Presentation on Heritability
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This document discusses heritability, which is defined as the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic factors rather than environmental influences. It notes there are statistical and more common definitions of heritability. The concept plays a central role in psychology and analyzes the relative contributions of genetic and non-genetic factors to traits. Heritability is estimated using studies of related individuals like twins to determine the similarities between them. Estimates provide the proportion of trait variation explained by genetics within a given population under the prevailing environmental conditions.
Presentation on Heritability
- 1. A presentation on heritability Submitted By: Santosh pathak
- 2. INTRODUCTION Heritability is the proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. Has two definitions. Statistical definition, defines heritability as the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance. And the second definition is more common ‘sensical’ & defines heritability as the extent to which genetic individual differences contribute to individual differences in observed behavior (or phenotypic individual differences).
- 3. Introduction contd………….. The concept of heritability plays a central role in the psychology of individual differences. It analyzes the relative contributions of differences in genetic and non-genetic factors to the total phenotypic variance in a population. It measures the fraction of phenotype variability that can be attributed to genetic variation. Heritability can change without any genetic change occurring (e.g. when the environment starts contributing to more variation).
- 4. Fig: heritability in between parents & off springs height
- 5. Introduction contd…………….. Heritability is a proportion, its numeric value will range from 0( no gene contribution at all) to 1( genes are the only reason for phenotypic individual differences). Heritability might also increase if the environmental variation decreases, causing individuals to show less phenotypic variation (e.g. to show more similar levels of intelligence). The extent of dependence of phenotype on environment can also be a function of the genes involved. Individuals with the same genotype can also exhibit different phenotypes through a mechanism called phenotypic plasticity.
- 6. Estimating Heritability Any particular phenotype can be modelled as the sum of genetic and environmental effects: Phenotype (P) = Genotype (G) + Environment (E). The variance in the trait Var (P) – is the sum of genetic effects as follows: Var(P) = Var(G) + Var(E) + 2 Cov(G,E). In a planned experiment Cov(G,E) can be controlled and held at 0. In this case, heritability is defined as: h² =Var(G)/Var(P).
- 7. Contd………. h² is the broad-sense heritability. It reflects all the genetic contributions to a population's phenotypic variance including additive, dominant, and epistatic (multi-genic interactions), as well as maternal and paternal effects, where individuals are directly affected by their parents' phenotype (such as with milk production in mammals). The additive genetic portion is known as Narrow- sense heritability and is defined as h²= Var(A)/Var(P).
- 8. Contd…………….. Additive variance is important for selection. Since only P can be observed or measured directly, heritability must be estimated from the similarities observed in subjects varying in their level of genetic or environmental similarity. The statistical analyses required to estimate the genetic and environmental components of variance depend on the sample characteristics. In non-human populations it is often possible to collect information in a controlled way.
- 9. Studies of human heritability often utilize adoption study designs, often with identical twins who have been separated early in life and raised in different environments. A second and more common design is the twin study in which the similarity of identical and fraternal twins is used to estimate heritability. Heritability estimates are always relative to the genetic and environmental factors in the population. Heritability can be made larger by diversifying the genetic background.
- 10. In observational studies, or because of evokative effects (where a genome evokes environments by its effect on them), G and E may covary: gene environment correlation. Depending on the methods used to estimate heritability, correlations between genetic factors and shared or non-shared environments may or may not be confounded with heritability.
- 11. Estimation methods There are essentially two schools of thought regarding estimation of heritability. School of thought- based on the analysis of correlations and, by extension, regression. Path Analysis is based on the analysis of variance of breeding studies, using the intra-class correlation of relatives. Various methods of estimating components of variance (and, hence, heritability) from ANOVA are used in these analyses.
- 12. Response to selection In selective breeding of plants and animals, the expected response to selection can be estimated by the following equation: R²= h²S In this equation, the Response to Selection (R) is defined as the realized average difference between the parent generation and the next generation. The Selection Differential (S) is defined as the average difference between the parent generation and the selected parents. The above equation is equal to the ratio Var(A)/Var(P) only if the genotype and the environmental noise follow Gaussian distributions.
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