presentation.pptx
- 2. HINA BATOOL (LEADER) 20011519-024 SYED M.MOHIMMAN ALI 20011519-002 MUBAZR ABBAS DAAR 20011519-013 HAMZA NAZEER 20011519-014 ZUKHLIA AFZAL 20011519-003 M.SHAMRAIZ 20011519-052 ANESSA NAWAZ 20011519-051 PRESENTATION MEMBERS GROUP-B
- 3. topic:_ SWITCH AND NETWORK SWITCH presented To:_ MADAM SANA ARSHAD SYED MUHAMMAD MOHIMMAN ALI ROLL NO:_ 20011519-002 name:_
- 5. A switch is a device in a computer network that connects other devices together. Switches manage the flow of data across a network by transmitting a received network packet only to the one or more devices for which the packet is intended. Switches connect network segments, providing full-duplex communication, valuable network performance data and efficient use of network bandwidth. What is switch and its role?
- 6. ∗ Multiport Networking device ∗ Connect multiple devices ∗ Intelligent device ∗ Maintains a routing and mac address table ∗ Processes and forwards data ∗ Uses packet switching ∗ Have downlinks and uplinks SWITCH
- 7. • A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses MAC addresses to forward data at the data link layer of the OSI model.
- 8. • Layers 2 switch and layer 3 switch are adopted in the Open System Interconnect (OSI) model, which is a reference model for describing and explaining network communications. The OSI model has seven layers: application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer and physical layer, among which layer 2 and layer 3 refer to the data link layer and network layer respectively, and the switches working in these layers are called layer 2 switch and layer 3 switch.
- 12. • These are costly switches that are used in organizations with large and complex networks, since they can be customized to augment the functionalities of a standard switch. The augmented features may be QoS (Quality of Service) like higher security levels, better precision control and complete network management. Despite their cost, they are preferred in growing organizations due to their scalability and flexibility. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used for configuring managed switches.
- 14. • Power over Ethernet (PoE) switches are used in PoE Gigabit Ethernets. PoE technology combine data and power transmission over the same cable so that devices connected to it can receive both electricity as well as data over the same line. PoE switches offer greater flexibility and simplifies the cabling connections
- 16. TOPIC:_ SWITCHING NODES AND ITS TYPES presented To:_ MADAM SANA ARSHAD MUBAZAR ABBAS ROLL NO:_ 20011519-013 name:_
- 20. • Routing The process of receiving data destined for another node and passing it on. • Storage Nodes stores local copy of entire block-chain as a backup and restore point. • Mining Miners solve crypto-graphical puzzles to verify transactions through nodes in network.
- 21. A switching node is a device in a communication network which can take traffic in on one networking port or network interface, select an out-put port or interface for it and send the traffic across. In short, it connects together the physical network links which make up the network. Types of switching There are 3 types of switching. 1. Circuit switching 2. Packet switching 3. Message switching
- 22. TOPIC:_ MESSAGE SWITCHED NETWORK presented To:_ MADAM SANA ARSHAD HAMZA NAZEER ROLL NO:_ 20011519-014 name:_
- 24. Message switching is a network switching technique in which data is routed in its entirety from the source node to the destination node, one hope at a time.
- 27. • They provide 2 distinct and important characteristics: • Store and forward – The intermediate nodes have the responsibility of transferring the entire message to the next node. Hence, each node must have storage capacity. A message will only be delivered if the next hop and the link connecting it are both available, otherwise, it’ll be stored indefinitely. A store-and-forward switch forwards a message only if sufficient resources are available and the next hop is accepting data. This is called the store-and-forward property.
- 28. • Message delivery – This implies wrapping the entire information in a single message and transferring it from the source to the destination node. Each message must have a header that contains the message routing information, including the source and destination.
- 29. Message switching has the following advantages: As message switching is able to store the message for which communication channel is not available, it helps in reducing the traffic congestion in the network. In message switching, the data channels are shared by the network devices. It makes traffic management efficient by assigning priorities to the messages.
- 30. Message switching has the following disadvantages: Message switching cannot be used for real-time applications as storing messages causes delay. In message switching, the message has to be stored for which every intermediate device in the network requires a large storing capacity.
- 31. • Applications – The store-and-forward method was implemented in telegraph message switching centers. Today, although many major networks and systems are packet-switched or circuit-switched networks, their delivery processes can be based on message switching. For example, in most electronic mail systems the delivery process is based on message switching, while the network is in fact either circuit-switched or packet- switched.
- 32. TOPIC:_ ZULAIKA AFZAL ROLL NO:_ 20011519-003 name:_ CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK
- 34. • Definition • Phases • Issues • Advantages / Disadvantages • Application • Types
- 35. Circuit Switching “Circuit switching is one of the switching technologies used to send messages from one point to another using a dedicated point-to-point link throughout the session.” They are mainly used in PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) The caller and receiver exchange information on a dedicated channel using an end- to-end link. This is a connection oriented channel which is established between the sender and the receiver using a dedicated signaling protocol. When either of them disconnects the call, the circuit breaks there by terminating the session.
- 37. Approach in Circuit Switching In circuit switching, an end-to-end circuit path is established between source and destination using a dedicated signaling protocol. Flexibility in Circuit Switching It is not flexible as a dedicated path is established which doesn’t change throughout the transmission. Routing Path of Circuit Switching All data passes through the same circuit and each data unit has sole access to a circuit and the entire routing path is provided at the source.
- 38. Data Processing in Circuit Switching In circuit switching, the transmission path is decided data processing begins, and the system decides on which follow. Application of Circuit Switching Circuit switching is a much better alternative for voice transmission. While the former is implemented at physical layer, the latter is implemented at the network layer.
- 39. How Circuit Switching Work • Physical Layer (physical connection is required between sender and receiver) • It use dedicate path • Contiguous flow • No header • Efficiency Less • Delays Less • Its good for telephone not for WhatsApp, email services.
- 41. Phases There are three main phases:- 1. Connection Establish 2. Data Transfer 3. Connection Disconnection Connection Establish (end to end addressing ) This phase establishes a dedicated circuit between two communicating endpoints. The parties send message back and forth acknowledging the established connection. There are usually intermediate links or between the two parties, It is also called call setup.
- 42. Data transfer (No addressing) Data usually voice is transmitted from the source to the destination. The connection remains intact for the length of the interaction. Connection Disconnection This is also called the teardown phase. At the end of the interaction, one of the two endpoints sends a message initiating a disconnection. The communication path, including the intermediate links, is terminated.
- 43. TOPIC:_ presented To:_ MADAM SANA ARSHAD ROLL NO:_ name:_ CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK HINA BATOOL 20011519-024
- 45. A network in which a dedicated circuit is established between sender and receiver and all data passes over this circuit. example: The is a common example. The connection is dedicated until one party or another terminates the connection.
- 47. ADVANTAGES It uses a fixed bandwidth. A dedicated communication channel increases the quality of communication. Data is transmitted with a fixed data rate. No waiting time at switches. Suitable for long continuous communication.
- 48. DISADVANATAGES A dedicated connection makes it impossible to transmit other data even if the channel is free. Resources are not utilized fully. The time required to establish the physical link between the two stations is too long. As a dedicated path has to be established for each connection, circuit switching is more expensive. Even if there is no transfer of data, the link is still maintained until it is terminated by users. Dedicated channels require more bandwidth.
- 49. APPLICATIONS APPLICATINS: i. PSTN ( Public Switched Telephone Network) ii. PBX( Private Branch Exchange) iii. Private wide area network iv. Data switch
- 50. PSTN: What is PSTN and how it works? PSTN stands for Public Switched Telephone Network, and it's the good circuit-switched telephone network that's been in general use for the last century. It works by using underground copper wires that are hardwired from homes and businesses to switching centers where the phone calls are connected to each other.
- 51. • PBX stand for Private Branch Exchange • PBX systems operate by using either VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) or via analog or digital phone lines. • A PBX system manages the routing and advanced calling features for inbound and outbound calls.
- 52. Private WAN: What is Private WAN? • private wan stand for Private wide area network • Private WAN is where an IP-based VPN (Virtual Private Network) uses Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology to something private internet traffic and data transmitted between two or more locations, by avoiding the public network which increases the level of cyber security.
- 53. Data switch What is a data switch? • A data switch box that routes an input signal to an output line; for example, to connect two computers to one printer. Manual data switches have dials or buttons. Automatic switches test for signals on the input lines and provide first-come, first-served switching.
- 54. TOPIC:_ presented To:_ MADAM SANA ARSHAD ROLL NO:_ name:_ CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK MUHAMMAD SHAMRAIZ 20011519-052
- 56. • There are two types of Circuit switching 1 : SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING. 2 : TIMING DIVISION SWITCHING.
- 57. SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING • In space division switching a dedicated path is established b/w the calling and called subscribers for the entire duration of the call. • The path in the circuit are separated from each other. • A crossover switch is mostly referred to as a space division switch because it moves a bit stream from one circuit to another.
- 58. CROSSBAR SWITCHES Basic building blocks of switches are metallic Crosspoint or semiconductor gate that can be enabled or disabled by controlling circuit
- 59. • Space division switching is instantaneous. ADVANTAGES • Number of Crosspoint required to make space-division switching are acceptable in terms of blocking. DISADVANTAGES
- 60. TIME DIVISION SWITCHING • The incoming and outgoing signals when received and re-transmitted in a different time slot, is called Time Division Switching. • The Pulse Code Modulated signals are mostly present at the input and the output ports. A digital Switching system is one, where the inputs of any PCM highway can be connected to the outputs of any PCM highway, to establish a call.
- 61. ADVANTAGES • It needs no Crosspoint. DISADVANTAGES • Processing connections creates delay.