![ScaffoldAssembly Workshop
Hands on Scaffold Assembly including: [Three (3) Stations]
• Station 1 - Fabricated frame scaffold
• Station 2 - System scaffold
• Station 3 - Scissor lift, a Bakers scaffold and Pump jack
scaffold
200](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/principlesofscaffolding-230314172932-5d973e72/85/Principles-of-Scaffolding-pdf-200-320.jpg)
Principles of Scaffolding.pdf
- 1. Principles of Scaffolding OSHA Training Institute Education Center Course #3085
- 2. Course Introduction • Welcome & Introductions • Classroom Rules – Housekeeping – Safety information – Breaks – Technology use, etc. • Share experiences relating to Scaffolding 2
- 3. Course Structure Lesson 1 3 Scaffold construction safety oTypes of scaffolding oRoles/responsibilities of all scaffolding personnel oScaffold construction hazards oScaffold design hazards oScaffold capacity hazards
- 4. Course Structure Lesson 2 4 Safe scaffold use oScaffold erection/disassembly, including maintenance hazards oScaffold access/egress hazards oOSHA standards to scaffold use in construction oScaffold type requirements
- 5. Course Structure Lesson 3 5 OSHA Scaffold training oScaffold user training oScaffold training (e.g., erection, disassembly, and maintenance) oApplicable OSHA scaffold training standards
- 6. Principles of Scaffolding LESSON 1: SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION SAFETY 6
- 7. Scaffolding Statistics An estimated 2.3 million construction workers frequently work on scaffolds. 7
- 8. Scaffold Definition Scaffold - temporary elevated platform and its supporting structure Platform - horizontal work surface elevated above lower levels. 8
- 9. Scaffold Types Supported Scaffolds Suspended Scaffolds 9
- 10. Scaffold? Would this be Considered a Scaffold? 10
- 11. Is this a scaffold? 11
- 12. Common Supported Scaffold Types Supported scaffolds are comprised of one or more platforms held up by a rigid support or structure. There are many types of supported scaffolds, but the most common types include: • Tube and coupler • Tubular welded frame • Mobile / Aerial Lifts • System 12
- 13. Tube and coupler A tube and coupler scaffoldis a supported or suspendedscaffold consistingof a platform(s)supported by tubing, constructed with coupling devices connectinguprights, braces, bearers, and runners. 13
- 14. Tubular Welded/Fabricated Frame A tubular welded frame scaffold consists of a platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames with integral posts, horizontal bearers, and intermediate members. 14
- 15. Mobile Scaffold A mobile scaffold is a powered or unpowered, portable, caster or wheel- mounted, supported scaffold. 15
- 16. System Scaffold A system scaffold consists of posts or legs with fixed connection points that accept runners, bearers, and diagonals that can be interconnected at predetermined levels. 16
- 17. Pump Jack 17 Pump Jack Description: A scaffold consisting of verticalpoles, platform planking, and movable platform brackets that travel on the verticalpoles.
- 18. Ladder Jack Ladder Jack Description: • Platform resting on ladders 18
- 19. Mast Climbers Combination supported and suspended scaffold consisting of an adjustable platform mounted on supporting frames and equipped with a means to raise and lower the platform 19
- 22. Common Suspended Scaffold Types Suspended scaffolds are comprised of one or more platforms hanging or suspended by ropes or other overhead supports. There are many types of suspended scaffolds, with the most common being: • Single point • Two-point adjustable 22
- 23. Single Point A single point adjustable suspension scaffold consists of a platform suspended by one rope from an overhead support that enables employees to move the platform to a desired work level. 23
- 24. Boatswains’ Chair As previously stated, boatswains' chairs are a type of single-point suspended scaffold with one point of attachment. They consist of a seat sling designed to support one employee in a sitting position. 24
- 25. Two-point A Two-point suspended scaffold consists of a platform supported by hangers (stirrups) suspended by two ropes from overhead supports that enables employees to raise and lower the platform to desired work levels. 25
- 26. Two-point Requirements OSHA states that two-point scaffolds shall: __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ OSHA also states that employees may travel between two-point scaffold platforms only when the platforms: __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ 26
- 28. Roles and Responsibilities Scaffold Competent Person • Designated by the employer • Capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the scaffold and work area And • Has authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate unsafe conditions 28
- 29. Roles and Responsibilities Scaffold Competent Person Must be present at the site to inspect scaffolds and components for visible defects: • BEFORE each work shift • AFTER any occurrence that could affect the structural integrity 29
- 30. Roles and Responsibilities Scaffold Competent Person Must be present at the site DURING the following activities to supervise and direct: • Scaffold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration And: ▪ Select experienced and trained employees for such work 30
- 31. Roles and Responsibilities Scaffold Competent Person Common inspection areas on Supported Scaffolds: • Foundation (terrain, base plates, mudsills, casters) • Frames (dents, excessive corrosion, intermixing) • Access • Platform (planks) • Fall protection (guardrails or Personal Fall Arrest System) 31
- 32. Roles and Responsibilities Scaffold Competent Person Common inspection areas on Suspended Scaffolds: • Anchorage System, Counterweights • Ropes and Clips • Platform (planks, guardrails) • Fall protection (Personal Fall Arrest System) • Independent anchors for lifelines • Abrasion protection for lifelines 32
- 33. Roles and Responsibilities Scaffold Qualified Person • One who by possession of a degree, certificate or professional standing; or by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has demonstrated ability to solve or resolve problems related to scaffolding, the work or the project. 33
- 34. Roles and Responsibilities Scaffold Qualified Person • Scaffolds shall be designed by a Qualified Person and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. 34
- 35. Is Joe a Competent or a Qualified person? A crew starts to set up a scaffold at a site. Joe Supervisor shows up an hour later to see how the work is going. Joe noticed that the scaffold was missing mudsills and called his Foreman to come in to tell the crew to stop the work and install the missing mudsills. Practice 35
- 36. Supported Scaffold Construction Supported scaffolds are used in various types of environments and terrain. The terrain dictates the type of footing needed 36
- 37. Foundations All supported scaffolds have requirements identified by the standard that relates to: • Foundations 37
- 38. Terrain A qualified person needs to analyze the terrain (surface) on which the scaffoldwill be erected.The two most importantterrain related questionsthe qualifiedperson needs to answer are: • What is the terrain? • Is the terrain level? 38
- 39. Footings Footings are: The type of footing used on a scaffoldis determinedafter: There are two footing classifications: • • The foundation of a scaffold ensures the scaffold remains safe and level. The foundation of a scaffold ensures the scaffold remains safe and level. The foundation of a scaffold ensures the scaffold remains safe and level. The foundation of a scaffold ensures the scaffold remains safe and level. 39
- 40. Base Plates and Casters Base plates and casters are two types of footings that can be used on a firm and level surface. • Base plates are a required component of supported scaffold foundations. • Casters -or wheels (Mobile scaffold means a powered or unpowered, portable, caster or wheel-mounted supported scaffold.) 40
- 41. Sills and Screw Jacks Sills and screw jacks are two types of footings that can be used on an un-firm or non-level surface. A sill (or mud sill) _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Screw jacks:_____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 41
- 44. Suspended Scaffold Components 44 Roof Hooks Cables
- 45. Suspended Scaffold Components Cornice Hooks 45
- 46. Support Rope 46 To help prevent the support ropes used to suspend single-point scaffoldsfrom failing, require that the support rope be kept vertical unless the: • ____________________________________ ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ ____________________________________
- 47. Components In order to prevent the failure of a boatswains' chair, OSHA standards require the chair tackle consist of the correct size ball bearings, containing safety hooks and properly eye-spliced, first-grade manila rope, or equivalent. 47
- 48. Two-point components 48 Blocks and sheaves used on two-point scaffolds assist with raising and lowering scaffolds to various levels. Blocks and sheaves are used to increase the pulling force or change the pulling direction of the rope.
- 49. Platform Introduction 49 A scaffold platform is the part of the scaffold on which employees work and materials are placed. Scaffold platforms are comprised of either: • Planks • Fabricated decking
- 50. Platform Support 50 Generally, there are four componentscomprising a platformsupport structure for supportedscaffolds. These componentsare: • Legs • Runners • Bearers • Braces
- 51. Components 51 The legs, runners, and bearers are defined as follows: Bearers___________________________ __________________________________ Legs______________________________ __________________________________ Runners___________________________ __________________________________
- 52. Components Braces 52 Braces_________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Braces are used to: • ____________________________________ ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ Cross and straight braces ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________
- 54. Wood Planks The majority of scaffold platforms are made of wood planks with the remainder being made of metal. 54
- 55. Metal Planks Those platforms not comprised of wood are made of metal planks. The primary reason for using metal instead of wood: ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ 55
- 56. Light Metal Fabricated Decking Fabricated decking is a manufactured platform made of wood (laminated wood and solid sawn wood planks), metal, or other materials. One type of fabricated decking is: Light-metal type ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ 56
- 57. Ladder-type Fabricated Decking Fabricated decking is a manufactured platform made of wood (laminated wood and solid sawn wood planks), metal, or other materials. One type of fabricated decking is: Ladder-type _______________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ 57
- 58. Plank-type Fabricated Decking Fabricated decking is a manufactured platform made of wood (laminated wood and solid sawn wood planks), metal, or other materials. One type of fabricated decking is: Plank-type ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 58
- 59. Fabricated Decking 59 Fabricateddecking is usually wider and lighterthan wood or metal planking. Fabricateddecking also: • _____________________ • _____________________ • _____________________
- 60. Fabricated Decking Use Although fabricated decking may appear to be a logical choice for scaffold platforms, planks are more commonly used. Planks are more commonly used because fabricated decking is: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ 60
- 61. Platform Requirements 61 Platform width requirements differ between suspended and supported scaffolds. Typically, these platform widths are as follows: • At least _________ • Supported scaffolds:__________ • Suspended scaffolds:_________ The number of planks or the amount of fabricated decking used when constructing a platform is dependent upon the width of the scaffold.
- 62. Platform Standards 62 According to OSHA standard Paragraph 1926.451(b)(4): __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________
- 63. Platform Spacing 63 Each platform unit (plank or fabricated decking) shall be: _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________
- 65. Restraining Methods 65 To properly secure a supported scaffold, one of the following types of restraints should be used: Guys:______________________ ___________________________ Braces:_____________________ ___________________________ Ties:_______________________ ___________________________
- 66. Stabilization 66 When using guys, braces, or ties, they must be: • _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ • _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ ________________________ • _________________________ _________________________ _________________________
- 67. Restraints Additionally, restraints must be installed at repetitivevertical locations That is, if the scaffold is equal to or less than 3 ft. (0.91) wide, a restraint must be attached at least every 20 ft. (6.1 m) 67
- 68. Restraints For scaffolds that are greater than 3 ft. wide, a restraint must be attached at least every 26 ft. (7.9 m) 68
- 69. Restraints 69 The upper most part, or top of the restraint, must be: • Attached at a point from the top of the scaffold where the horizontal member does not exceed the _____height base width ratio • Installed at each end of the scaffold • Located at horizontal intervals that do not exceed ___________across the scaffold's horizontal member • Restraints must also be used when an _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________
- 70. Practice What are these 2 types of bracing?? 1 2 70
- 71. Fabricated Frames The end frames of a fabricated frame scaffold are comprised of: • Integral posts • Horizontal bearers • Intermediate members 71
- 72. Modular End Frames The modular end frames are the most commonly used scaffoldsbecause _________________ _________________ Can be used on __________ and _________________ _________________ 72
- 73. Fabricated Frame Requirements Fabricated frame scaffolds requirements: • _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ • _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ • _________________________ _________________________ 73
- 74. Cantilevered Load When a fabricated frame scaffold is used to support a cantilevered load, the load support brackets (side brackets) shall: • ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ • ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ • ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ 74
- 75. Tube and Coupler 75 Tube and coupler scaffolds are erected using tubing (hollow metal rods or pipes) and coupling devices, such as clamps.
- 76. Tube and Coupler Uses Tube and coupler scaffoldscan be erectedto fit almost any dimension or configuration. This makes these scaffolds _____________. However,since the tube and coupler scaffolddoes not have any modular components, such as the modular end frames used on the fabricated frame scaffold,erecting tube and coupler scaffoldscan be ________________. 76
- 78. Bearers 78 When a tube and coupler scaffold is used, the bearer: • _____________________ _____________________ • _____________________ _____________________ • _____________________ _____________________ • _____________________ _____________________
- 79. Runners 79 The following requirements are for tube and coupler runners: • Runners must be installed along the length of the scaffold • Runners shall be interlocked on straight runs to form continuous lengths • The bottom runners and bearers shall be located as close to the base as possible
- 80. Braces 80 Brace requirements: • Transverse bracing forming an "X'' across the width of the scaffold shall be installed • Bracing shall extend diagonally from the inner or outer uprights or runners upward to the next outer or inner uprights or runners • Where conditions preclude the attachmentof bracing to uprights, bracing shall be attached to the runners as close to the uprights as possible
- 81. Bracing 81 Requirementsfor braces on straightrun tube and coupler scaffoldsalso include: • Longitudinalbracing must be installeddiagonally in both directions • Longitudinalbracing shall be repeatedbeginning at least every fifth post if the scaffoldlength is greater than its height
- 83. System Scaffolds System scaffolds should follow the standard's general scaffold requirements and the manufacturer specifications. 83
- 84. Typical Use 84 System scaffolds require no measuring to determine connection and tie-in points and thus are less____________ _________than other scaffolds. Therefore,system scaffolds are generally used in ___________ ____________________such as petrochemical vessel storage systems.
- 85. Aerial Lifts 85
- 86. Mobile Scaffolds Uses Mobile scaffolds are generally used to perform work that is accomplished on a smooth, finished floor, such as level concrete. 86
- 87. Mobile Scaffold Stability Inherently, a mobile scaffold is less stable than other scaffolds because it is designed to move. Therefore, in order to maintain stability and prevent collapse: • ____________________________ __________________________ • ____________________________ ____________________________ _________________________ • ____________________________ __________________________ 87
- 88. Casters In order to secure the mobile scaffold from unintentional movement, the casters shall be: • Pinned or otherwise secured into the scaffold legs or adjustment screws • Locked to prevent movement while the scaffold is used in a stationary manner 88
- 89. Mobile Scaffold Movement 89 Mobile scaffolds can be moved one of three ways: • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ Mobile scaffolds must be stabilized to prevent tipping.
- 90. Employee Scaffold Movement 90 In some situations, employees can be on the scaffold during movement. However, OSHA standard’s requires that employees shall not be allowed to ride on scaffoldsunless the: • Employee is made aware • Floor's surface is level • Scaffold's height to base width ratio during movement is 2 to 1 or less • Employee is inside any scaffold part that extends outward beyond any of the supports
- 91. Practice What scaffolds are generally used to perform work that is accomplished on a smooth, finished floor? What type of scaffolds have self- adjusting platforms and are usually powered by a motor. They are generally used for short-term construction work involving constant movement . 91
- 92. Scaffolding Design Considerations 92 The following must be designed by a Registered Professional Engineer: Pole scaffolds over 60 ft. high Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 ft. high
- 93. Scaffolding Design Considerations 93 The following must be designed by a Registered Professional Engineer: Fabricated Frame scaffolds over 125 ft. high above their base plates Outrigger scaffolds and their components >125’
- 94. Scaffolding Design Considerations The following must be designed by a Qualified Engineer: Brackets to support cantilevered loads 94
- 95. Load Capacity • Each scaffold and scaffold component shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it. • On suspended scaffolds, the suspension rope and connecting hardware, shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it. 95
- 96. Live Load Live Load - People - Tools - Material 96
- 97. Dead Load Dead Load - Scaffold - Platform 97
- 98. Load Ratings • Light Duty = 25 psf • Medium Duty = 50 psf • Heavy Duty = 75 psf • Special Load Ratings - Heavy concentrated loads - Moving loads - Rolling towers (psf = pounds per square foot) 98
- 99. Load Rating Types 1. Uniform 2. Concentrated 99
- 100. Practice - 1 pallet of bricks and 100 cubic yards of mortar - 5 levels of fully planked scaffold with no people working it What type of supported scaffold load are these? 100
- 101. Leg Load Calculations To Calculate the Load on a Scaffold Leg: 1) First, determine the Total Dead Load: a) Scaffold Dead Load (weight of scaffold parts) b) Plank Dead Load (weight of plank) 2) Determine the Live Load (weight of people, tools, material) 3) Add the Total Leg Load = (weight of everything, 1 + 2) - The Cumulative Load is the total from every level of the scaffold 101
- 102. Leg Load Calculations Plan View End View Elevation View 102
- 104. Leg Load Calculations ½ of 3 frames 3 coupling pins 1 guardrail post ½ of 6 crossbraces ½ of 8 guardrails a) Scaffold Dead Load 1)DEAD LOAD 104
- 105. Leg Load Calculations Typical scaffold component weights: 1 frame: 50# 2 x 10 Plank: 5# / sqf 1 coupling pin: 1# Aluminum Deck : 3# / sqf 1 guardrail post: 7# Steel Plank: 6# /sqf 1 guardrail: 6# (sqf = square feet) 1 crossbrace: 12# 1 side bracket: 8# 105
- 106. Leg Load Calculations ½ of 3 frames = ½ x 3 x 50# = 75# 3 coupling pins = 3 x 1# = 3# 1 guardrailpost = 1 x 7# = 7# Total = 85# ½ of 6 crossbraces = ½ x 6 x 12# = 36# ½ of guardrails = ½ x 8 x 6# = 24# Total = 60# Total Scaffold Dead Load = 85# + 60 # = 145# a) Scaffold Dead Load 1) DEAD LOAD 106
- 107. Leg Load Calculations Scaffold Plan View b) Planking Dead Load 1) DEAD LOAD 107
- 108. Leg Load Calculations Tributary Area b) Planking Dead Load 1) DEAD LOAD 108
- 109. Leg Load Calculations 1) DEAD LOAD b) Planking Dead Load (2.5 ft. x 7 ft.) x 5 #/sq. ft. x 3 LEVELS = 262.5# Plank Weight 5 #/sq. ft. (Tributary Area.) x Plank Weight. x 3 levels 109
- 110. Leg Load Calculations Scaffold Dead Load = 145.0# Plank Dead Load = 262.5# Live Load = __?__# -------------------------------------- Total Leg Load = __?__# 110
- 111. Tributary Area 2) LIVE LOAD Leg Load Calculations 111
- 112. Tributary Area 2) LIVE LOAD Live Load = 25 #/sq. ft. (2.5 ft. x 7 ft.) x 25 #/sq. ft. x 3 LEVELS = (Tributary Area.) x Live Load Rating x 3 levels Leg Load Calculations 112
- 113. Leg Load Calculations Scaffold Dead Load = 145.0# Plank Dead Load = 262.5# Live Load = 1312.5# -------------------------------------------- Total Leg Load = ____# 113
- 114. Review Lesson 1 Discuss Key Takeaways: • Types of scaffolding • Scaffold capacity hazards • Scaffold platform construction hazards • Scaffold design hazards • Applicable OSHA standards to scaffold construction 114
- 115. Lesson 2 LESSON 2: SAFE SCAFFOLD USE Assess Safe Use 115
- 116. Lesson 2 Topics • Topic 2.1 Recognize scaffold erection, disassembly, and maintenance hazards • Topic 2.2 Recognize scaffold access and egress hazards • Topic 2.3 Determine safe fall protection systems used on scaffolding • Topic 2.4 Identify applicable OSHA standards to scaffold use 116
- 117. Common Scaffold Hazards • No guardrails on scaffolds. • Defective wood planks and inadequate planking overhang. • Unsafe access to scaffold. • Cross bracing not adequate. • Inadequate footings. • Bridging of scaffolds. 117
- 118. General Requirements • Erect/dismantle all Scaffolds According to the Manufacturer's Instructions and Competent Persons (CP) Direction • Capacity • Supported Scaffolds must support 4x Intended Load • Stable Footings • Base Plate, Screw Jacks & Mudsills 118
- 119. • Platforms at Least 18” Wide – Ladder Jack, Pump Jack, Top Plate, and Roof Brackets Can Be 12” Wide – Front edge of all platforms within 14” of face of work • Exceptions: – 3” for outrigger scaffolds – 18” for plastering and lathing operations 119 General Requirements Platforms
- 120. Base Plate & Mudsill Required 120
- 122. Foundation Hazards Masonry Blocks & Bricks NOT Acceptable as Scaffold Base 122 Cribbing must not exceed 19”
- 123. Scaffold Platform • Each platform on all working levels must be fully planked and secured to prevent movement • No more than a 1” space between decking/platform units and upright supports • Wood scaffold planks must be nominal 2” x 10” • Must be Scaffold Grade Planks or equivalent 123
- 124. Scaffold Grade Plank Stamp 124
- 125. Plank Defects 125 Planks with visible defects MUST NOT be used Wet wood planks must be kept where air can circulate and dry them. Wood planks cannot be repaired except that any damage limited to the ends may cut off
- 126. Scaffold Use • Do NOT use objects (ladders, boxes, barrels, etc.) on top of scaffold platforms to increase height • Planks Extend 6” Past Supports or Secured • Do NOT Paint Platforms – Exception:Platform edges may be covered or marked for identification • Brace Fully 126
- 127. Front Edge within 14” of Face 127
- 128. Scaffold Plank 6” Past Support 128
- 131. Practice 131 What are the identified scaffold components?
- 132. Scaffold Access • Ladders Needed If Accessing a Break In Elevation Of More Than 2’ • Don’t Climb Cross Braces • Place Ladders Securely – Ladders must be positioned so they will not tip the scaffold 132
- 133. • Access to or from another surface (such as a window) can only be used when the scaffold is: –No more than 14” horizontally, and –No more than 24” vertically from the other surface 133 Scaffold Access Alternatives
- 134. Portable Access Ladder • Must be secured to prevent displacement • Extend at least 3’ above landing to provide a handhold 134
- 137. Practice Ladders needed if accessing a break in elevation of more than? Portable access ladder must extend how far above the landing surface? Answer the following access questions? 137
- 138. Scaffold Fall Protection • Scaffolding 10’ or higher must have some means of fall protection: – guardrails or – personal fall arrest system (PFAS) • Toprails installed between 38” and 45” High • Midrails installed halfway between toprail and platform. • Cross bracing OK as guardrails if the center point is between 20” to 30” for Midrail and 38” to 45” for Toprail • Toprails to 200 lbs. of force/Midrails to 150 lbs. of force in any direction 138
- 139. Erecting/Dismantling Fall Protection • Erecting and Dismantling: – Fall protection should be used when feasible and when it does not create a greater hazard – Competent person determines the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection 139
- 140. Falling Objects • Anyone working on or around a scaffold must wear a hard hat • Workers on or below scaffolds must be protected from falling objects by: • Toeboards • Mesh • Screens; or • Equivalent measures 140
- 141. Falling Object Toe Board 141
- 143. Fall protection 1926.451(g) 143 Fall Protection: • Required at 10’ • May be used in lieu of guardrails on some scaffolds • PFAS and guardrails on suspension scaffolds • Top-rails 38” to 45” high • In some cases, may use cross bracing in lieu of top-rail or mid-rail • Fall restraint used to prevent an employee reaching the edge
- 144. Organization of Standard • 1926.450 Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart • 1926.451 General requirements • 1926.452 Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds • 1926.453 Aerial lifts • 1926.454 Training 144
- 145. Practice Scaffolds above what height must have fall protection? Toprails must be installed at between what height? Answer the following access questions? Midrails must be installed at between what height? 145
- 146. Organization of Appendix • Appendix A – Scaffold specification • Appendix B – (Reserved) Criteria for determining the feasibility of providing safe access and fall protection for scaffold erectors and dismantlers • Appendix C – List of National Consensus Standards • Appendix D – List of Training Tropics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers • Appendix E – Drawing and Illustrations 146
- 147. 1926.450 – Major Points • 10 foot trigger height for fall protection on scaffolds • 36 inch minimum guardrail height where fall arrest systems are primary fall protection • 38 inch minimum guardrail height where guardrail is primary fall protection 147
- 148. 1926.450 – Major Points • Provides for use of cross-bracing as guardrail under certain conditions, in lieu of either a mid-rail or a top-rail • Requires after 1 year, that competent person determines feasibility of providing fall protection for built-up scaffold erectors and dismantlers 148
- 149. 1926.451(a) Capacity • Non-Adjustable – Support its own weight and 4 x maximum intended load – Suspension rope and connecting hardware support 6 x maximum intended load • Adjustable – Stall load of scaffold hoist not to exceed 3 x rated load – Designed by a qualified person and built to loaded design 149
- 150. 1926.451(b) Platform • Fully planked and decked – No more than 1” gap between adjacent units and platform and uprights – Max openings between platform and uprights 9 -1/2” – Platform and walkways at least 18” wide 150
- 151. 1926.451(b) Platform Adjoining • Each abutted end shall rest on a separate support surface • Overlap platforms not be less than 12” only over supports unless restrained to prevent movement • On direction changes, platforms that rests on a bearer at an angle other than a right angle must be laid first • Platforms that rest at right angles over the same bearer laid second 151
- 152. 1926.451(b) Platform Edges • Front edge of all platforms – No more than 14” from face of work – 3” from face for outrigger scaffolds – 18” from face for plastering and lathing operations • Platforms 10’ and less to extend at least 6” but not more than 12” past support • Platforms greater than 10’ not more than 18” past support 152
- 153. 1926.451(b) Platform Various • Fully planked and decked – Ladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket, and pump jack scaffold at least 12” wide – Guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems for platforms and runways not 18” wide 153
- 154. 1926.451(b) Platform Components • No paint on wood platforms, except edges that may be marked for identification • Fully planked between from upright and guardrail • No mixed components, unless compatible and integrity maintained • No modification of mixed components unless approved by competent person • No components or dissimilar metals unless competent person determines galvanic action will not reduce strength 154
- 155. 1926.451(c) Supported scaffolds • Restrained from tipping by guys, ties, or equivalent when higher than 4:1 ratio • Support installed per recommendations or at closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height 155
- 156. 1926.451(c) Supported Scaffold Guardrails 156 • Never use scaffolds that do not have proper guardrails installed
- 157. 1926.451(c) Supported scaffolds Planking • Scaffold platforms must be fully planked 157
- 158. 1926.451(c) Supported scaffolds Stability • Must bear on adequate foundations • Unstable objects will not be used as working platforms • Plumbed and braced 158
- 159. 1926.451(d) Suspension Scaffolds 159 • Support devices must support 4 x imposed load • Outrigger beams, metal or equivalent material, and restrained • Outrigger beams stabilized to floor or roof deck • Direct connection evaluated by competent person Anchor point for lifeline rope not evaluated prior to use
- 160. 1926.451(d) Suspension Scaffold Components 160 • Counterweights made of non-flowable material, sand, gravel, etc. • Counterweights used to support outrigger beams with a safety factor of 4 against overturning • Counterweights secured, and not removed until scaffold disassembled • Tiebacks secured to sound anchorageon the building or structure • Single tiebacks installed at angle prohibited
- 161. 1926.451(d) Suspension Scaffold Attachments • Minimum lengths for suspension ropes on hoists • No repaired wire rope • Proper sized eye splice thimbles • Ropes inspected by competent person • No swaged attachment unless approved 161
- 162. 1926.451(d) Suspension Scaffold Equipment • No gasoline powered equipment or hoist • Automatic brakes on powered and manual hoists • Positive crank force to descend • Tied to prevent swaying • Safety devices not used as platforms 162
- 163. Practice 1926.451(a) =? What is each standard related to? 1926.451(b) =? 1926.451(c) =? 1926.451(d) =? 163
- 164. 1926.451(e) Access 164 • Must have safe access • Cross-braces prohibited as means of access • Bottom rung no more than 24’ high • Rest platforms required at 35’ intervals • Slip-resistant treads on all steps and landings • September 2, 1997, sets access for erectors and dismantlers • Can use end frames for access
- 165. 1926.451(e) Hook-on Ladders 165 • Hook-on attachable ladders – Specifically designed for type of scaffold – Lowest rung no more than 24 inches above level on which scaffold is supported – Rest platforms at 35 foot intervals when more than 35 feet high – Minimum rung length 11 ½ inches, and a maximum space between rungs 16 ¾ inches
- 166. 1926.451(f) Scaffold Use • Never overloaded • Erected, moved, dismantled and altered near power lines • Repair in place or replace damaged components • Restrict horizontal movement with employees unless designed by registered P.E. • Prohibit work activities during high winds unless authorized by Competent Person • Remove whole scaffold from service until repaired 166
- 167. 1926.451(f) Use Near Power Lines Proper clearance near overhead lines Keep 10 foot minimum unless de-energized, Relocated, or installed protective covering installed! 167
- 168. 1926.451(f) Improper Use • No work on snow, or ice covered platforms • No barrels, boxes or ladders on top of scaffolds 168
- 169. 1926.451(g) Fall Protection PFAS or guardrails: • Required at 10’ • May be used in lieu of guardrailson some scaffolds • PFAS and guardrails on suspension scaffolds • Required for erectors and dismantlers after September 2, 1997 if feasible and no greater hazard • Top-rails after 1-1-2000,38” to 45” high • In some cases the mid-rail may be used, when the braces mid crossing point is between 20- 30” above the platform 169
- 170. 1926.451(h) Falling Object Protection • Hardhats required for employee • Protect employees below from falling objects – Toe-boards – Canopies – Barricades 170
- 171. Practice 1926.451(e) =? What is each standard related to? 1926.451(f) =? 1926.451(g) =? 1926.451(h) =? 171
- 172. 29 CFR 1926.452 - Supported Scaffolds 172 Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support
- 173. Pole Scaffolds 173 • Restrict movement of existing platform until bearers are set, and braced • Couplers have to be made of structural steel • The use of couplers made from gray cast iron is prohibited • Designed by P.E. when more than 125 feet • Transverse bracing form an “X” across width of the scaffold must be installed at scaffold ends
- 174. Tube and Coupler 174 • When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform must be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been braced and set in place • Couplers must be made of a structural metal • Couplers made from gray cast iron is prohibited • Designed by P.E. if over 125 feet
- 175. Tube and Coupler Stability • Transverse bracing forming an "X" across the width of the scaffold must be installed at the scaffold ends, and at least at: – Every third set of posts horizontally (measured from only one end) – Every fourth runner vertically • Bracing must extend upward diagonally to opposite sides of the scaffold • Where length is greater than their height, longitudinal bracing must be repeated beginning at least at every fifth post • On outside posts, tube and coupler guardrails and midrails may be used in lieu of outside runners 175
- 176. Fabricated Frame Scaffolds • Existing platforms remain until the frames are set / braced – Joined with stack pin • Must be designed by registered engineer when over 125 ft. 176
- 177. Mobile Scaffolds 177 • Plumb, level and squared • Braced to prevent collapse • Casters and wheels locked to prevent movement while in a stationary position • Platforms must not extend beyond the base supports of the scaffold, unless stability is ensured
- 178. Mobile Requirements • Not allowed to ride on scaffolds unless the following exist – Surface on which scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees of level, and free of pits, holes and obstructions – Height to base width ratio during movement is 2:1 or less – Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides of the scaffold • When power systems are used, the propelling force is: – Applied directly to the wheels – Does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second • No employee is on any part of the scaffold that extends beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports 178
- 179. Pump Jack Scaffolds • Brackets, braces must be fabricated from metal plates and angles • Each bracket must have two positive gripping mechanisms • Workbench may be used as a top-rail when guardrails used for fall protection • Work benches must not be used as scaffold platforms • Poles must be secured to structure by rigid triangular bracing, or equivalent 179
- 180. Ladder Jack Scaffolds • Must meet requirements of subpart “X”, stairways and ladders – Exception: Job-made ladders must not be used to support ladder jack scaffolds • Ladder jacks must be designed and constructed to bear on: – Side rails and ladder rungs, or – Ladder rungs alone • Ladders used to support ladder jack scaffolds must be: – Placed and fastened to prevent slipping 180
- 181. Suspended Scaffolds 181 Suspended scaffolds are platforms suspended by ropes, or other non-rigid means, from an overhead structure
- 182. Two-point Swing Stage 182 • Platform limited to 36” • Platform securely fastened to hangars • Platforms must be of ladder, plank or beam type • Must not be bridged together unless bridge and hoist is appropriately sized
- 183. Single-point Adjustable • Supporting rope between scaffold and the suspension device must be kept vertical unless: – Rigging has been designed by a qualified person – Scaffold is accessible to rescuers – Support rope is protected from rubbing during direction changes, and – Scaffold is positioned so swinging cannot bring it into contact with other surfaces 183
- 184. Multi-level Suspended Scaffold • Must be equipped with additional independent support lines that are: – Equal in number to number of points supported – Equal in strength to the suspension ropes – Rigged to support scaffold if the suspension ropes fail • Independent support lines and suspension ropes must not be anchored to the same points • Supports for platforms must be attached directly to support stirrups (not to other platforms) 184
- 185. 1926.453 - Aerial lifts • Must meet ANSI criteria • Secured to lower traveling position by a locking device before moving • Ensure proper fall protection prior to using – Includes use of guardrails • Lifts must allow you to access heights and work from a protected area 185
- 186. Aerial Lift Requirements 186 • Requires use of body belt or harness and lanyard • Worker must stand on floor of basket • Never exceed load capacity • Do not move lift truck with workers in basket unless adequately designed (upper controls – personnel carriers) • Brakes set for outrigger use (wheels chocked)
- 187. Aerial lifts Vehicle-mounted or self- propelled elevating work platforms – training is required! All pneumatic and hydraulic components must comply with ANSI A92.2.1969 and non- critical parts must have a burst factor of 2:1 187
- 188. Practice For all supported scaffolding over: What is the answer to each of the following questions? Must be designed by a: 188
- 189. Review Lesson 2 Discuss Key Takeaways: • Scaffold erection, disassembly, and maintenance hazards • Scaffold access and egress hazards • Determine safe fall protection systems used on scaffolding • Applicable OSHA standards to scaffold use 189
- 190. Lesson 3 LESSON 3: SCAFFOLD TRAINING REQUIREMENTS Assess Training 190
- 191. Lesson 3 Topics • Topic 3.1 Evaluate scaffold user training • Topic 3.2 Evaluate scaffold erection, disassembly, and maintenance training • Topic 3.3 Identify applicable OSHA standards to scaffold training 191
- 192. Training Part Number: 1926 Subpart: L; Standard Number: 1926.454 Title: Training requirements 192
- 193. Training Requirements What topics must employees be trained on? • Fall hazards • Scaffold collapse • Struck-by hazards • Electrical hazards 193
- 194. 1926.454(a) • The employer shall have each employee who performs work while on a scaffold trained by a person qualified in the subject matter to recognize the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and to understand the procedures to control or minimize those hazards. 194
- 195. User Training • Access • Electrical Hazards • Fall Protection Systems • Falling Object Protection • Proper Use of Scaffold • MaterialHandling • Maximum IntendedLoad/Load Capacities • Any Other PertinentRequirements 195
- 196. 1926.454(b) • The employer shall have each employee who is involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting a scaffold trained by a competent person to recognize any hazards associated with the work in question. 196
- 197. Erector Training • Nature of Scaffold Hazards • Correct Procedures for: • Erection and Dismantling • Moving • Repair • Operating • Inspecting • Maintenance • Design Criteria • MaximumIntended Load • Intended Use • Any Other Pertinent Requirements 197
- 198. 1926.454(c) • When the employer has reason to believe that an employee lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer shall retrain each such employee so that the requisite proficiency is regained. 198
- 199. Retraining • Retraining is required in at least the following situations: – Changes at Worksite Present a Hazard – Types of Scaffolds – Fall Protection – Falling Object Protection – Other Equipment Hazards . . . which an employee has not been previously trained OR . . . employee’s work indicates that he/she has not retained the requisite proficiency. 199
- 200. ScaffoldAssembly Workshop Hands on Scaffold Assembly including: [Three (3) Stations] • Station 1 - Fabricated frame scaffold • Station 2 - System scaffold • Station 3 - Scissor lift, a Bakers scaffold and Pump jack scaffold 200
- 201. Review Lesson 3 Discuss Key Takeaways: • Scaffold user training • Scaffold erection, disassembly, and maintenance training • Applicable OSHA standards to scaffold training 201
- 202. Review Key Course Takeaways 202 Scaffold construction safety o Types of scaffolding o Roles/responsibilitiesof all scaffoldingpersonnel o Scaffoldconstructionhazards o Scaffolddesignhazards o Scaffoldcapacityhazards Safe scaffold use o Scaffolderection/disassembly,includingmaintenance hazards o Scaffoldaccess/egresshazards o OSHA standardsto scaffolduse in construction o Scaffoldtype requirements OSHA Scaffold training o Scaffolduser training o Scaffoldtraining(e.g., erection,disassembly,and maintenance) o ApplicableOSHAscaffoldtrainingstandards
- 203. Knowledge Check / Test 203
- 204. 204 Thank You For your attention and your active participation in this course! • Please complete and turn in your training evaluations.