being written to explain
how the competence model and the de-
scriptors can be used to inform curricu-
lum design, pedagogical design and the
development of new forms of assessment.
Endorsing Framework
The conceptual core of the CDC frame-
work (Council of Europe, 2016) has al-
ready been presented to the education
ministers of the 47 member states of the
Council of Europe at the 25th Session of
the Council of Europe Standing Confer-
ence of Ministers of Education which took
place in Brussels in April 2016.
The ministers’ Final Declaration,
which was agreed unanimously at the end
of the conference, welcomed the CDC
framework, undertook to increase the
effectiveness of education for democrat-
ic citizenship in Europe by supporting
member states in drawing on the frame-
work, and called on the Council of Europe
to assist member states in implementing
the framework in their national educa-
tion systems through curriculum devel-
opment, teaching and learning strategies
and adequate assessment tools (www.
coe.int/t/dg4/education/Source/MED25/
MED_25_Final-Declaration_en.pdf).
CDC Model
The conceptual model of competences
for democratic culture was developed
through a lengthy process that began with
an audit of existing conceptual schemes
of democratic competence. In total, 101
competence schemes were audited at
this stage. These 101 schemes were then
analysed to identify the constituent com-
petences which they contained. A set of
principled criteria was used to identify
the common competences that were con-
tained across the 101 schemes. A first draft
A functioning
democracy requires
citizens to have
a commitment
to democratic
processes,
a willingness
to express
their opinions,
a willingness
to listen to the
opinions of others,
a commitment to
decisions being
made by majorities,
a commitment to
the protection of
minorities and
their rights, and
a conviction that
conflicts must be
resolved peacefully.
18 SangSaeng
FOCUS
Competences for Democratic Culture:
A COUNCIL OF EUROPE
PROJECT FOR TEACHING
AND ASSESSING
THE DEMOCRATIC
COMPETENCE OF
STUDENTS
By Martyn Barrett
(Emeritus Professor of Psychology,
University of Surrey, United Kingdom)

21
Fall 2016
VALUES
Valuing human dignity and human rights
This value is based on the general belief that every human
being is of equal worth, has equal dignity, and is entitled to
the same set of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and
ought to be treated accordingly.
Valuing cultural diversity
This value is based on the general belief that other cultural
affiliations, cultural variability and diversity, and pluralism of
perspectives, views and practices ought to be positively regard-
ed, appreciated and cherished.
Valuing democracy, justice, fairness, equality and the rule of law
This set of values is based on the general belief that societies
ought to operate and be governed through democratic pro-
cesses which respect the principles of justice, fairness, equality
and the rule of law.
ATTITUDES
Openness to cultural otherness and to other beliefs, world
views and practices
An attitude towards people with different cultural affiliations
from oneself or towards beliefs, and practices which differ from
one’s own. It involves sensitivity towards, and willingness to
engage with other perspectives.
Respect
Positive regards and esteem for another based on the judgment
that they have intrinsic importance or value. Having respect
for others with different cultural affiliations or different beliefs,
opinions or practices.
Civic-mindedness
An attitude towards a community or social group to which one
belongs that is larger than one’s immediate circle of family and
friends. It involves a sense of belonging to that community,
solidarity with other members and a sense of civic duty.
Responsibility
An attitude towards one’s own actions. It involves being reflec-
tive about one’s actions, forming intentions about how to act in
a morally appropriate way.
Self-efficacy
An attitude towards the self. It involves a belief in one’s own
ability to undertake the actions to achieve goals, select appro-
priate methods for accomplishing tasks, navigate obstacles and
make a difference in the world.
Tolerance of ambiguity
An attitude towards situations which are uncertain and subject to
multiple conflicting interpretations. It involves evaluating these
kinds of situations positively and dealing with them construc-
tively.
SKILLS
Autonomous learning skills
The skills required to pursue, organise and evaluate one’s own
learning in accordance with one’s own needs, in a self-directed
manner, without being prompted by others.
Analytical and critical thinking skills
The skills required to analyse, evaluate and make judgments
about materials of any kind in a systematic and logical manner.
Skills of listening and observing
The skills required to notice and understand what is being said
and how it is being said, and to notice and understand other
people’s non-verbal behaviour.
Empathy
The set of skills required to understand and relate to other peo-
ple’s thoughts, beliefs and feelings, and to see the world from
other people’s perspectives.
Flexibility and adaptability
The skills required to adjust and regulate one’s thoughts,
feelings or behaviours so that one can respond effectively and
appropriately to new contexts and situations.
Linguistic, communicative and plurilingual skills
The skills required to communicate effectively and appropriate-
ly with people who speak the same or another language, and to
act as a mediator between speakers of different languages.
Co-operation skills
The skills required to participate successfully with others in
shared activities, tasks and ventures and to encourage others to
co-operate so that group goals may be achieved.
Conflict-resolution skills
The skills required to address, manage and resolve conflicts in
a peaceful way by guiding conflicting parties towards optimal
solutions that are acceptable to all parties.
KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge and critical understanding of the self
This includes knowledge and critical understanding of one’s
own thoughts, beliefs, feelings and motivations, and of one’s
own cultural affiliations and perspective on the world.
Knowledge and critical understanding of language and com-
munication
This includes knowledge and understanding of the appropriate
verbal and non-verbal communicative conventions that operate
in the language(s) which one speaks, of how every language
expresses culturally shared meanings in a unique way.
Knowledge and critical understanding of the world
This includes a complex body of knowledge and critical under-
standing in a variety of areas including politics, human rights,
culture, religions, history, economies, and sustainability.
of the CDC conceptual model was then
produced, and a document summarising
the model was written.
This document was sent out in a con-
sultation with international academic ex-
perts, educational practitioners and pol-
icymakers, including experts nominated
by the education ministries of the member
states. The model received a very strong
endorsement in the consultation. Howev-
er, a great deal of useful feedback was also
received concerning specific details of the
model, and this feedback was then used to
fine-tune and finalise the CDC model.
The model that was produced through this
process contains a total of 20 competenc-
es. These 20 competences fall into four
broad categories: values, attitudes, skills,
and knowledge and critical understanding.
They are summarised in the figure below.
Descriptors’ Development
In addition to developing the model of
competences, the CDC project has devel-
oped descriptors for all of the competences
in the model. The process that was used to
develop the descriptors was as follows.
A total number of 98 source docu-
ments were drawn upon to help develop
the descriptors. These sources consisted of
existing assessment scales, educational ma-
terials, research documents and policy doc-
uments. Scale items and descriptive state-
ments contained in these various sources
were extracted and rephrased to construct
short self-standing statements which could
potentially serve as descriptors.
Five criteria were used to construct the
descriptors: brevity (ideally less than 25-30
words); positive wording (i.e. each descrip-
tor states what a student can do rather than
what they cannot do); clarity of wording;
independence from each other; and ex-
pressed using the language of learning out-
comes. Novel descriptors were also written
wherever this was judged to be necessary
to cover the full scope of a particular com-
petence.
This process led to the construction
of 2,085 descriptors. Two judges working
together then eliminated some of the de-
scriptors on the grounds that they were still
comparatively weak on one or more of the
five criteria.
This left a total number of 1,371 de-
scriptors. These remaining descriptors
were then rated by the other members of
the CDC project expert group on a num-
ber of criteria, and their ratings were used
to identify a short list of 990 descriptors.
FOCUS
20 SangSaeng

The 25th Session of the Council of Europe Standing Conference of Ministers of Education in Brussels, April 2016.
©
FW-B
-
Jean
POUCET
Next Steps
The 559 validated descriptors are current-
ly being tested in a further round of work
in which teachers across Europe are being
asked to rate individual students in their
own classes in actual teaching situations,
using small subsets of the descriptors in
order to do so. The resulting data will be
statistically examined to ascertain wheth-
er it is possible to assign the descriptors to
levels of proficiency (e.g., basic, interme-
diate, advanced) and to determine which
descriptors should definitely be retained
and which ought to be eliminated due to
their unstable properties. Additional de-
tails about this current work can be ac-
cessed from the CDC project website at
www.coe.int/competences.
The CDC expert group has also begun
to write the supporting documentation
which will explain how the competence
model and the validated descriptors can
be used in curriculum design, pedagogical
design and for developing new methods of
assessment.
On completion, the CDC framework
will provide a comprehensive description
of the competences which need to be ac-
quired by students if they are to become
effective engaged citizens and live peace-
fully together with others as equals in cul-
turally diverse democratic societies.
The CDC framework will also pro-
vide validated sets of detailed descrip-
tors for each of the 20 competences. The
competence model and the descriptors
will provide a framework which can be
used in educational decision-making and
planning, especially in curriculum design,
pedagogical design and assessment.
It is hoped that the framework will
enable the member states of the Council
of Europe to harness their national edu-
cational systems for the purpose of pre-
paring learners for life as democratically
competent citizens – one of the essential
core purposes that need to be fulfilled by
education.
Reference
Council of Europe (2016). Competences
for Democratic Culture: Living Together as
Equals in Culturally Diverse Democratic
Societies. Strasbourg: Council of Europe
Publishing. Available from: www.coe.
int/t/dg4/education/Source/competences/
CDC_en.pdf
©
FW-B
-
Jean
POUCET
The 25th Session of the Council of Europe Standing Conference of Ministers of Education in Brussels, April 2016.
These 990 descriptors were then taken
forward into a survey for teachers whose
judgements were used to rate and validate
the descriptors.
The end result of this process was a set
of 559 validated descriptors covering all 20
competences. Some examples of the de-
scriptors that were developed through this
method are given in the following box.
Example descriptors
Descriptors for civic-mindedness include:
ӹ
ӹ Is actively involved in community
issues
ӹ
ӹ Collaborates with other people for
common interest causes
ӹ
ӹ Expresses the intention to vote in
future elections when there are
candidates or political parties that are
proposing policies with which he/she
agrees
Descriptors for analytical and critical
thinking skills include:
ӹ
ӹ Can analyse materials in a logical or
systematic manner
ӹ
ӹ Uses evidence to support his/her
opinions
ӹ
ӹ Can make evaluations on the basis of
evidence and experience
Descriptors for knowledge and critical
understanding of the media include:
ӹ
ӹ Can reflect critically on how the mass
media are commodities that involve
producers and consumers
ӹ
ӹ Can explain what propaganda is
ӹ
ӹ Can reflect critically on the effects
of media content on individuals’
judgements and behaviours
22 SangSaeng 23
Fall 2016

25
24 SangSaeng Fall 2016
FOCUS From 21st Century Competences to Global Citizenship and Global Competences
25
U
NESCO’s Delors’ Report
(1996) marked the beginning
of the 21st century compe-
tence learning discourse, with
learning to know, learning to do, learning
to be and learning to live together forming
the four pillars of learning. The notion of
21st century competence is characterized
by the emergence of the knowledge
economy, and the need for lifelong
learning for learners to be able to adapt to
the fast and ever changing economies of
society.
This has created changing demands
for the skill sets of the 21st century learn-
ers, such as the ability for critical and
creative thinking, the ability for self-di-
rected and collaborative learning, the
ability to learn formally and informally,
and the ability for both competition and
cooperation, etc. The skill sets diverge
from the almost single-faceted traditional
emphasis on academic abilities, and the
knowledge functions of the university is
gradually changing.
Knowledge creation is being regarded
as possible not only by basic and dis-
covery research, but also possible in the
process of teaching, clinical practice and
multi-disciplinary integration. Knowl-
edge ownership is changing from teachers
to combined expectations and ownership
of the learners and stakeholders. The sig-
nificance of knowledge is shifting from
discovery towards knowledge utilization,
application and mobilization, and user
satisfaction.
All these have implications for the
shift of learning and teaching methods
from traditional academic approaches to
learning modes characterized by practice
and experiential learning, as well as the
development of the ability of learning to
learn, in order to develop lifelong learn-
ing capacities.
The purpose of this article is to ex-
amine the emergence of these concept
changes and how the changes require our
adjustment in our teaching and learning
approaches, measurement, and expecta-
tions for learning outcomes in 21st cen-
tury education systems. The article will
outline some of the education reforms
and international studies that would gear
towards the development of 21st century
competencies, and share how these efforts
can be useful for international references.
Changing Concepts of Knowledge
The emergent 21st century competencies
and learning outcomes are increasingly
noticed and accepted by learning com-
munities worldwide. This is actually pre-
ceded by the quiet changes towards the
conception of the nature of knowledge.
“Knowledge,” traditionally, was a
privilege only accessible by elites who are
close to the divine such as philosophers,
according to Plato and Aristotle, or reli-
gious priests. After the renaissance, sci-
entism and rationalism formed the foun-
dation of knowledge, and still only the
privileged few university professors who
practice basic and discovery research can
be the owner of knowledge. Education is
basically a process of diffusion – from the
owner of the knowledge (teachers) to the
recipient of that knowledge (students).
However, human civilisation continues to
advance.
With globalization, the change of
international economic landscapes, espe-
cially the advent of the knowledge econo-
my, and the significance of lifelong learn-
ing, the nature and function of knowledge
is gradually changing.
Knowledge Economy, the
Institutionalisation of Lifelong
Learning
The last decade has seen major education
reform initiatives in Asia. There are some
common emphases in these initiatives,
such as management reforms that empha-
sise accountability, especially in requiring
to publicize school achievements, rede-
fining educational goals, aiming at quality
and the assessment of quality, focusing
on learning outcomes rather than teach-
ing performance, diverting the function
of examinations from assessment and
screening to assessment for learning and
development, and lifelong learning. These
changes are not separate incidences, but
are intertwined with and built upon one
another.
They also reflect paradigm shifts
towards demands for efficiency, perfor-
mativity, and measurability in education
enterprises. In the face of more volatile
economical situations and with a general
elevation of education attainment in most
countries, there are increasing demands
for public participation in educational
provisions, including increased involve-
ment of the private sector in school activ-
©
Designed
by
Freepik
FROM 21ST CENTURY
COMPETENCES TO
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
AND GLOBAL
COMPETENCES
By Wing On Lee
(Chair Professor of Comparative Education,
Vice President (Administration and Development),
Open University of Hong Kong)
SangSaeng
24
©
Designed
by
Freepik

27
26 SangSaeng Fall 2016
FOCUS From 21st Century Competences to Global Citizenship and Global Competences
kind of competences are thus more fluid
and not as hard as hard knowledge, the
definition of which is based on fact and
evidence, as well as empirical findings.
Notably, 21st century competences
are also closely related to the skills and
values pertinent for active citizenship in
the global and interdependent society.
For example, Merry M. Merryfield and
Lisa Duty describe four skills necessary
for active global citizenship. They include
(1) skills in perspective consciousness to
understand the points of views of people
different from themselves; (2) intercultur-
al competence to participate effectively in
today’s multicultural societies; (3) critical
thinking skills, especially the ability to
evaluate conflicting information; and
(4) habits of mind compatible with civic
responsibilities in a global age, such as to
approach judgments and decisions with
open-mindedness, anticipation of com-
plexity, resistance to stereotyping, and
develop the habit of asking – is this the
common good. Similarly, John Cogan and
Ray Derricott’s multidimensional citizen-
ship model requires citizens to address
a series of interconnected dimensions of
thought, belief and action expressed in
terms of the personal, social, spatial and
temporal dimensions.
In Singapore, the 21st century learn-
ing outcomes are focused on some core
student attributes such as “confident per-
son,” “self-directed learner,” “active con-
tributor” and “concerned citizen” of the
C2015. It is interesting to note these are
what the aforementioned “soft skills” and
socio-emotional attributes, rather than
cognitive skills. The 21CC framework
adopted by the Ministry of Education of
Singapore focuses on three sets of funda-
mental competencies which are necessary
for students’ holistic development: (1)
critical and inventive thinking, (2) infor-
mation and communication skills, and (3)
civic literacy, global awareness, cross-cul-
tural skills.
PISA Studies: From Collaborative
Problem-solving to Global
Competence
PISA studies launched by the OECD,
align the notion of 21st century compe-
tences in their efforts to measure students’
application skill to daily life, an emphasis
echoing the need for knowledge utilisa-
tion for the volatile and ever-changing
knowledge economy. Likewise, the PISA
approaches provide new definitions of
knowledge and paradigm shifts. In addi-
tion to focusing on application, PISA 2016
focuses on collaborative problem-solving.
While collaborative learning and problem
solving are no doubt 21st century com-
petence features, “collaborative problem
solving” moves one step further.
For thousands of years, education
systems worldwide focus on individual-
ised learning in the name of independent
learning, where national examination
flourishes, the achiever must be an indi-
vidual. PISA 2016 breaks the status quo
by requiring learners to solve problem
collaboratively and find a way to cham-
pion collaboration that measures both
the shortest time to solve the most so-
phisticated question with an unknown
collaborator. PISA 2016 almost proclaims
that the era of individual learning has
gone; the 21st century is a time requiring
teamwork. PISA 2018 makes a bigger
leap forward. Riding on the growing dis-
cussion on global citizenship worldwide,
PISA foresees a need to develop global
competence that is characterized by many
attributes of global citizenship, especially
with intercultural awareness, abilities
to work with people from diverse back-
grounds, and appreciates pluralism with
the attitude of inclusiveness.
Today, we are living at a time with the
largest and widest scales of cosmopolitan,
with the most massive population migra-
tion across the world. Internationalisation
is advancing almost everywhere, and we
are now bound to live with and work
with people from diverse cultures. Thus,
the attributes of global citizenship are
evolving to become the kind of attributes
that most local citizens should require, as
these attributes are becoming global com-
petences.
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ities and even policymaking, e.g. public
participation in curriculum development.
Although lifelong education began as
an informal mode of learning, the rapid
growth in its popularity as an alternative
learning pathway has led to its institu-
tionalisation. Increasing numbers of aca-
demic institutions and private providers
offer courses that lead to some sort of
qualification which in some instances can
accumulate towards academic qualifica-
tions offered by traditional universities or
other higher education institutions. This
can be demonstrated by the emergence of
the Credit Bank System in South Korea,
the Credit Transfer and Accumulation
System in the European Union and the
National Qualifications Framework in
Australia.
Moreover, reviewing the development
of lifelong learning in Asian countries and
the centralised efforts in organising learn-
ing activities or courses, lifelong learning
in Asian countries tend to be closer to the
traditional concepts of lifelong education,
continuing education and/or adult educa-
tion. This is particularly revealed from a
comment that “The Japanese government
believes that, in order to promote lifelong
learning in Japan, institutions of formal
education should play an important role
in offering a basis of lifelong learning.”
ӹ
ӹ The conventional understanding
of knowledge utilisation or knowledge
transfer assumes that the knowledge
is objective, explicit and universal,
created by researchers and used
by practitioners. The active role of
practitioners (policy makers and
teachers) in the knowledge utilisation
is under-emphasised. However, the
emphasis on knowledge engagement
signifies knowledge partnership.
ӹ
ӹ It is also interesting to note that
the knowledge transfer project of
the University of Melbourne is taken
charge by the Knowledge Engagement
and Partnership Office. Melbourne’s
Knowledge Engagement and Partner-
ship Office probably captures more
accurately the important role played
by practitioners and the supporting
role of university researchers.
ӹ
ӹ Thus, the role of practitioners
and students in knowledge mobilisa-
tion – knowledge creation, knowledge
mediation and knowledge application
– is given increased focus. Much of
the relevant and useful knowledge can
be and are created by students and
teachers.
It is also interesting that the knowl-
edge creation role of the university in the
21st century has been reversed from its
traditional paradigm of scholarship of
discovery and application to becoming an
outcome of knowledge engagement and
knowledge management.
21st Century Competences,
Citizenship
Globalization and the knowledge econ-
omy have opened up worldwide agendas
for national development, and facilitated
the flow of information and knowledge.
Most immediately, the driving force for
the new global knowledge economy is the
intellectual capital of citizens. Education
University of Hong Kong professor Kerry
J. Kennedy notes that almost all Asian
countries have embarked on curricular
reforms of sorts related to developing
what is known as “21st century com-
petences” which broadly cover critical,
creative and inventive thinking; infor-
mation, interactive and communication
skills; civic literacy, global awareness and
cross-cultural skills.
In general, it is observed that a key
aspect of 21st century competences bears
similarity to political scientist and Har-
vard professor Robert Putnam’s social
capital, otherwise known as “soft skills,”
that broadly includes trust, teamwork, so-
cial cohesion, and social networks. These
“soft skills,” scholars have argued, are
critical for economic advancement in the
new global environment.
As connoted from the term itself,
“soft skills” are leaning towards the softer
side of competences, which are oriented
towards experience, interpersonal skills,
and because these are soft skills, they are
the kind of skills suitable for change for
adaptability, and criticality for change. It
relies on the ability of learning from and
through experience, and learning through
action and interaction with others. The
body of knowledge in relation to this
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Experiences and Difficulties of a Society
29
Fall 2016
By Damira Orusbaeva
(English Teacher, School 63, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan)
EXPERIENCES AND
DIFFICULTIES OF
A SOCIETY
Developing Socio-cultural Skills of
Kyrgyzstan Students
SPECIAL REPORT
Socio-culturalSkillsof
KyrgyzstanStudents
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28 SangSaeng
D
uring the last five years,
Kyrgyzstan has been imple-
menting a Multilingual
Education Programme at the
country’s schools. For the past two years,
universities that train teachers (Osh State
University and Arabaeva State University)
also joined the programme. Teachers
from 56 schools and professors have
been trained in the Integrated Teaching
of Subject and Language, and Commu-
nicative Methods of Teaching a Second
Language programme. During the imple-
mentation period of this programme, it
became evident that we were not prepared
to handle and develop vast parts of a multi-
lingual person, which we believe is the
socio-cultural skill. Also, this turned out
to be the rationale not only for students,
but for teachers as well.
What does the term socio-cultural
competences mean and what are the tools
for developing them? At the beginning of
my experience as a trainer, my colleagues
and I aimed to foster the cognitive skills
of the participants that attended the
workshops. Also, developing socio-cul-
tural skills is viewed as introducing the
culture of other ethnic groups and de-
veloping communicative skills, like the
ability to work in a team, listening to each
other and forming constructive dialogues.
Thus, a year of training teachers resulted
in lessons covering subjects, language and
extra-curricular activities regarding mul-
ticultural diversity.
Nation’s Reality
During the workshops, we were faced with
the problem that the teachers themselves
were exposed to nationalism, tribalism,
stereotypes and biases. In order to devel-
op social skills, which are passed along to
their students, the teachers needed to be
tolerant, be able to resolve conflicts, and be
aware and able to accept different points of
views. These sorts of abilities are a higher
form of diversity. It is not just about cele-
brating multicultural arts and crafts fairs.
We must strive for a deeper understanding
of what diversity means.
Then, what are the objectives of build-
ing diversity competencies? Studying
these questions, it has become clear that
they need to be considered on a wider
perspective; it is not just about the aware-
ness of traditions of other nations; it is
also about developing socio-emotional
and behavioural skills.
As a result, the Multilingual Education
Programme aims to solve the important
task of working out the strategy and de-
veloping the socio-cultural competencies
of teachers, as they are positioned in the
frontline of educating citizens, preventing
violence and of creating a culture of peace
in the community.
Currently, we need to be more in-
formed about human rights, anti-national-
ism, gender issues, tolerance, environment
protection, media literacy and education
for peace. The theory and practice of this
education should be at the “societal, in-
ternational and increasingly global level.”
This should be formed in the concept of
“I am the citizen of my community, of my
country, of the world.”
One of the other important prob-
lems that should be studied and taught
is the radicalization of our communi-
ty. When there is a lack of national
policy surrounding the role of reli-
gion in the context of community
and civil rights, then the area of re-
ligion plays a powerful role when
it comes to public education.
Despite the declaration that
our country is secular and ed-
ucation is separate from reli-

31
30 Fall 2016
SangSaeng
During the
workshops, we
were faced with the
problem that the
teachers themselves
were exposed
to nationalism,
tribalism,
stereotypes and
biases.
SPECIAL REPORT
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gion, there tends to be a growing number
of people, both young and old, leaving
their homes to take part in religious wars,
which escalates into terrorism. Because,
but not exclusive to this issue, this proves
the need to critically examine what is hap-
pening in the world and how it affects our
lives. That is why these issues should be in
the curriculum of education, as they are
inter-related and holistic.
Obstacles
How to provide tools for teachers to de-
velop socio-cultural skills was one of our
many challenges.
When teaching children, we dis-
covered that educators are not ready to
handle their own biases. Without a deep
understanding of these issues, the learn-
ing process can lead to unfavourable re-
sults. The main solution is to form values
through the critical analysis of our current
educational problems, to strengthen the
teacher’s practical skills when it comes to
thinking about global issues and building
positive attitudes towards them.
Kyrgyzstan is a multinational coun-
try and the Multilingual Programme is
tailored towards the implementation of a
specific region.
For example, in the national schools of
Osh and Batken, the Programme started
with the implementation of the Kyrgyz
language to give graduates the opportu-
nity to pass their final exams so that they
can enter a college; in Kyrgyzstan, final
graduate exams are held with the official
and state languages only. In the Naryn re-
gion, the monolingual community do not
assist their children to learn any language
other than their native language. That is
why the children in this region cannot
speak Russian (one of the two official lan-
guages), even after seven years of study at
their local schools. In the capital Bishkek,
it is the opposite; despite learning the state
language for several years, children do not
speak it because of the prevalence of the
Russian language.
Another matter of consideration was
how to have people live in a multination-
al country where the representatives of all
ethnic groups can be equal members of
the community and can actively partic-
ipate in political and social matters. For
that, the slogan we have come up with is
“Unity in Equality!” It is the equality of
economics and political opportunities
that is responsible for the progress hap-
pening in the country.
Today, educational challenges in-
clude the formation of values, attitudes
and skills conducive to mutual respect
and peaceful coexistence. Presently, the
issue of civic education is urgently being
discussed and taught in every society be-
cause people are not prepared to oppose
the violence plaguing their personal lives
– a serious issue which is hampering the
country’s peaceful existence.
Such violence is present in our coun-
try because the deterioration of the coun-
try’s values since the collapse of the Soviet
Union has pushed the youth to look for
answers from religious leaders that do not
always promote a peaceful world.
Common problems that civic educa-
tion in Kyrgyzstan faces include the lack
of national concepts at the three levels of
education (secondary, the university lev-
el, and adult education). What is com-
pounding these problems is the current
environment in which all of the stake-
holders work. Specifically, there has been
a dramatic decrease in international fund-
ing supporting the development of civic
education, a lack of coordination among
organizations involved in the implemen-
tation both of curricular and extracur-
ricular activities, as well as an absence of
a uniform curriculum determining the
content of the courses. As a result, the big
question is how to retain and build on the
achievements of the past decade, specifi-
cally in the areas of secondary and adult
education.
Of all the three levels, civic education
in secondary schools has developed the
most. Courses related to civic education
include Individual and Society, which is
taught to tenth and eleventh-graders,
and Law and People, which is taught to
ninth-graders. Most secondary schools
in Kyrgyzstan use study aids published
by the International Committee of the
Red Cross, IFES, the Institute for Region-
al Studies, the Public Foundation for the
Development of Legal Infrastructure and
Education, and textbooks developed by
Russian authors. A number of extracurric-
ular initiatives by international and local
CSOs have collectively introduced various
courses covering a broad range of topics
including the Kyrgyz law, social problems,
human rights, gender issues, media and
public opinion, the electoral system and
political parties. However, the major prob-
lems regarding secondary school civic ed-
ucation are the lack of a national strategy,
an insufficient number of good textbooks
and trained teachers. The decrease in in-
ternational funding has led to the closure
of many programmes. In addition to clo-
sures, there is a lack of a local effort for and
low sustainability of the achieved results.
The content of the courses is such that it
does not always lead to the acquisition of
practical skills. The existing programmes
do not sufficiently cover a number of top-
ics, notably public opinion, media, and
corruption, while formal courses tend to
focus on the Kyrgyz legal framework rath-
er than social problems.
In universities, the situation is still in
its very early stage of development.
The pedagogical universities do not
train their students to teach a civic educa-
tion curriculum. Presently, further devel-
opment of textbooks by international or-
ganizations and local CSOs has stopped.
As a result, textbooks have rapidly become
obsolete, most obviously on the Kyrgyz
law, as a new constitution and government
structure has been established. Many of
the extracurricular programmes have
closed due to lack of funding as well.
What are the curriculum topics cov-
ered at the normal universities of the
country? The civic education course must
include a set of knowledge and skills that
will help participants outline their future
The Multilingual
Education
Programme aims to
solve the important
task of working
out the strategy
and developing
the socio-cultural
competencies of
teachers.

SPECIAL REPORT
33
32 Fall 2016
SangSaeng
empathy. Reviewing the categories and
differences through common standards,
studying different cultures deeper and
feeling “new things as familiar, and famil-
iar ones as new” will help us see why fear
and antagonism rise, and thus teach us to
live in a multicultural environment.
We should learn to examine the con-
nection between history and the present,
see how they are reflected in modern soci-
ety and how they intervene with the lives
of different people.
In order to provide the material, we
should know about the recipients in order
to not bring them pain or discomfort. The
material should be disseminated in such
a way that the trainees can “join in hand,
heart and spirit to move towards a non-
violent, just, compassionate and sustain-
able world.” There are no simple answers
to difficult questions; that is why a teacher
can learn to look for answers with his/her
students. Any historical event should be
reflected in our behaviour, which means
understanding the core of the problem,
not just the facts. Doing so will bring an
analysis of the current events and assess-
ment of the situation.
The modern education system –
which is overloaded with curriculums
– lacks trained teachers, does not focus
adequately on values, and is absent of a
national policy for civic education; hence,
how can we train teachers to educate chil-
dren with the civil skills needed for their
future?
In general, there is a need to inform
society, in order to make them understand
these issues, build the capacity of teachers
to support and implement civil rights, de-
velop training courses, educate trainers,
and create learning materials. These ma-
terials can be stories, games, songs, and
communication between different com-
munity groups. Because of the intensive
and extensive flow of media information,
it is necessary to develop media literacy.
Realizing the fact that the media can be
manipulative, the question for everyone
concerned is learning to “read between
the lines,” as long as the teachers have
to use social discourse in the creation of
learning materials.
Education is the main tool in prevent-
ing violence and should develop thought
and communicative skills, and provide
equal opportunity. When training teach-
ers, we should pay attention particularly
to the building of social skills geared to-
wards the interaction within the commu-
nity – such as at schools with students,
colleagues, parents – and to developing
a child-friendly school environment that
adopts a non-violence policy approved
by official organizations. These can be
done through the students’ work projects,
which will take them out of the frame-
work of the classroom into the domain of
practical applications. The main condition
of developing the socio-cultural, ethical
and behavioural skills of our students is
to integrate civil issues into existing sub-
jects within the school curriculum as well
as through extra-class activities. All of this
should be indicated in the national educa-
tion policy.
Common problems
that civic education
in Kyrgyzstan faces
include the lack of
national concepts at
the three levels of
education.
SangSaeng
life. The overall effect determines the
major goals of civic education. In other
words, when developing the course, one
needs to think about the fact that students
not only need to know the problems that
society faces, but also needs to be able to
take adequate steps to solve them within
the society’s current structure.
The following five topics are covered
by the current civic education programmes
for adults: capacity building of CSOs; hu-
man rights; gender issues; electoral systems
and political parties; and corruption. Cur-
rently, all these efforts are conducted by
international organizations (i.e. the United
Nations) or national and international
CSOs. Moreover, international organiza-
tions initiated all these efforts. Of the topics
covered, corruption is covered the least.
All areas suffer from a lack of coordina-
tion, shifting priorities, and unstable fund-
ing. The outcomes of such short-lived pro-
grammes in many cases are not monitored
and evaluated. Because international actors
initiated all these programmes, contraction
of international funding often leads to the
closure of many programmes. The local
organizations are most often not able to
continue the work due to financial reasons.
Priorities
The way to solve these problems is by en-
hancing the capacity of teachers in the is-
sues of human rights, while having them
critically examine the attitudes surround-
ing historic events and examining current
events. Teachers’ competence is the main
issue to overhaul. Mere knowledge of the
materials is insufficient to teach such is-
sues. Teachers have to be able to use vari-
ous methods of teaching depending on
the difficulty of the materials, and the
preparedness and composition of the stu-
dents. At the same time, teachers need to
hold, and comply with certain ethics with-
out which a civic education programme
will not reach its objectives. The teachers’
role is not only to provide students with
knowledge, but also to facilitate the stu-
dents’ ability to think, discuss and be ac-
tive citizens of the country. Since teachers
are at the forefront of educating students
to gain insight into working towards a
peaceful world, we should start educating
them first. Investing in them will trans-
form our people into global citizens. This
also concerns the pre-service teachers.
The next step is integrating diversity
into the curriculum. This will cultivate the
culture for learners to apply their knowl-
edge and in turn, affect change and their
community. First of all, we should percept
our identity, through cultural and social
factors, and be aware of our uniqueness
and dignity. Diversity around us usually
brings conflicts. That is why we should
think about our similarities and differ-
ences, why some these differences bring
confrontation, how my attitude towards
others influences their actions, what the
sources of antipathy are, and so on. Fear of
the unusual and a lack of information and
common values leads to cultural biases,
stereotypes, discrimination, homophobia
and violence.
To overcome them, we should trans-
form cultural differences, using it as a tool
to build an intercultural dialogue, mutual
respect and understanding. It’s necessary
to critically examine differences, using it
positively for strengthening tolerance and
We need to be more
informed about
human rights, anti-
nationalism, gender
issues, tolerance,
environment
protection, media
literacy and
education for peace.

BEST PRACTICES Embracing Sustainability
35
34 Fall 2016
SangSaeng
A
n exhilarating experience,
that’s how it was, the 12th Asia
Pacific Training Workshop on
Education for International
Understanding (EIU) conference in Seoul,
Korea. It all started the moment I landed at
Incheon International Airport. A typhoon
was raging outside. So strong were the
winds that all passengers on the flight were
not permitted to exit the plane, so I sat in
the plane for one hour, contemplating how
the next nine days would unfold.
Any doubts quickly disappeared
because the coordinators and sponsors of
EIU took me on a stimulating intellectual
journey where I was empowered to
constantly think from a global perspective.
EIU principles will teach you that
education is the key to achieving global
peace, prosperity and sustainability. This
is an account of how I implemented the
principles of EIU in my practice after
attending the EIU conference. It may also
give you some ideas on the best way to
embed EIU principles into your current
programme.
Let me quickly introduce myself: a
biology educator by profession, I have
taught at various educational institutions
in New Zealand. I am currently teaching
at the School of Secondary and Tertiary
Studies, Manukau Institute of Technology,
Auckland, New Zealand. My personal
interests and research revolve around
biosecurity, sustainability, and science
education to name a few.
The Beginning
“Why fix something that isn’t broken” is
an idiom that makes sense, right? Many
times we educators can be dictated by this
analogy; a programme that we have spent
blood, sweat and tears to create which
has been working so well, we continually
convince ourselves; why change it?
However, this concept is contrary to EIU
principles. In broader terms, humanity
faces the challenges of a rapidly changing
global economy and the only way to
better the planet for all humanity is by
adapting to the rapidly changing global
climate through promoting and adapting
education. Education is the key to global
change we are continuously told.
ӹ
ӹ Ten days in Seoul, Korea was truly
an intellectual experience. I came
back with the goal of including the
principles of EIU into my practice
and wanting to make a difference.
The first week back was a critical
time because what I had learnt was
still vivid in my mind. I looked at the
programme I had designed for my
students and came to the conclusion
that the best way forward was to get
EIU principles embedded into my
existing programme, because teaching
EIU principles as an independent unit
of work would be complicated due to
time and resource constraints.
The key to embedding EIU
principles was to carefully study the
curriculum to see how the curriculum
could support the inclusion of EIU
principles, a critical factor for any
educator who wants to include EIU
principles in their programme. All
educators are dictated to some extent
by curriculum constraints. Curriculum
in some places can be very rigid
and in others very flexible. The New
Zealand Curriculum (NZC) is very
flexible in the sense that curriculum
content is not specified. Although the
learning objectives are specified, the
ideas and resources educators use to
teach learning objectives are not. This
means that educators have a lot of
freedom in relating particular concepts
to learning objectives. In this way the
NZC provided the ideal platform to
implement EIU principles.
The Programme
The programme that I designed in 2012,
which I have been refining and running
for the last three and a half years and
has won the 2016 EIU Best Practice
award, focuses on sustainability. The
specific objective of this task is, first,
to engage students through a practical
educational task to solve a problem, and
second, to allow students to reflect on
their behaviour and build a conceptual
understanding of consumerism and its
connection to sustainability and their
role. The general objectives of the task is to
engage disengaged students through a fun
sustainability-themed task and to allow
©
Rajesh
Ram
SangSaeng
EMBRACING SUSTAINABILITY:
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE
By Rajesh Ram
(Senior Lecturer, Manukau Institute of Technology, New Zealand)
©
Rajesh
Ram

BEST PRACTICES Embracing Sustainability
37
36 Fall 2016
SangSaeng
natural resources. When students
are completing the task, they are
constantly reminded of how they
can make a difference to change the
world through their consumer habits.
At the end of the task, students are
reminded that the most effective way
to sustain natural resources, protect
the environment and change people’s
lives is through consuming less and
reusing items.
The final task involves students
following instructions to create a paper
sun hat which serves as a prototype.
Taking the measurements from
the prototype, they use it to create
a fabric hat from the used recycled
clothing that they brought from home
(purchasing of new fabric is strictly
prohibited). The hat can be either
hand sewn or machine sewn. In this
regard, students follow instructions
and engage in a task that mirrors real
world issues, which is relevant. It gives
students an opportunity to tackle real
world issues that have an educational
theme related to sustainability. In this
way, by including environmental and/
or sustainable issues that are relevant
to the world in the curriculum, we
can offer an excellent opportunity for
students to construct an understanding
that is personally meaningful and
important.
Working Solutions 4
ӹ
ӹ The unit of work is more about
students’ learning than just delivering
facts. It is designed to allow students
to think about sustainability from a
global perspective. It allows students to
reflect on their behaviour which leads
students to think about how they can
contribute to building a sustainable
future. The main conceptual goal is to
allow students to realize that through
education, solutions to environmental
issues can be found. It is important for
students to develop an understanding
of sustainable development at both
conceptual and practical levels.
Conceptual knowledge allows
students to develop a deeper
understanding of an issue and more
importantly, transfer their knowledge
into new situations and apply it to new
concepts. Students need to understand
that they are members of the global
community and that the choices
they make can make a difference
in the world. This course of work
allows students to reflect on their
©
Rajesh
Ram
©
Rajesh
Ram
students to feel a sense of accomplishment
through creating something out of
nothing (realizing that reusing/recycling
is an ethical option available to them).
It is important that students be given
opportunities to learn in a manner that
prompts them to exercise critical and
evaluative skills. A typical lesson would
start through a class discussion about
consumer habits; this leads to how things
are made, where it is made, what kind
of resources are needed, and how much
people are paid, etc. The idea is to allow:
ӹ
ӹ students to connect their consumer
behaviour and relate it to a global scale.
Students are required to look at their
consumption habits; for example, how
often they buy new clothes, shoes or
phones. They are prompted to think
and reflect on how their actions as
consumers in New Zealand can not
only better the lives of other people
around the world, but also sustain the
Earth’s natural resources.
Following the discussion, students
are required to choose one country in
the world where cotton is grown and
garments are produced, and answer a
number of questions related to cotton
production. The first set of questions is
designed to help students understand
consumerism and the ecological
footprint. Other questions are around
the plight of garment factory workers
and the final questions focus on the
use and depletion of natural resources
to plant and harvest cotton.
These questions aim to help
students understand and realize how
their actions affect not only the lives
of people working in the garment
factories but also the use of the Earth’s
©
Rajesh
Ram
©
Rajesh
Ram
Students wearing a fabric hat, made from used recycled clothing that they brought from home.

Student Empowerment through Values in Action (SEVA)
39
Fall 2016
BEST PRACTICES
38 SangSaeng
STUDENT EMPOWERMENT THROUGH
VALUES IN ACTION (SEVA)
By Sharma Himanshu
(Principal, Him Academy Public School, India)
Training Students to Express Opinions, Reflect, Critically
Evaluate, and Appreciate One’s Own Values and
Those of Others
©
Sharma
Himanshu
Students volunteering for cleanliness service
consumer behaviour and realize how
their actions can lead to catastrophic
events in people’s lives and on the
planet. Herein, this course of work
focuses on developing a student’s
ability for responsible and intelligent
action. Moreover, because learning
happens inside a school, students are
able to realise that through education,
solutions to the most pressing
problems of society can be found.
The specific objective of the task
is to allow students to stop, pause and
think of their consumer behaviour
and how it affects other people in
the world. The general objective of
the task is to allow students to see
themselves as capable of making a
difference. Most of our students are
from low socio-economic areas and
have the misunderstanding that they
cannot make a difference in their lives
let alone anyone else’s.
In designing this task, I not only
wanted our students to feel a sense
of achievement but also feel that in
creating what they have created they
have made a difference in the lives of
people in another part of the world
and helped save the Earth’s natural
resources. As educators we have the
power to empower students.
Nonetheless, educators run
the risk of falling into routines of
teaching, marking, entering grades
and reporting. Very little to no time
is spent on reflecting on our practice.
This, to some extent, can be attributed
to curriculum constraints and a
prescribed syllabus.
The EIU conference in Seoul, Ko-
rea was very effective in allowing edu-
cators to stop and reflect on their prac-
tice. Through skits, plays, and problem
solving activities, the coordinators and
educators were able to engage educa-
tors from many different countries.
The key message was to promote the
principles of EIU. This was one of the
two programmes that I initiated into
my practice as a result of attending the
EIU conference in Seoul. The other
programme is around raising aware-
ness about violence in schools and
communities. As educators we have
the power to transform the world and
make it a better place for all. Embed-
ding EIU principles in our daily de-
livery of lessons is a definite way of
achieving this goal.
©
Rajesh
Ram

BEST PRACTICES Student Empowerment through Values in Action (SEVA)
41
40 Fall 2016
SangSaeng
resources.
In order to live together peacefully
and sustainably in this diverse world, we
need our children to learn to be respect-
ful, responsible and caring. We also want
them to learn how to use the available re-
sources granted to us as well as technolog-
ical innovations in a wise and sustainable
way. Thus, as educators, we have a great
responsibility of educating our children
by transforming and empowering them to
face the world of tomorrow. Truly speak-
ing, the challenge lies in highlighting and
implementing values as an important cur-
ricular item.
To meet this challenge, Him Acade-
my Public School in India started a pro-
gramme called Student Empowerment
through Values in Action (SEVA). The six
values included in this programme are re-
spect, responsibility, care, integrity, resil-
ience and cyber wellness.
Its Genesis
It began in February 2015. Until then, like
any other school, our school also had a set
of moral behaviour rules and expectations
for students to keep, in order to promote a
positive and healthy school environment.
In case of deviation to the prescribed mor-
al rules, the procedure usually included
documenting the undesirable anecdote,
notifying parents, issuing warnings and
sometimes imposing fines. Certain ex-
treme cases implied the suspension of
students.
There is no problem with such proce-
dures, which is widely accepted and im-
plemented in a number of schools, except
that it focuses only on informing and not
on transforming human minds. Moreover,
many behaviourists and psychologists also
corroborate that punishment is not the
preferred way to control behaviour.
What used to bother us was that the
children did not understand the spirit of
school norms and were at many times
treating these norms as hurdles imposed
by adults to cut their independence. This
might be happening because moral devel-
opment is not merely a matter of absorb-
ing the rules of behaviour, just as cognitive
development is not merely a matter of as-
similating knowledge. Above all, morality
is one area in which often there is incon-
sistency between what we say and what
we actually do. This lack of consistency
between what one knows to be a moral be-
haviour and what one finally does is often
explained away in excuses. For example,
on being caught cheating on a test, a stu-
dent may use the excuse, “I didn't cheat as
much as others.”
True moral development calls for
the internalization of values by students,
which means that they would think of
these values as coming from within them-
selves rather than imposed by others. To
achieve this, we need positive reinforce-
ment and must create an environment
for open and frequent dialogues among
students and teachers. With this idea be-
ing the undercurrent of the programme,
SEVA was conceptualized.
Handling Behaviours
To begin with, all the desirable behaviours
depicted through the school rules for stu-
dents were listed and were linked to the
one or more of the six values mentioned in
the SEVA programme. These behaviours
are given the name “SEVA attributes.”
Some examples of SEVA attributes are:
“I do not tease or bully others (Respect),”
“I take care of my belongings (Responsi-
bility),” “I resist negative peer pressure
(Resilience),” “I do not plagiarize my as-
signments (Integrity),” “I do not litter the
surroundings (Care),” “I am careful about
privacy while online (Cyber wellness).”
The pedagogical approach underly-
ing this programme can be understood
through the famous quote by Benjamin
Franklin: “Tell me and I forget, teach me
and I remember, involve me and I learn.”
The SEVA programme encourages stu-
dents to demonstrate six values through
their day-to-day actions.
Every SEVA value is assigned a score
equal to 10. Thus, the six values generate a
score equal to 60. This is done to quantify
the behaviour of students because num-
bers are likely to be more interpretable
just like academic scores. So, all students
are awarded 60 SEVA points per week, i.e.
10 points for each value. This is done to
recognize or acknowledge the SEVA at-
tributes being followed by all the students
unless otherwise reported. Whenever a
student is observed to show an undesir-
In order to live
together peacefully
and sustainably
in this diverse
world, we need our
children to learn
to be respectful,
responsible and
caring.
“T
each my son that it is far
more honourable to fail
than to cheat; teach him to
sell his brawn and brain to
the highest bidders, but never to put a price
tag on his heart and soul; teach him that a
dollar earned is of far more value than five
found.”
This sentence appeared in a letter from
Abraham Lincoln to his son’s teacher. In
it, Lincoln teaches us the basic purpose
of education. What he wanted from the
teacher was not to make his son a glorified
literate – who later turned out to be a fine
professional – but someone who can be
considered a good human being.
No doubt, the purpose of education
is to not only inform, but to transform.
However, present day education, which
is generally imparted in schools, mostly
concentrates on achieving academic goals.
Educational outcomes are measured, ac-
knowledged and rewarded by schools in
terms of academic achievement. But all
stakeholders, us included, certainly realize
that acquiring academic capabilities alone
may not be enough to survive in the “glo-
calised” (global as well as local) world of
tomorrow. This is so because despite glo-
balization and technological innovations,
the tensions and conflicts among popu-
lations continue to prevail. An additional
issue of worry is the threat posed by tech-
nology to our environment and natural
The purpose of
education is to not
only inform, but to
transform.
©
Sharma
Himanshu
Internalising values at Seva meets

BEST PRACTICES Student Empowerment through Values in Action (SEVA)
43
42 Fall 2016
SangSaeng
test. Many of them recall instances from
their past memories when they showed or
did not show the desired value through
their actions.
A similar opportunity to judge their
own actions against the desired behaviour
is provided to students during SEVA
meets. Every month, a SEVA meet is or-
ganised based on a particular value. Stu-
dents volunteer themselves to participate
in SEVA meets in which they share expe-
riences, and conduct group discussions
using certain guiding questions and real
life situations related to the theme value.
For example, when the theme for
SEVA meet is “Respect,” they would dis-
cuss how they show respect towards mem-
bers of their family, towards teachers,
towards peers, towards school property,
towards their country or towards the en-
vironment. When “Integrity” is the theme,
they discuss how they deal with situations
where their integrity is challenged; such as
when one wishes to engage in an activi-
ty that parents may disapprove or when
one has the opportunity to misuse par-
ent’s confidential information (passwords,
credit card number).
The SEVA programme practised
in this manner guarantees nothing, of
course. Yet it gives the students the op-
portunity to challenge others and be chal-
lenged in return when they are engaged in
an open dialogue. Exploring and debating
through a set of guiding questions during
SEVA meets is training them to express
their opinion, to reflect, to critically eval-
uate, and to appreciate one’s own values
and those of others. It is how values ulti-
mately find their ways into behaviours and
actions.
The programme
gives the students
the opportunity to
challenge others
and be challenged in
return when they are
engaged in an open
dialogue.
©
Sharma
Himanshu
Students showing values in action
able behaviour, he/she is given a frowny
in the school values card provided
in the student log book. The SEVA score
of that student also gets reduced by 10
points for each frowny . Also the stu-
dent is subjected to a brief counselling
session in which he/she is exposed to
self-introspecting questions related to
the behaviour shown. The teachers give a
smiley to students on the school val-
ues card whenever they observe students
showing some appreciable behaviour. The
SEVA score of the student is also boosted
by 10 points for each smiley . Suppose,
the cumulative SEVA score of a student at
the beginning of a particular week is No
,
and the student gets Ns
smileys and / or Nf
frownys during that week, then the SEVA
score of that student in the beginning of
the following week will be:
N0
+ (Ns
× 10) – (Nf
× 10) + 60
After each quarter, class-wise mer-
it lists of SEVA scores are generated. The
students acquiring top positions are ap-
preciated through certificates and SEVA
badges.
This programme is widely appreciated
and accepted by the students. The SEVA
score is as important to them as their aca-
demic score. Junior students are very anx-
ious towards showing values through their
actions as they are excited to seek smileys
and boost their SEVA score. Teachers
are finding it effective too. They are even
giving smileys to students for showing
improvement in their academic scores or
for improving their handwriting. Students
get smileys for showing values through
actions such as helping their classmates,
resolving conflicts, volunteering for the
school cleanliness programme, maintain-
ing plants, saving water, etc.
Internalizing Values
The smileys, frownies and the SEVA score
are kept for generating catalytic impact
for motivating students to show the de-
sired behavioural values. What we really
want from the SEVA programme is the
internalization of values by students. This
means that they should think of these
values as coming from within themselves
rather than imposed by others.
In order to accomplish this SEVA, it
calls for creating opportunities for fre-
quent and open dialogues among stu-
dents and teachers in an environment of
trust and affection. So, every day in the
morning assembly, teachers and students
take turns to speak on the value of the
day. While the teacher speaks to sensitize
the students about the value of the day,
the student confesses whether or not he/
she is able to show the values through ac-
tions and if yes, then to what extent. Class
teachers observe students who make hon-
est confessions with regards to their com-
mitment towards values and are awarded
an additional score of 10 points.
It is heartening to hear students' con-
fessions mixed with the feelings of pride
or guilt. A student leader once confessed
with guilt that on seeing litter in the corri-
dor she did not take the trouble to remove
it as no one else was around. Another stu-
dent once quoted the instance when she
got her marks reduced because the teach-
er had mistakenly awarded her points in a
©
Sharma
Himanshu
HIM Academy Public School, Hamirpur, India

45
Fall 2016
APCEIU thân mến,
Từ đỗ Thị Ngân (giáo viên địa lí, trường THCS Thăng Long, Hà
Nội)
Người Việt Nam thường có câu: “đi một ngày đàng, học một
sàng khôn”. Vì vậy tôi rất vui mừng nói rằng tôi đã học được rất
nhiều điều trong suốt 81 ngày tham gia chương trình “Trao đổi
giáo viên khu vực Châu á – Thái Bình Dương vì giáo dục toàn
cầu.”
Tại trụ sở của APCEIU, chúng tôi đã thảo luận và trao đổi ý
kiến với những vị giáo sư đáng kính để có hiểu biết sâu sắc hơn
về văn hóa nói chung và giáo dục Hàn Quốc nói riêng. Tôi thích
tham quan các bảo tàng, giúp chúng tôi hiểu hơn về quá khứ, trân
trọng hiện tại và có định hướng đúng đắn cho tương lai. Dự án
làm sách là cơ hội để chúng tôi bày tỏ những ấn tượng của mình
về Hàn Quốc. APCEIU đã xuất bản cuốn sách “Những lá thư yêu
thương từ Hàn Quốc” với những bức tranh và câu chuyện thú vị
của chúng tôi. Các đồng nghiệp của tôi rất thích thú khi tham gia
các hoạt động do APCEIU tổ chức
Bên cạnh các hoạt động tại Seoul, phần lớn thời gian tôi sống
cùng gia đình cô Park Ji Hye tại thành phố Daejeon. Họ rất tốt
với tôi, khiến tôi có cảm giác thoải mái như mình có một gia đình
thứ hai tại Hàn Quốc vậy. Mẹ cô Ji Hye đã dạy tôi nấu các món
ăn Hàn Quốc. Tôi cho rằng ẩm thực là một cách rất hay để khám
phá văn hóa của một quốc gia. Tôi sẽ nấu các món ăn này khi trở
về Việt Nam để gia đình và bạn bè tôi được thưởng thức ẩm thực
thú vị của Hàn Quốc.
Khi sống cùng gia đình người Hàn Quốc, tôi hiểu hơn về
văn hóa của họ mặc dù vẫn còn nhiều điều cần khám phá hơn
nữa. Tôi muốn biết cách người Hàn Quốc học tập và làm việc để
phát triển đất nước. Hiện nay, Hàn Quốc đã trở thành một trong
những quốc gia phát triển hàng đầu châu á. Đó là kết quả từ quá
trình người Hàn Quốc làm việc rất chăm chỉ và tận dụng thời
gian hiệu quả để phát triển kinh tế đất nước.
Vào các ngày trong tuần, tôi làm việc lại trường Tiểu học
Hwajeong. Ở đây, tôi nhận thấy sự khác biệt giữa hệ thống
giáo dục giữa Việt Nam và Hàn Quốc, như các hoạt động của
học sinh và lịch làm việc hiệu quả của nhà trường. Học sinh
Hàn Quốc ngoan và thông minh, các em rất hào hứng trong tiết
học của tôi, thích thú khi tôi mặc áo dài truyền thống của Việt
Nam.
Thông qua các tiết học, các em thấy rằng Việt Nam là một
quốc gia rất tươi đẹp và yêu chuộng hòa bình. Tôi hy vọng những
thế hệ trẻ sẽ xây dựng Việt Nam trở thành một đất nước không
chỉ đẹp về tự nhiên mà còn phát triển về kinh tế để mọi người
trên thế giới có thể coi Việt Nam như một điểm đến an toàn, thân
thiện và hấp dẫn.
Ngôi trường này có 12 học sinh có người thân là người Việt.
Ban đầu, phần lớn các em thường rụt rè, nhút nhát và thiếu tự tin.
Nhưng chúng tôi đã giúp các em biết rằng Việt Nam có rất nhiều
cảnh đẹp, giàu truyền thống và lịch sử hào hùng. Các em cảm
thấy tự tin và hơn thế là tự hào dân tộc sau khi có thêm hiểu biết
về quê hương đất nước của mình. Vào tuần cuối cùng tôi làm việc
tại đây, rất nhiều học sinh Hàn Quốc chạy theo tôi và nói rằng: “Cô
giáo Việt Nam, cô đừng đi” khiến tôi muốn khóc vì quá xúc động.
Đó là những thành công lớn nhất mà chúng tôi đạt được.
Trong quá trình làm việc, tôi hiểu hơn về hệ thống trường
học, cách tổ chức và kế hoạch hoạt động tại một ngôi trường Hàn
Quốc. Trên cơ sở này, tôi sẽ xây dựng những hoạt động giáo dục
của mình tại Việt Nam nếu khả thi và phù hợp. Dù là trẻ em Việt
Nam, Hàn Quốc hay bất kì một quốc gia nào, tôi mong rằng các
em sẽ có tầm nhìn xa hơn vượt mọi biên giới để trở thành công
dân toàn cầu. Các thế hệ trẻ sẽ là tương lai của đất nước và cũng
là tương lai của thế giới. Con người hơn robots hay bất kì loại
máy móc tối tân nào ở chỗ chúng ta có trái tim. Tôi hy vọng các
em sẽ lớn lên với thể chất khỏe mạnh, tài năng, sáng tạo và biết
cách nào tốt nhất để xây dựng xã hội toàn cầu bằng những trái
tim nhân văn, biết sẻ chia và yêu thương đồng loại. Tôi sẽ làm hết
sức mình để truyền đạt tinh thần đó tới mọi người.
Tái bút: Tôi không thể quên khi một giáo viên đã chia sẻ: “Nếu
chỉ xem trên TV, tôi không biết nhiều về Việt Nam. Nhưng khi
gặp bạn ở đây, tôi đã thấy Việt Nam rất đẹp, người Việt Nam thì
thân thiện và gần gũi”. Nhận xét này thực sự rất ý nghĩa đối với
tôi. Tôi chân thành cảm ơn ngài Park Jung Yong, hiệu trưởng
trường sở tại và cô Park Ji Hye đã giúp đỡ tôi rất nhiều. Cầu chúc
cho họ và mọi người dân Hàn Quốc bình an và hạnh phúc!
Korean students and Do Thi Ngan participating in a cheese-making class Do Thi Ngan and her partner as volunteers in a sports event
SangSaeng
44
LETTER
Dear APCEIU,
Vietnamese people often say, “Go out one day, ready to learn
much wisdom.” So, I am happy to say that I have learnt many
things during the 81 days that I spent in the Asia-Pacific Teacher
Exchange for Global Education Programme.
At the headquarters of APCEIU, we communicated and
exchanged our ideas with venerable professors in order to gain a
better understanding of the society in general and South Korea’s
education in particular. I loved visiting many Korean museums
which helped us learn about the past, respect the present, and
guide us in the right direction for the future. The bookmaking
project was an opportunity for us to express our views about
Korea. In this book titled “From Korea with Love,” APCEIU
published our drawings and interesting stories. My colleagues
were also happy to be involved in activities organised by
APCEIU.
Besides the activities in Seoul, most of the time, I lived with
Ms. Park Ji-hye’s family in Daejeon city. They were very kind
to me, so I felt really comfortable as if I had a second family in
Korea. Ji-hye’s mother taught me how to cook traditional Korean
dishes. In my opinion, I think meals are a great way to explore the
culture of a country. I plan on cooking these Korean dishes when
I return to Vietnam so that my family and friends can try some
interesting Korean foods.
Having lived with a Korean family, I now have more under-
standing about Korea’s culture. Yet, there is still so much to learn.
I want to learn how Koreans developed their country and the way
they study and work. Nowadays, South Korea has become one of
the most developed countries in Asia because Koreans are very
hard-working and make use of their time effectively, which helps
them develop their country’s economy.
On weekdays, I worked at Daejeon Hwajeong Elementary
School. There, I noticed the differences between the education
systems in South Korea and Vietnam, such as effectively using
school time and student activities. Korean students are nice and
smart, they are very excited to attend my class, and love my Ao
dai (Vietnamese national costume).
Through my lessons, they’ve learned that Vietnam is a really
beautiful country and that Vietnamese love peace. I do hope that
new generations will build Vietnam into a country that not only
respects and appreciates our natural beauty, but also works to
develop the economy so that people from all over the world will
come to see Vietnam as a safe, friendly and attractive destination.
The school I was teaching at has 12 students who have a
Vietnamese person in their family. At first, most of the students
were quite closed, shy and not confident. But we helped them
know that Vietnam has many beautiful landscapes, rich cuisines
and a fascinating history. They felt so proud and more confident
after learning about these aspects of my country. I wanted to cry
when many Korean students followed me and said, “Vietnamese
teacher, please don’t go!” during my final week working there. I
think they are some of our greatest successes.
Having worked in Korean schools, I have come to understand
more about the school system, disciplines and schedules. On
this basis, I am able to prepare for further educational as well as
cultural activities at my school in Vietnam. Whether children are
Vietnamese, Korean or citizens of any country, I’d like them to
look beyond the borders to become global citizens. Their gener-
ations are the future of their countries and also the future of the
world. We, as humans, are better than robots or any other kind
of modern machine because we have a heart. I hope that they will
grow up healthy, creative, intelligent, and knowing that the best
way to contribute to our global society is with a compassionate
heart, knowing how to share and express their love. I will try my
best to inspire people.
P.S. I can’t forget what one teacher told me, “Except for what
I watched on TV, I didn’t know much about Vietnam. But when I
met you in person, I thought Vietnam is so beautiful. Vietnamese
teachers are very close and friendly.” That comment was very
meaningful to me. I would like to offer my special thanks to
Mr. Park Jung-yong (school principal) and Ms. Park Ji-hye who
helped me so much. Best wishes to them and Koreans in general.
By Do Thi Ngan
(Geography Teacher, Thang Long Secondary School, Hanoi, Vietnam)
Be Global With a Compassionate Heart
©
Do
Thi
Ngan
©
Do
Thi
Ngan
BE GLOBAL WITH A
COMPASSIONATE HEART

PEACE IN MY MEMORY
47
46 Fall 2016
SangSaeng
Food for Peace in the 21st Century
R
ecently, I read a report on food
waste that explained the root
cause of the removal of edible
food from the food supply
chain. The extent and amount of food loss
and/or waste is indeed exorbitant. I was
shocked and frustrated in equal measure at
the current state of food waste throughout
the world. Just a few facts will suffice to
convey my feelings. Up to one third of
the global food supply by weight and a
quarter of the global food supply by calo-
ries gets lost somewhere between the farm
and the fork.
Apart from its obvious implication for
human hunger, food waste also worsens
climate change. It is estimated that if all
the wasted food were its own country, it
would be the third largest greenhouse gas
emitter after China and the United States.
One thing that particularly draws my
attention is the fact that over half of the
world’s food loss and waste occurs in none
other than Asia. This last point lingers on
my mind and brings memories back from
when I was a young boy in the early 1960s.
Desperate Times
Back in the 1960s, South Korean soci-
ety was still living under the shadow of
the Korean War, a disastrous event that
had ended a mere ten years before. One
of the images that I vividly remember is
the widespread poverty and its impact on
people. Commodities and necessities were
in short supply, with bootlegged goods
flooding the black market.
Many children had to go to school
without socks even in the freezing tem-
peratures of the harsh winters. Some kids
didn’t even have a lunch box to call their
own; they would leave the classroom
during lunchtime and come back when it
was over.
Rag-pickers roamed the streets. It was
common to see disabled war veterans beg-
ging for money or food around the neigh-
bourhood. And those orphans who were
shining shoes on a street corner or sing-
ing melancholic songs in a crowded bus,
seeking alms. It is still difficult for me to
describe this situation that I witnessed to
the younger generation of today’s society.
When the subject is brought up in class,
my students usually fall silent, some even
with expressions of disbelief on their faces.
Era of Hunger
On top of general scarcity was the con-
cern about food. Being able to have three
meals a day was considered a blessing and
the ultimate goal in living a good life. To
guarantee a sufficient food supply for the
public was among the government’s top
priorities.
During that era, Koreans had what we
call Supper Table Education (STE) where
parents customarily teach their children
Photo courtesy of The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
Up to one third of
the global food
supply by weight
and a quarter of the
global food supply
by calories gets
lost somewhere
between the farm
and the fork.
By Hyo-Je Cho
(Professor, SungKongHoe University,
Republic of Korea)
FOOD FOR PEACE
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
©
Chayathorn
Lertpanyaroj/Shutterstock
Supper
Table
Education
(STE)

PEACE IN MY MEMORY
49
48 Fall 2016
SangSaeng
Food for Peace in the 21st Century
enormous food waste side by side? What
about climate change exacerbated by
over-produced food waste and discarded
food? Is there truly a multidimensional
function of agriculture for people and for
ecology? Have we become happier, and
are we able to better sustain ourselves as
a result of moving from a food-scarce to a
food-abundant era?
Today, in the twenty-first century,
maybe what we need is a new food for
peace strategy. The new peace strategy
should be based on a change in attitudes
towards the true meaning of food and
food consumption.
In this era of limitless consumption,
we need to have a certain food for thought,
i.e. the back-to-basics thinking that we eat
to live rather than live to eat. Maybe what
we need is to revive the old-fashioned but
practical STE to align with the global times.
The new global STE will insist that
we should by all means avoid food waste,
that we should respect the precious role
of peasants (campesino) as our ecological
stewards, and that we should stick to the
value of living within one’s means – glob-
al resource capacity. This may not be the
unconditional panacea for today’s world
peace, but could this not at least be a first
step towards world peace? It is in these
moments that I seem to hear the gregari-
ous chatter of children who were just hap-
py to even hold a small piece of bread in
their hands, back in the simpler times of
my youth.
©
Paolo
Bona/Shutterstock
Today, in the twenty-
first century, maybe
what we need is a
new food for peace
strategy. The new
peace strategy
should be based
on a change in
attitudes towards
the true meaning
of food and food
consumption.
on behaving properly at the dinner table.
I myself was at a receiving end of the STE,
and holding rice and food in high regard
was an important part of the STE. “Eat
your food with gratitude and never leave
any morsel behind.” was a mantra I kept
hearing from the parents. We were con-
stantly reminded that a grain of rice rep-
resented nature in its entirety, and that to
waste staple and food was equivalent to
turning your back against the farmer who
put such effort and endeavour into the
harvest.
To knowingly waste food therefore
was greatly frowned upon and treated as
committing a grave sin. This is a kind of
typical moral lesson people of my gener-
ation were made to conform to. Like it or
not, one tends to live with the norms and
values given at an early age. Who would
have thought at that time that merely half
a century later, we would be concerned
about problems not of food shortage but
of food waste?
Bread of Life
Combing at the corners of my memories,
I also remember the bread handed out at
school. This particular memory serves
as one of my favourite anecdotes that I
choose to tell the students in the interna-
tional development class. Those of us be-
longing to the post-war baby boomer gen-
eration will definitely remember the daily
school bread which was given to virtually
every child throughout the nation, usually
free of charge.
When the delicious smell of bread
wafted through to our classroom, we knew
that the two students in charge of this par-
ticular task would fetch the bread from
the school bakery downstairs. Sometimes
the bread was simple and ordinary, made
of flour, some other times it was made of
corn. The bread was often accompanied by
a scoop of milk powder.
Upon the arrival of the bread there
were the usual happy arguments over who
was going to get the bigger-looking piece.
Whenever I talk about this bread story
to people of my age they invariably rem-
inisce about things such as “the unforget-
table sweet smell,” the “soft texture of the
dough,” and the “amusing little quarrels
amongst the kids.”
Looking back, one could question on
how it was even possible at that time for
school children in South Korea to receive
free pieces of bread every single day. The
answer lies in the special aid programme
run by the United States between 1954 and
1977. The United States provided various
developing countries with their surplus
agricultural produce. Dubbed “Food for
Peace”, the humanitarian assistance pro-
gramme helped South Korea and many
other countries get over chronic hunger
and malnutrition ravaging the society.
I can personally testify that the food aid
programme certainly helped sustain the
minimum calorie requirement for Korean
school-aged kids and labourers.
To some extent it is no exaggeration
to say that we are all children of this food
aid programme. The programme was suc-
cessful not just in nutritional terms, but
in terms of maintaining a degree of social
peace in a hungry and desperate popu-
lation. Indeed millions of urban workers
were saved from hunger due to this gen-
erous aid. There is no better way of min-
imizing tension and conflict among fam-
ished people than to lessen the pain of an
empty stomach.
Unfortunate Aid
Of course, now we know that the resulting
food regime promoted by the U.S. Public
Law 480 has brought about a number of
unfortunate consequences as well.
Owing to the free or cheap imported
staple, many domestic farmers have lost
out to competition with various agricul-
tural sectors virtually being evaporated.
For example, South Korea is now near-
ly entirely reliant on imported wheat to
cover most of the country’s bread-making
needs, since there is hardly any wheat pro-
duction base left on domestic soil except
for a tiny niche.
Indeed there is no such thing as a free
lunch. At the same time, the taste of Ko-
reans has greatly transformed. The level
of wheat consumption is ever rising while
that of rice is ever decreasing. It is only
natural then that discontented farmers
protest against the perceived lack of fair-
ness in international agricultural trade.
There is a hint of irony to this situation:
a one-time source of social peace has now
become a source of social conflict.
Some would argue that this kind of
friction may be a small price to pay for the
global business-led mass production of
crops, which is believed to be a bulwark
of food security. But what about the si-
multaneous existence of the hungry, mal-
nourished people and the phenomenon of
A garbage collection after a street food market in Milan.
©
Monkey
Business
Images/Shutterstock

50 SangSaeng
future in the region and beyond. Students participated in various
sessions including lectures titled “Global Citizenship and the Role
of the Youth in Northeast Asia,” “Youth Leadership for a Better
Community,” “Sustainable Development Goals and Asian Youth”
and in workshops and dialogues. During the CJK Youth Dialogue
session, students had a chance to deeply contemplate about what
global citizenship means and discuss it with their peers.
By rnd@unescoapceiu.org
Sharing Value of Co-existence with Educators from
Asia-Pacific
The 16th Asia-Pacific Training Workshop was held from 16 to
24 August in Seoul and Inje, Korea under the topic of “Global
Citizenship Education: Nurturing Global Citizens.” This year, 26
passionate educators from 21 different countries in the Asia-Pacific
region, such as Cambodia, Myanmar and Tonga, participated in
the workshop. During the workshop, participants experienced and
learned the value of living together through interactive activities
covering topics such as peace, human rights and sustainable
development. Also, participants were given the opportunity to
discuss amongst themselves and explore avenues that would lead
to creating a better world where people live in harmony. Particularly,
a field trip to the DMZ observatory and school visits helped
participants feel the value of peace and co-existence. Moreover,
listening to the lecture by Rajesh Ram, the 2016 EIU best practice
winner (New Zealand) and presentations on Action Plans, provided
participants with the groundwork for methodological research on
the practice of Global Citizenship Education at local schools.
By ent@unescoapceiu.org
GCED Clearinghouse Opened with Renewed Website
The GCED Clearinghouse
(gcedclearinghouse.org)
website, a global database
on GCED jointly set-up by
UNESCO and APCEIU,
finished its renewal period
and opened on 6 September.
T h e r e n e w e d G C E D
Clearinghouse includes two
newly added core themes
of Global Citizenship Education (GCED): Prevention of Violent
Extremism through Education (PVE-E) and Holocaust education.
The GCED Clearinghouse website offers pertinent resources
covering PVE-E and Holocaust education collected by UNESCO.
Furthermore, the website introduces general information and
UNESCO’s role concerning PVE-E in particular. The renewed
GCED Clearinghouse website offers multiple languages; the
French version opened on 19 September and the Korean language
version opened in November.
2016 UN GCED Seminar Shows Strong Support for GCED
as Part of the 2030 Agenda
APCEIU held a seminar
at the United Nations
headquarters in New York
City on 9 September that
attracted important Global
Citizenship Education
( G C E D ) s t a k e h o l d e r s .
T h e s e m i n a r s p a r k e d
discussions on GCED’s
role in realizing Sustainable
Development Goals and in the prevention of violent extremism.
Attending the seminar were members from permanent missions,
representatives from civil society organizations (CSO), students
and teachers. The seminar capitalizes on the inclusion of GCED
in the Sustainable Development Goals as Target 4.7 in 2015, and
the global action done since. Permanent missions of each country
showcased the support that various governments provide towards
the promotion of GCED. Agencies of the UN, as well as GCED-
supporting organizations, shared their experiences in engaging
stakeholders across all levels and recommended strategies on
how to align these efforts to increase its impact and to ensure
inclusivity. Along with APCEIU, the seminar was either sponsored
or co-organised by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of
Korea, and the permanent missions to the UN of the Republic of
Korea, Croatia, Andorra, and Jordan, UN agencies such as the
UNESCO Liaison Office in New York, the UN Global Education
First Initiative (GEFI) as well as other partner institutions.
By exr@unescoapceiu.org
Sub-regional Workshop on Implementation of GCED
and ESD in Kazakhstan
The 2nd Sub-regional Workshop on implementing Education for
Sustainable Development (ESD) and Global Citizenship Education
(GCED) was co-hosted by APCEIU and UNESCO Almaty
Cluster Office on 27-29 September in Almaty, Kazakhstan. In
collaboration with a number of partners in Central Asia, the
2016 workshop aimed to agree on a number of activities, which
could be developed to strengthen ESD and GCED joint efforts
and activities at the local level. The targeted group in the 2016
training workshop consisted of representatives from either the
local or district education departments in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, including teachers from selected
schools of the UNESCO Associated Schools Project in those
respective countries. Also, experts from UNESCO, APCEIU,
OSCE, UNICEF and other international, regional and national
organizations and NGOs shared their experiences and practices
for a better understanding of global, regional and national
education trends and challenges in ESD and GCED.
Fall 2016 51
East Asia Teacher Exchange Programme Pre-departure
Training
A four-day pre-departure training course for teachers taking part
in the 2016 Asia-Pacific global education programme ran at the
APCEIU office. The visiting teachers came from four East Asian
countries: Vietnam, the Philippines, Mongolia and Indonesia.
From 26 to 29 July, 61 Korean teachers also participated in this
training programme in order to broaden their understanding of their
partner countries’ education, culture, etc. The Teacher Exchange
Programme, hosted by the Korean Ministry of Education and
organized by APCEIU, aims to enhance teachers’ capacity for global
education as well as to promote mutual understanding between
Korea and its partner countries. During the pre-departure training,
the participants were given the opportunity to acquire knowledge
and experiences beforehand with regards to their partner
countries. This training included participating in various lectures
pertaining to global citizenship education, cultural understanding
and learning some of the languages of their respective partner
countries. The teachers were also given the opportunity to conduct
a class demonstration for the subjects they normally cover. Many
participants commented that the training was very meaningful and
helpful in preparing for their activities in their respective partner
countries.
By ite@unescoapceiu.org
China-Japan-Korea College Students Seek Better
Future through Global Citizenship
From 7 to 11 August, 60
students from three Asia-
Pacific countries gathered at
APCEIU to participate in the
“China-Japan-Korea Global
Citizenship Education Youth
Forum 2016.” For five days,
students from China, Japan
and Korea discussed the role
the youth play in enhancing
trilateral cooperation for a peaceful co-existence and sustainable
APCEIU GLOBAL CITIZEN CAMPUS
PROVIDES GCED OPPORTUNITIES
TO YOUTHS AND EDUCATORS
APCEIU officially launched the “Global Citizen
Campus” in July, attracting visitors from the Republic
of Korea and beyond. The Global Citizen Campus
opened just after its one year pilot period. With the
implementation of the exam-free semester policy
of the Republic of Korea since 2013, it is expected
that over 6,000 students will participate in the Global
Citizen Campus programme this year. The programme
provides students with enough opportunity to learn
beyond their classrooms. The Global Citizen Campus
offers various experiential activities such as a model
UNESCO conference, writing “Peace” in various
languages, making global citizen slogans, discovering
one’s global citizenship competence through an
interactive quiz, experiencing refugee camps through
virtual reality, creating one’s own Sustainable
Development Goal and more.
By ccp@unescoapceiu.org
APCEIU IN ACTION

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