Presentation on Electric Vehicles
- 2. CONTENTS • History • Working of EV • Types of EVs • Comparison • Li-Ion Batteries • Major Challenges for electrification of vehicles • Customer Feedback for EVs • Usage of EVs by various countries • Retro-fitment • TESLA : A REVOLUTION IN EV • Conclusion
- 3. History of Electric Vehicles • It is hard to pinpoint the invention of electric car to one inventor or country, instead it was a series of breakthroughs from battery to electric motors in 1800’s that led to the first electric vehicle on the road. • It was Henry Ford’s mass produced Model T that dealt blow to electric car. By that time the gasoline car cost was $650 and electric car cost was $1,750. • In India, the concept of electric vehicles was unveiled under ‘National Electric Mobility Mission Plan(NEMMP) 2020’ in 2013 to address the issues of energy security and vehicle pollution. • In 2001, the first ever electric car ‘Reva’ was launched in India by Reva Electric Car Company (now known as Mahindra Electric).
- 4. Working of Electric Vehicles The electric vehicle power source is a battery which supplies the electric motor with energy necessary to move the vehicle. The controller acts as a regulator and controls the amount of power received from the batteries so the motor does not burn out. Since the electric vehicles use an electric motor the driver can take advantage of motor’s momentum when pressure is applied on the brakes. Instead of converting all the potential energy in the motor into heat like a fossil fuel powered car does, an electric car uses the forward momentum of the motor to recharge the battery. This process is known as regenerative braking.
- 5. TYPES OF EVs HybridElectricVehicles • HEVs are powered by both petrol and electricity. HEVs start off using the electric motor, then the petrol engine cuts in as load or speed rises. The two motors are controlled by an internal computer which ensures the best economy for driving conditions. HEVs can recharge the battery through regenerative braking . Example: Honda Civic Hybrid, Audi Q7. PluginHybridElectricVehicles • These vehicles use electricity as main source of energy. The combustion engine is set-on when the charging of battery reaches minimum level. Recharging the battery can be done by regenerative braking as well as plugging in the charger . Example: Toyota Prius. BatteryElectricVehicles • They are only powered by electricity and do not have a petrol engine, fuel tank or exhaust pipe. They are also known as plug in EVs. Example: BMW i3.
- 6. Comparison Parameters Electric Vehicles Conventional Vehicles Energy From electricity produced by batteries By combustion of Fuel. Price Higher due to usage of expensive batteries and higher maintenance Cheaper due to more availability and feasibility of resources Pollution Does not produce harmful emissions and contributes in clean air Produces harmful carbon emissions Running Cost Running cost per km is Rs 1.5 Diesel per Km running cost is 4 to 4.5 and petrol per km running cost is 6.5 where as for CNG it is 3 to 3.5
- 7. Comparison Parameters Electric Vehicles Conventional Vehicles No. of Components 30 3000 Maintenance Cost 1. Accident repairs results in replacement of entire parts such as body shell, motor and battery assemblies. 2. The amount of man power required, yet, is not skilled. 1. The spare parts of the vehicle are easily available in the market and results in replacement of only the damaged part. 2. The skilled man power is available. Infrastructure The infrastructure in not developed at a stage where the vehicles can be used commercially by all. Developed infrastructure, where the consumer can avail the required service at any place.
- 8. Lithium Ion Batteries • Lithium is abundantly available in the world. The battery can be recycled. • Range The electric vehicle covers a range of 8 kms per Kwh of Li-ion battery. The Mahindra e2o uses 11-16 Kwh battery for range of 120 kms. • Cost In 2010, the Li-ion batteries cost around $700/Kwh which reduced to $145/Kwh in 2016. It is estimated to reach $120/Kwh by 2020. In 2010, for the range of 40 mi(64 kms), the pack of batteries cost $12,000 , whereas, it was $3600. In 2015, It reached $1500 by 2020. In India, due to high cost of Li-ion batteries, finance is one of major problems and also warrants a much higher purchase demand. • Charging Time The Mahindra e2o takes around 5 to 8 hrs to charge its 11-16 Kwh battery. • Efficiency The batteries can work upto 10+ years and over 7000+ charging cycles.
- 9. Challenges for Electrification of Vehicles 1. Integration of Electric vehicles within Product Portfolios of OEMs. 2. Collaborations with E-Mobility value chain. 3. Relevant Charging Infrastructure. 4. Marketing of E-Mobility Benefits and Reducing customer Anxiety. 5. Price Customer has to pay to live with an E-Vehicle.
- 10. Integration of Electric vehicles within Product Portfolios of OEMs • Electric Vehicles inclusion in the Product Portfolio would affect the e-vehicles market which would help the companies make a brand value for their EV lineup • OEMs are following a step by step approach implementing electric drive in already existing vehicles of their fleet. • BMW introduced a new sub brand “BMWi” which aims to meet the new challenges in a very holistic and sustainable way.
- 11. Collaborations with E-Mobility value chain • EVs represent a new value chain with which OEMs must collaborate and innovate to establish a viable, global E-Mobility market. • The Mentioned Players include utilities, charging location owners, charging infrastructure developers, service providers, mobility users, and financial services. • Proper collaboration with these E-Mobility players by OEMs would ultimately result in increased reliability on E-vehicles and a further decreased cost and increase in the ease for charging. • Customers may prefer to rent , share or lease e-vehicles rather than purchasing them (For example : Ola, Uber etc.)
- 12. Relevant Charging Infrastructure • Currently there are two types of charging stations, at home or work. Both of these sources involve legal challenges in terms of taxations, accounting that needs to be addressed. • Public charging infrastructure is still uncertain, as large scale investment has not yet surfaced to support public charging infrastructure as stand alone business. • Charging stations will only start as business by private firms when there is adequate usage of e- vehicles in that particular area.
- 13. Marketing of E-Mobility Benefits and Reducing customer Anxiety • Range Anxiety reflects a key concern about batteries in electric cars losing power before reaching a destination or charging point. • Customers views about electric cars being sluggish to react and having a low top speed must be changed by offerings of OEMs, like TESLA did. • There is a lack of awareness among the customers about the usage of Electric Vehicles to reduce the pollution. • Customers have views that EVs can be used only for short daily commute due to lack of performance and unavailability of charging stations
- 14. Price Customer has to pay to live with an E-Vehicle • The prices of EVs is a big concern in India. • Also there are very few models available, one being Mahindra e2o which is a very compact hatchback, Toyota Prius, Tata Tigor. • For the price of Mahindra e2o (Electric Vehicle) customer can get a Mahindra Thar (conventional 4 wheel drive SUV) • Tata Tigor EV costs around 11 lakh rupees and conventional car costs 7 lakhs. • Charging stations are also not well established so that the cars could be used for long drives. • Hence the customers who are willing to pay extra money for daily commute which can help make an eco friendly future only can afford Electric vehicles at the moment in India.
- 15. FEEDBACK FOR MAHINDRA E20 • Product Specs: Mahindra E20 is a BEV. It can go up to 100 km. within a full recharge time of 8 to 9 hours. It consists of 3 Phase AC induction Motor and a lithium ion battery of capacity 280 A. It uses regenerative braking. • Positive Feedbacks: 1. Great for driving in city. 2. Eco Friendly 3. Less maintenance issues 4. Lower risk of breakdown due to less moving parts. • Negative Feedbacks: 1. Low Pick up 2. Price is too high 3.Battery life needs to be improves to curb range anxiety 4. After sales service could be an issue
- 16. USAGE OF EVs BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES • As of Dec 2016, China has the worlds largest stock of highways legal light duty plug in electric vehicles with cumulative sales of more than 6,45,000 plug in electric cars. • US ranks second with more than 5,70,000 plug in electric vehicles. • Japan is the worlds third Largest plug in car country market with about 1,47,500 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 No. of EVs No. of EVs
- 17. USAGE OF EVs BY INDIA • Gujarat topped the list with sales of just over 4330 units. WB appeared in the second place with sales of 2,846 units, followed by UP which sold a total of 2,467 electric vehicles during the said period. Rajasthan reported sales of around 2,388 EV units, while Maharashtra came in fifth with sales of 1,926 units. • In addition, 25,000 e-vehicles were sold across India between 2016-17. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 NUMBER NUMBER
- 18. RETRO-FITMENT • The Retro fitment of Hybrid Electric system kit on vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight not exceeding 3500kg shall be permitted if it confirms to BS II or subsequent emission norms, if it was not retrofitted earlier. • One of the kinds of kits is the starter generator hybrid system, which assists the engine at low rpms. This system consists of an electric motor that is attached to the existing engine by means of a belt drive. It draws its power from a separate or existing stack of batteries that can either be separately charged or charged from engines alternator • When the vehicle is accelerating, it provides electric power assist to make it easier for the motor to turn, thereby reducing emissions and increasing fuel efficiency. When the fuel is decelerating, it turns into a generator and recharges the batteries. • However right now-on one hand the government has allowed converting old petrol and diesel vehicles to electric hybrids but kits and installers don’t exist yet and hence customers would have to pay a huge sum of money to install such kits.
- 19. TESLA : A REVOLUTION IN EV • Tesla was founded by Elon Musk in 2003. • In March 2008 Tesla began production of Roadster • In June 2008 it announced Model S • Tesla launched Model 3 in 2017 which has a high range battery(50 or 75 KwH) which can run for 354 kms or 500kms repectively. • In 2017, Tesla filed a patent for a new battery swapping robot that can lift a vehicle and change its battery pack for a new one in just 15 minutes. • Tesla has proved the capability of an electric vehicle by developing high performance sports car and affordable cars for daily commute
- 20. CONCLUSION • There are various challenges including financial, technical, supply chain challenges for development of EVs in India but these challenges can be solved by a firm resolution by the OEMs and customers. • Charging stations can be increased once the sales of EVs increase, This could be achieved by customer awareness about EVs. • As the use of the EVs increase, OEMs can also bring variety of products in lower range of prices. • Educational activities can be organized by OEMs so that the awareness about EVs is increased, which would further lead to increase in sales.