Presentation on Public Key Infrastructure x.509
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PKIX.509 (Public Key Infrastructure X.509) is a widely used standard for managing digital certificates and public-key cryptography in secure communications. Based on the X.509 standard, PKIX provides a framework for creating, distributing, and verifying digital certificates to establish trust in online transactions. It defines protocols for certificate validation, revocation, and authentication, ensuring secure communication in applications such as SSL/TLS, email encryption, and digital signatures. **PKIX.509 (Public Key Infrastructure X.509)** is a standard framework for managing digital certificates and public-key cryptography to enable secure communication and authentication over networks. It is based on the X.509 certificate standard, which defines the format and structure of digital certificates used in verifying identities and encrypting data. PKIX, developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), outlines protocols and policies for certificate issuance, validation, revocation, and trust models within a public key infrastructure (PKI). PKIX.509 certificates play a crucial role in securing online transactions, web browsing (SSL/TLS), email encryption (S/MIME), digital signatures, and other cryptographic applications. By ensuring authenticity and integrity, PKIX.509 helps prevent unauthorized access, identity spoofing, and man-in-the-middle attacks. It relies on a hierarchy of Certificate Authorities (CAs) and mechanisms such as Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) and Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to maintain trust in digital ecosystems.
Presentation on Public Key Infrastructure x.509
- 1. PKI x.509 (PKIX) Public Key Infrastructure Presenter: Rishab Acharya TU Registration No : 7-2-2-723-2022 Bachelors in Information Management Mechi Multiple Campus
- 2. 01 02 03 04 Table of Contents PKI & X.509 (PKIX) PKIX Architectural Model PKIX Management Functions Example of a Digital Certificate Demo: Creating Certificates Future Trends Conclusion 05 06 07
- 3. 01 PKI & X.509 (PKIX) What? A security framework using digital certificates. Why? Ensures authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation. When? Standardized in the 1980s and used widely today. How? Uses Certificate Authorities (CAs) to issue and verify certificates.
- 4. Main Components CA (Certificate Authority) RA (Registration Authority) Repository (Certificate Database) End-User (You/Device) CRL (Certificate Revocation List) PKI & X.509 (PKIX) 02
- 5. PKIX Management Functions 03 1. Registration (User identity verification) 2. Initialization (Setting up cryptographic keys) 3. Certification (Issuing certificates) 4. Key Pair Recovery (Retrieving lost keys) 5. Key Pair Update (Renewing keys) 6. Revocation Request (Invalidating a certificate) 7. Cross Certification (Trust between different PKIs)
- 6. Example of a Digital Certificate Issuer: Let’s Encrypt Subject: www.example.com Valid From: 2024-03-01 Valid To: 2025-03-01 Public Key: RSA 2048-bit Signature Algorithm: SHA-256 04
- 7. Demo: Creating Certificates 05 openssl req -new -key private_key.pem -out request.csr openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out private_key.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in request.csr -signkey private_key.pem -out certificate.pem openssl x509 -in certificate.pem -text -noout
- 8. Future Trends 06 ⁂ Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Quantum computers threaten current encryption methods. ⁂ Automation in Certificate Management Automated processes improve certificate lifecycle management. ⁂ Decentralized PKI (Blockchain-Based PKI) Blockchain can provide tamper-proof, decentralized trust. ⁂ Zero Trust Security & PKI PKI enables secure access and communication in Zero Trust models. ⁂ Decline of EV Certificates EV certificates are becoming less relevant in browsers. ⁂ PKI for IoT (Internet of Things) PKI secures the growing IoT ecosystem by authenticating devices.
- 9. Conclusion 07 PKIX and X.509 enable secure communication. PKI infrastructure ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. Future of PKI is shaped by quantum-resistant cryptography and automation. PKI adoption is critical for modern security practices. PKI's role continues to grow in securing IoT devices and Zero Trust model
- 11. Thank You!!!
Editor's Notes
- #1: International Telecommunication Union Standard (ITU)-> x.509
- #2: We will first understand what PKI & X.509 are. Then, we will discuss PKIX architecture and management functions. We will see a real-world example of a digital certificate and learn how to generate an X.509 certificate using OpenSSL. Finally, we will explore future trends and conclude the discussion.
- #3: PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) secures communication over networks. X.509 is a standard for digital certificates, widely used in TLS/SSL encryption. PKIX (Public Key Infrastructure X.509) extends X.509 to enhance security mechanisms. Certificate Authorities (CAs) issue certificates, enabling trusted communication over the internet.
- #4: The Certificate Authority (CA) issues and revokes certificates. The Registration Authority (RA) verifies user identities. End Entities are the users or systems that use digital certificates. The Certificate Repository stores certificates for public verification. The Validation Authority checks if a certificate is valid or revoked.
- #5: Registration: The RA verifies user identity before certificate issuance. Initialization: A cryptographic key pair is generated and assigned to a user. Certification: The CA issues a digital certificate to a verified user. Key Pair Recovery: Allows retrieval of lost encryption keys. Key Pair Update: Updates an expired or compromised key pair. Revocation Request: Cancels a certificate if it is compromised. Cross Certification: Enables trust between different PKI systems.
- #6: A digital certificate verifies the identity of a website or user. The issuer is the trusted Certificate Authority (e.g., Let’s Encrypt, DigiCert). The subject is the entity that owns the certificate (e.g., a website). The validity period defines when the certificate is active. The public key is used for encryption. The signature algorithm ensures authenticity.
- #7: Step 1: Generates a private key for encryption. Step 2: Creates a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), which contains user details. Step 3: Issues a self-signed certificate, valid for 1 year. Step 4: Verifies the generated certificate details.
- #8: 1. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Threat: Quantum computers may break existing encryption methods like RSA and ECC. What’s changing: Researchers are developing quantum-resistant algorithms. Impact: PKI will transition to quantum-safe encryption to withstand quantum computing. 2. Automation in Certificate Management Why? Manual certificate management is error-prone and time-consuming. What’s changing: Automated tools like ACME streamline certificate issuance and renewal. Impact: Increased efficiency and fewer certificate expirations in large enterprises. 3. Decentralized PKI (Blockchain-Based PKI) Why? Traditional PKI is centralized and vulnerable to single points of failure. What’s changing: Blockchain offers a decentralized, tamper-proof trust model. Impact: Increased security and transparency in certificate management. 4. Zero Trust Security & PKI Why? The traditional security perimeter is becoming obsolete in modern IT environments. What’s changing: PKI becomes central to Zero Trust frameworks, verifying every request. Impact: Device authentication and encryption will be vital for secure communication. 5. Decline of EV Certificates Why? Extended Validation (EV) certificates display company names but add no extra security. What’s changing: Browsers are removing the EV certificate visual indicators. Impact: The trend shifts towards Domain Validation (DV) and Organization Validation (OV) certificates. 6. PKI for IoT (Internet of Things) Why? IoT devices are growing rapidly, creating new security risks. What’s changing: PKI will be used to authenticate IoT devices and secure communications. Impact: PKI will play a crucial role in securing smart homes, medical devices, and other IoT systems.
- #9: PKIX and X.509 enable secure communication PKI provides a reliable system for ensuring secure digital communications through encryption and digital certificates. The X.509 standard defines how digital certificates should be structured and validated in PKI environments. PKI infrastructure ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication Through its core components, PKI ensures that data is confidential, untampered, and authentically verified. Digital certificates and public/private key pairs serve as the foundation for securing data. Future of PKI is shaped by quantum-resistant cryptography and automation As we face the threat of quantum computing, post-quantum cryptography (PQC) will play a pivotal role in protecting future data. Automation will make certificate management easier, reducing human error and increasing security in complex environments. PKI adoption is critical for modern security practices Businesses and governments alike must adopt PKI to ensure secure transactions, especially in cloud services, remote work, and IoT security. It is also a vital part of a Zero Trust security framework that emphasizes verifying every access attempt. PKI's role continues to grow in securing IoT devices and Zero Trust models As the IoT landscape expands, PKI will be increasingly used to authenticate millions of devices securely. Zero Trust models depend heavily on PKI for device authentication, secure communication, and end-to-end encryption.