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Private cloud without vendor lock // Serverless

Timur Shemsedinov, profile picture
Timur Shemsedinov

1) The document discusses isolation of requests and processes in server architectures. It notes that isolation is important for security, reliability, and avoiding errors propagating between requests. 2) It examines different levels of isolation from physical servers to containers to processes to software contexts. Process-level isolation and microservices architectures are discussed as strategies. 3) Limitations of existing infrastructure approaches are outlined, noting the need for app-level integrity, statefulness, and scalability without vendor lock-in. A "meta serverless" approach is proposed to address these.

Software
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Node.js Development
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const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c toString().padStart(width) : cell.padEnd(width); }).join(''))).join }; const proportion = (max, val) => Math.round(val * 100 / max); co calcProportion = table => { table.sort((row1, row2) => row2[DENSITY row1[DENSITY_COL]); const maxDensity = table[0][DENSITY_COL]; table forEach(row => { row.push(proportion(maxDensity, row[DENSITY_COL])) return table; }; const getDataset = file => { const lines = fs.read FileSync(file, 'utf8').toString().split('n'); lines.shift(); lines return lines.map(line => line.split(',')); }; const main = compose (getDataset, calcProportion, renderTable); const fs = require('fs' compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs.reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); con DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTable = table => { const cellWidth = [ 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.map(row => (row.map((cell, i) => { const = cellWidth[i]; return i ? cell.toString().padStart(width) : cell.p (width); }).join(''))).join('n'); }; const proportion = (max, val) Private cloud without vendor lock Timur Shemsedinov github.com/tshemsedinov Chief Software Architect at Metarhia Lecturer at Kiev Polytechnic Institute
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Benefits ● Service price? (evangelists told us...) ● Efficiency: Performance? Speed? Latency? ● Easy to test, deploy, maintain? ● Security? Reliability? Flexibility? Quality? ● Quick development? ● Reduces development cost? ● Scalability?
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c What we pay for? We pay for: ● lack of available professionals ● lack of competencies ● lack of available technologies ● lack of funding for our projects ● lack of time
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Disadvantages ● High resource consumption ● Stateless nature ● Interactivity issue (separate solution needed) ● No application integrity ● Development and debug issues ● Deploy and maintain issues ● Vendor lock, not open source
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Middleware Madness router.get('/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { const id = parseInt(req.params.id); const query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1'; pool.query(query, [id], (err, data) => { if (err) throw err; res.status(200).json(data.rows); next(); }); });
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Code Structure and Patterns exports.handler = (event, context, callback) => { const { Client } = require('pg'); const client = new Client(); client.connect(); const id = parseInt(event.pathParameters.id); const query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1'; client.query(query, [id], (err, data) => { callback(err, { statusCode: 200, body: JSON.stringify(data.rows)}); }); };
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c What do we want? async (arg1, arg2, arg3) => { const [data1, data2] = await Promise.all( [getData(arg1), getData(arg2)] ); const data3 = await getData(arg3); if (!data3) throw new Error('Message'); return await processData(data1, data2, data3); }
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c What do we want? async (arg1, arg2, arg3) => { const data1 = await getData(arg1); if (!data1) throw new Error('Message'); const [data2, data3] = await Promise.all( [getData(arg2), getData(arg3)] ); return await processData(data1, data2, data3); }
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Equivalent example async id => await application.database .select('users') .where({ id });
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Complex Query async id => await application.database .select('users') .where({ id }) .cache({ timeout: 30000, invalidate: { id }) .projection({ name: ['name', toUpperCase], age: ['birth', toAge], place: ['address', getCity, getGeocode], });
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c App Architecture Evolution ● File-server ● Local app + local db ● Client + DBMS ● Three-tier ● Web three-tier ● Web Services ● Cloud functions Client App Server DB Server
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Layered Architecture ● Server-side ■ Layered ■ Microservices ■ Serverless Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Layered Architecture ● Client-side ■ UI ○ Components ■ Data ○ AJAX API ○ WebSockets ○ DB Sync
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c What do we want? ● Apps consolidation ● Stateful cloud applications ● Interactivity (Websockets, TCP, TLS support) ● No vendor lock ● Private clouds ● Do not overpay for clouds
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c How do we achieve this? ● Architecture: layered approach ● Long-lived processes ● We need request isolation ● Open source
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Why Isolation? ● Errors, crashes ● Memory leaks and other resources ● Application: data, database connections ● File system and root directory ● OS environment, PID, IPC ● OS Security: users, groups ● Networking: socket descriptors, ports, hosts
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Execution Strategy Problems ● Different requests execution should be isolated from each other for security reasons ● One failed request can kill multiple concurrently executed in a same process ● It’s hard to associate an error with a request in JavaScript with it’s asynchronous nature ● Multitenant: apps and organizations in SaaS
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Isolation: Physical Server Hardware OS App App
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Isolation: Virtualization Hardware OS Hypervisor OS App OS App OS App OS App
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Isolation: Containerization Hardware OS Containers App App App App App App App
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Microisolation Hardware OS App Server App App App App App App App App App AppAppAppAppApp AppApp
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Isolation Levels (for Node.js) ● Hardware segmentation, Servers ○ Virtual machine (hypervisor) ■ Container (docker) ● Process (node) ○ Thread (worker_threads) ■ Sandbox (vm.createContext, vm.Script) ● Software context (object, closure)
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Execution Strategy 1 process, 1 thread, 1 request per thread 1 process, 1 thread, N requests per thread 1 process, N threads, 1 request per thread 1 process, N threads, N requests per thread N processes, 1 thread, 1 request per thread N processes, 1 thread, N requests per thread N processes, N threads, 1 request per thread N processes, N threads, N requests per thread
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Infrastructure Limitations ● Physical non-repeatability ● Shared hosting poor insulation, no control ● Virtualization single server, resource losses ● Containerization single server ● Clusterization stateless, no app level cluster ● Serverless no app level integrity ● Metaserverless integrity, stateful, scalability
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c SOA Architecture DB API + BL Network API + BL API + BL API + BL Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Microservices Architecture DB API + BL Network API + BL API + BL API + BL Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network DB DB DB
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Architecture Database API + BL Network API + BL API + BL API + BL Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Architecture Database API+BL Network Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Architecture Database API+BL Network Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Architecture Database API+BL Network Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Target Architecture Network API Business-logic Data Access Layer Database
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Metaserverless Experiments ● Application is not a separate functions, application has distributed in-memory state ● Functions can be executed sequentially and parallely in asynchronous style ● Applications have long life and structure ● Interactivity (Websockets, TCP, TLS support) ● No vendor lock, Private clouds, Open Source
const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c toString().padStart(width) : cell.padEnd(width); }).join(''))).join }; const proportion = (max, val) => Math.round(val * 100 / max); co calcProportion = table => { table.sort((row1, row2) => row2[DENSITY row1[DENSITY_COL]); const maxDensity = table[0][DENSITY_COL]; table forEach(row => { row.push(proportion(maxDensity, row[DENSITY_COL])) return table; }; const getDataset = file => { const lines = fs.read FileSync(file, 'utf8').toString().split('n'); lines.shift(); lines return lines.map(line => line.split(',')); }; const main = compose (getDataset, calcProportion, renderTable); const fs = require('fs' compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs.reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); con DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTable = table => { const cellWidth = [ 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.map(row => (row.map((cell, i) => { const = cellWidth[i]; return i ? cell.toString().padStart(width) : cell.p (width); }).join(''))).join('n'); }; const proportion = (max, val) Private cloud without vendor lock Timur Shemsedinov github.com/tshemsedinov Chief Software Architect at Metarhia Lecturer at Kiev Polytechnic Institute

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Private cloud without vendor lock // Serverless

  • 1. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c toString().padStart(width) : cell.padEnd(width); }).join(''))).join }; const proportion = (max, val) => Math.round(val * 100 / max); co calcProportion = table => { table.sort((row1, row2) => row2[DENSITY row1[DENSITY_COL]); const maxDensity = table[0][DENSITY_COL]; table forEach(row => { row.push(proportion(maxDensity, row[DENSITY_COL])) return table; }; const getDataset = file => { const lines = fs.read FileSync(file, 'utf8').toString().split('n'); lines.shift(); lines return lines.map(line => line.split(',')); }; const main = compose (getDataset, calcProportion, renderTable); const fs = require('fs' compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs.reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); con DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTable = table => { const cellWidth = [ 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.map(row => (row.map((cell, i) => { const = cellWidth[i]; return i ? cell.toString().padStart(width) : cell.p (width); }).join(''))).join('n'); }; const proportion = (max, val) Private cloud without vendor lock Timur Shemsedinov github.com/tshemsedinov Chief Software Architect at Metarhia Lecturer at Kiev Polytechnic Institute
  • 2. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Benefits ● Service price? (evangelists told us...) ● Efficiency: Performance? Speed? Latency? ● Easy to test, deploy, maintain? ● Security? Reliability? Flexibility? Quality? ● Quick development? ● Reduces development cost? ● Scalability?
  • 3. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c What we pay for? We pay for: ● lack of available professionals ● lack of competencies ● lack of available technologies ● lack of funding for our projects ● lack of time
  • 4. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Disadvantages ● High resource consumption ● Stateless nature ● Interactivity issue (separate solution needed) ● No application integrity ● Development and debug issues ● Deploy and maintain issues ● Vendor lock, not open source
  • 5. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Middleware Madness router.get('/user/:id', (req, res, next) => { const id = parseInt(req.params.id); const query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1'; pool.query(query, [id], (err, data) => { if (err) throw err; res.status(200).json(data.rows); next(); }); });
  • 6. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Code Structure and Patterns exports.handler = (event, context, callback) => { const { Client } = require('pg'); const client = new Client(); client.connect(); const id = parseInt(event.pathParameters.id); const query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1'; client.query(query, [id], (err, data) => { callback(err, { statusCode: 200, body: JSON.stringify(data.rows)}); }); };
  • 7. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c What do we want? async (arg1, arg2, arg3) => { const [data1, data2] = await Promise.all( [getData(arg1), getData(arg2)] ); const data3 = await getData(arg3); if (!data3) throw new Error('Message'); return await processData(data1, data2, data3); }
  • 8. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c What do we want? async (arg1, arg2, arg3) => { const data1 = await getData(arg1); if (!data1) throw new Error('Message'); const [data2, data3] = await Promise.all( [getData(arg2), getData(arg3)] ); return await processData(data1, data2, data3); }
  • 9. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Equivalent example async id => await application.database .select('users') .where({ id });
  • 10. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Complex Query async id => await application.database .select('users') .where({ id }) .cache({ timeout: 30000, invalidate: { id }) .projection({ name: ['name', toUpperCase], age: ['birth', toAge], place: ['address', getCity, getGeocode], });
  • 11. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c App Architecture Evolution ● File-server ● Local app + local db ● Client + DBMS ● Three-tier ● Web three-tier ● Web Services ● Cloud functions Client App Server DB Server
  • 12. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Layered Architecture ● Server-side ■ Layered ■ Microservices ■ Serverless Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network
  • 13. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Layered Architecture ● Client-side ■ UI ○ Components ■ Data ○ AJAX API ○ WebSockets ○ DB Sync
  • 14. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c What do we want? ● Apps consolidation ● Stateful cloud applications ● Interactivity (Websockets, TCP, TLS support) ● No vendor lock ● Private clouds ● Do not overpay for clouds
  • 15. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c How do we achieve this? ● Architecture: layered approach ● Long-lived processes ● We need request isolation ● Open source
  • 16. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Why Isolation? ● Errors, crashes ● Memory leaks and other resources ● Application: data, database connections ● File system and root directory ● OS environment, PID, IPC ● OS Security: users, groups ● Networking: socket descriptors, ports, hosts
  • 17. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Execution Strategy Problems ● Different requests execution should be isolated from each other for security reasons ● One failed request can kill multiple concurrently executed in a same process ● It’s hard to associate an error with a request in JavaScript with it’s asynchronous nature ● Multitenant: apps and organizations in SaaS
  • 18. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Isolation: Physical Server Hardware OS App App
  • 19. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Isolation: Virtualization Hardware OS Hypervisor OS App OS App OS App OS App
  • 20. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Isolation: Containerization Hardware OS Containers App App App App App App App
  • 21. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Microisolation Hardware OS App Server App App App App App App App App App AppAppAppAppApp AppApp
  • 22. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Isolation Levels (for Node.js) ● Hardware segmentation, Servers ○ Virtual machine (hypervisor) ■ Container (docker) ● Process (node) ○ Thread (worker_threads) ■ Sandbox (vm.createContext, vm.Script) ● Software context (object, closure)
  • 23. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Execution Strategy 1 process, 1 thread, 1 request per thread 1 process, 1 thread, N requests per thread 1 process, N threads, 1 request per thread 1 process, N threads, N requests per thread N processes, 1 thread, 1 request per thread N processes, 1 thread, N requests per thread N processes, N threads, 1 request per thread N processes, N threads, N requests per thread
  • 24. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Infrastructure Limitations ● Physical non-repeatability ● Shared hosting poor insulation, no control ● Virtualization single server, resource losses ● Containerization single server ● Clusterization stateless, no app level cluster ● Serverless no app level integrity ● Metaserverless integrity, stateful, scalability
  • 25. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c SOA Architecture DB API + BL Network API + BL API + BL API + BL Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network
  • 26. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Microservices Architecture DB API + BL Network API + BL API + BL API + BL Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network DB DB DB
  • 27. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Architecture Database API + BL Network API + BL API + BL API + BL Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network
  • 28. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Architecture Database API+BL Network Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL
  • 29. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Architecture Database API+BL Network Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL
  • 30. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Serverless Architecture Database API+BL Network Database Data Access Layer Business-logic API Network API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL API+BL
  • 31. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Target Architecture Network API Business-logic Data Access Layer Database
  • 32. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c Metaserverless Experiments ● Application is not a separate functions, application has distributed in-memory state ● Functions can be executed sequentially and parallely in asynchronous style ● Applications have long life and structure ● Interactivity (Websockets, TCP, TLS support) ● No vendor lock, Private clouds, Open Source
  • 33. const fs = require('fs'); const compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs. reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); const DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTab table => { const cellWidth = [18, 10, 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.ma => (row.map((cell, i) => { const width = cellWidth[i]; return i ? c toString().padStart(width) : cell.padEnd(width); }).join(''))).join }; const proportion = (max, val) => Math.round(val * 100 / max); co calcProportion = table => { table.sort((row1, row2) => row2[DENSITY row1[DENSITY_COL]); const maxDensity = table[0][DENSITY_COL]; table forEach(row => { row.push(proportion(maxDensity, row[DENSITY_COL])) return table; }; const getDataset = file => { const lines = fs.read FileSync(file, 'utf8').toString().split('n'); lines.shift(); lines return lines.map(line => line.split(',')); }; const main = compose (getDataset, calcProportion, renderTable); const fs = require('fs' compose = (...funcs) => x => funcs.reduce((x, fn) => fn(x), x); con DENSITY_COL = 3; const renderTable = table => { const cellWidth = [ 8, 8, 18, 6]; return table.map(row => (row.map((cell, i) => { const = cellWidth[i]; return i ? cell.toString().padStart(width) : cell.p (width); }).join(''))).join('n'); }; const proportion = (max, val) Private cloud without vendor lock Timur Shemsedinov github.com/tshemsedinov Chief Software Architect at Metarhia Lecturer at Kiev Polytechnic Institute