Presentation.pptx
- 1. Determination of Antibiogram of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Samples Presented by Most. Salma Khatun ID NO: MMB 06605411 Department of Microbiology Stamford University Bangladesh
- 2. Urinary tract infection (UTI), blood stream infections (BSIs), wound infection, diarrheal diseases and enteric infections are common bacterial infections in human. Approximately 150 million UTIs cases are reported every year throughout the world Women are at greater risk of developing UTI than men. UTIs are caused commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, etc. and enterococci (especially Enterococcus faecalis). BSIs are one of the most common nosocomial infections which cause morbidity and mortality world wide. Both Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms as well as fungi are responsible for BSI. Introduction
- 3. Introduction Wound-infections are considered as crucial health problem caused by the invasion of pathogenic microbes. S. aureus, S. epidermidis, MRSA, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., and Acinetobacter spp. were reported to be associated with wound-infections. Diarrheal diseases and enteric infections are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing world. On the global scale, diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of childhood death.
- 4. Introduction Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTIs in humans and is a leading cause of enteric infections and systemic infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an aerobic, motile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and multi drug resistant pathogen. It is found in soil, water, skin flora, and different man made environments. P. aeruginosa causes infection in the urinary tract, respiratory system, dermis, soft tissue, bacteraemia, bone and joint, gastrointestine and blood, particularly in patients with severe burns, tuberculosis, cancer and AIDS. P. aeruginosa is its low antibiotic susceptibility.
- 5. Introduction Klebsiella is known to produce bacterial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, wound infections, blood infections and infections in the intensive care unit Salmonella Typhi is a gram-negative enteric bacillus responsible for typhoid fever and has been a burden on developing nations for generations Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of community and hospital- associated infections, such as bacteremia, sepsis, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, arthritis and skin diseases Antibiotics are low- to mediummolecular-weight compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and can be ingested by or injected into humans and animals with minimal side effects. Antibiotic resistance may arise due to several reasons such as, restricted access of the antibiotic to its target, active efflux of antibiotic, modification of the antibiotic target and failure to activate the antibiotic
- 6. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were Isolation of pathogenic bacteria from urine, blood, stool, swab, sputum and pus. Biochemical identification of the isolated bacteria. To determine the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated pathogens.
- 7. Methodology Collection of sample Isolation of pathogenic bacteria Identification of isolated bacteria using standard biochemical tests Antibiotic sensitivity by disc diffusion method
- 8. Methodology Antibiotic sensitivity test including the following antibiotics • Ampicillin (10 g) • Ceftiaxone (30 g) • Ciprofloxacin (5 g) • Co-Trimoxazole (25 g) • Ceftazidime (30 g) • Gentamycin (10 g) • Mecillinum (10 g) • Imipenum (10 g) • Aztreonam (30 g) • Ofloxacin (5 g) • Pefloxacin (5 g)
- 9. Results Females 71.67% Males 28.33% Fig. 1.a. Distribution of patient with positive culture of urine. Females 79.55% Males 20.45% Fig. 1.b. Prevalence of E. coli of urine according to sex.
- 10. Results Name of isolates Number of organisms isolated Percentage % Gram negative organisms E. coli 44 73.33 Klebsiella spp. 10 16.67 Pseudomonas spp. 04 6.67 Gram positive organism Enterococcus spp. 03 3.33 Table 3.1. Distribution of positive isolates identified from the urine samples.
- 11. Results 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of sensitive Antibiotic E. coli from urine Resistance Sensitive Fig. 2. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli from urine against several different antibiotics 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of sensitive Antibiotic Klebsiella Resistance Sensitive Fig. 3. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Klebsiella spp. from urine against several different antibiotics
- 12. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Ceftiaxone Ciprofloxacin Ceftazidime Gentamycin Imipenum Aztreonam Ofloxacin Pefloxacin % of sensitivity Antibiotic Pseudomonas Resistance Sensitive Fig. 4. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas from urine against several different antibiotics. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of Sensitivity Antibiotic Enterococci Resistance Sensitive Fig. 5. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Enterococci from urine against several different antibiotics
- 13. 86% 88% 90% 92% 94% 96% 98% 100% Ampicillin Ceftiaxone Ciprofloxacin Co_Trimoxazole Ceftazidime Gentamycin Ofloxacin Pefloxacin % of Sensitivity Antibiotic Salmonella typhi Resistance Sensitive Fig.6. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi of blood against several different antibiotics. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% %Of Sensitivity Antibiotic E. coli Resistance Sensitive Fig 7. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli of stool against several different antibiotics.
- 14. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of sensitivity Antibiotic E. coli Resistance Sensitive Fig.8. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli of swab against several different antibiotics. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Ampicillin Ceftiaxone Ciprofloxacin Co_Trimoxazole Gentamycin Ofloxacin Pefloxacin % of sensitivity Antiiotic S. aureus Resistance Sensitive Fig. 9. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of S. aureus of swab against several different antibiotics.
- 15. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Ampicillin Ceftiaxone Ciprofloxacin Co_Trimoxazole Gentamycin Ofloxacin Pefloxacin % of sensitivity Antibiotic Beta haemolytic streptococci Resistance Sensitive Fig. 10. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of beta haemolytic streptococci of swab against several different antibiotics. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of sensitivity Antibiotic E.coli Resistance Sensitve Fig.11. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli isolated for Pus against several different antibiotics.
- 16. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Ampicillin Ceftiaxone Ciprofloxacin Co_Trimoxazole Gentamycin Ofloxacin Pefloxacin % of Sensitivity Antibiotic Staphylococcus Resistance Sensitive Fig.12. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus of Pus against several different antibiotics. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Ceftiaxone Ciprofloxacin Ceftazidime Gentamycin Imipenum Aztreonam Ofloxacin Pefloxacin % of sensitivity Antibiotic Pseudomonas Resistance Sensitive Fig.13. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas of pus against several different antibiotics.
- 17. Gram Negative Bacteria Gram positive Bacteria Sample E. coli Klebsiella Psedomonous S. typhi S. aureus BHS Enterococci Urine 44 10 4 0 0 0 2 Blood 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 Swab 4 0 2 0 8 6 0 Stool 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sputum 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 Pus 9 0 6 0 3 0 2 Total 62 (51%) 12 (9.84%) 14 (11.47%) 12(9.84%) 11(9%) 7(5.74%) 4(3.28%) 100(81.97%) 22(18.03%) Table 2. Distribution of Gram positive and Gram negative isolates identified from different samples. N.B: BHS = Beta haemolytic streptococci; S. aureus = Staphylococcus aureus ; P. spp= Pseudomonas spp.; N/D= Not done; S. typhi= Salmonella typhi
- 18. Antibiotic Sensitivi ty E.coli N(%) Klebsiella N (%) P. spp. N(%) S. typhi N(%) S. aureus N (%) BHS N(%) Entero. N (%) Ampicillin S 0 0 N/D 11(91.67) 1(9.10) 7(100) 4(100) R 62(100) 12(100) N/D 1(8.33) 10(90.90) 0 0 Ceftiaxone S 37(59.68) 7(58.34) 6(46.16) 12(100) 11(100) 7(100) 3(75) R 25(40.32) 5(41.66) 7(53.84) 0 0 0 1(25) Ciprofloxacin S 32(51.62) 9(75) 5(38.46) 12(100) 6(54.55) 2(28.57) 2(50) R 30(48.38) 3(25) 8(62.54) 0 5(45.45) 5(71.43) 2(50) Co Trimoxazole S 29(46.78) 7(58.34) N/D 11(91.67) 11(100) 0 1(25) R 33(53.22) 5(41.66) N/D 1(8.33) 0 7(100) 3(75) Ceftazidime S 30(52.63) 8(66.67) 7(53.84) 12(100) N/D N/D 3(75) R 27(47.37) 4(33.33) 6(46.16) 0 N/D N/D 1(25) Gentamycin S 46(74.20) 11(91.67) 7(53.84) 12(100) 11(100) 3(42.86) 2(50) R 16(25.80) 1(8.33) 6(46.16) 0 0 4(57.14) 2(50) Mecillinum S 44(90) 8(66.67) N/D N/D N/D N/D 1(50) R 5(10) 4(33.33) N/D N/D N/D N/D 1(50) Imipenum S 54(94.74) 12(100) 10(76.93) N/D N/D N/D 4(100) R 3(5.26) 0 3(23.07) N/D N/D N/D 0 Aztreonam S 31(54.39) 4(33.33) 7(53.84) N/D N/D N/D 0 R 26(45.61) 8(66.67) 6(46.16) N/D N/D N/D 4(100) Ofloxacin S 30(48.38) 9(75) 5(38.46) 12(100) 6(54.55) 1(14.28) 2(50) R 32(51.62) 3(25) 8(62.54) 0 5(45.45) 6(85.72) 2(50) Pefloxacin S 30(48.38) 9(75) 4(30.77) 11(91.67) 6(54.55) 1(14.28) 2(50) R 32(51.62) 3(25) 9(69.23) 1(8.33) 5(45.45) 6(85.72) 2(50) Table 4. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of all isolates. N.B: BHS = Beta haemolytic streptococci; S. aureus = Staphylococcus aureus; P. spp= Pseudomonas spp.; N/D= Not done; Entero.= Enterococci; S. typhi= Salmonella typhi
- 19. Conclusion This study finds that, the prevalence Gram negative bacteria in different clinical infections was higher than Gram positive bacteria. Most common bacteria from UTI were E. coli (73.33%) followed by Klebsiella (16.67%) and Pseudomonas (6.67%). Female patients had higher prevalence UTI than in males. The most effective antibiotic against Gram negative bacteria was Imipenem. The most effective antibiotics against Gram positive bacteria were Ceftiaxone and Gentamycin. The appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, and continuous monitoring and studies on the multidrug resistant bacteria isolates help maintain effectiveness of antibiotics and control spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
- 20. Thanks to All