Presentation on The life cycle of plasmodium
- 1. NAME: Mahnoor Baig Khadeeja Azhar
- 2. Plasmodium: Plasmodium was first identified when Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran described parasites in the blood of malaria patients in 1880. Plasmodium is a type of protozoa, a single-celled organism that is able to divide only within a host cell. Plasmodium is a genus of protozoan's which fall under the subclass Coccidia. Plasmodium usually infects the red blood cells in humans and other mammals. This genus is also known to affect birds, causing Avian Malaria. In humans, plasmodium causes malaria, however, it requires a vector.
- 3. Plasmodium species: There are approximately 156 named species of Plasmodium which infect various species of vertebrates. Four species are considered true parasites of humans, as they utilize humans almost exclusively as a natural intermediate host. P. vivax P .falciparum P. malariae P. ovale
- 4. Clade: SAR Infrakingdom: Alveolata Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Aconoidasida Order: Haemospororida Family: Plasmodiidae Genus: Plasmodium Scientific Classification:
- 5. Malaria: It is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasite; plasmodium. Symptoms: Characterized by cycles of shaking, chills, fever, sweating and anemia. Epidemiology: Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions.
- 6. Vector of plasmodium: Anopheles mosquitoes. Hosts of plasmodium: Plasmodium has 2 hosts; 1. A vertebrate host in which reproduction is asexual (intermediate host) ;Human 2. A blood-sucking insect in which sexual reproduction takes place ( definitive host) ;Mosquito
- 7. Infective stages: 1. Sporozoites (human) 2. Gametocytes for mosquitoes.
- 8. The life cycles of Plasmodium species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host during a blood meal. Parasites grow within a vertebrate body tissue (often the liver) before entering the bloodstream to infect red blood cells. The ensuing destruction of host red blood cells can result in malaria. During this infection, some parasites are picked up by a blood-feeding insect (mosquitoes in majority cases), continuing the life cycle.
- 10. Life cycle of plasmodium is divided into 3 stages; 1. Exoerythrocytic stage – in liver of human. 2. Erythrocytic stage – in RBCs of Human 3. Sporogonic stage – in anopheles mosquito
- 11. The human infection begins when an infected female anopheles mosquito bites a person and injects infected with sporozoites saliva into the blood circulation. Sporozoites infect liver cells. There, the sporozoites mature into schizonts. The schizonts rupture and release merozoites. This initial replication in the liver is called the exoerythrocytic cycle. Merozoites infect RBCs. There, the parasite multiplies asexually (called the erythrocytic cycle). The merozoites develop into ring-stage trophozoites. Some then mature into schizonts. The schizonts rupture, releasing merozoites. Some trophozoites differentiate into gametocytes.
- 12. During a blood meal, an Anopheles mosquito ingests the male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes) gametocytes, beginning the sporogonic cycle. In the mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes, producing zygotes The zygotes become motile and elongated, developing into ookinetes. The ookinetes invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts. The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites, which travel to the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle.