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The document provides an overview of the SAS system and its components. It describes the four main data-driven tasks of data access, data management, data analysis, and data presentation. It also outlines the structure of SAS programs and data sets, and how to run and submit SAS programs. Key concepts covered include DATA and PROC steps, the SAS log and output, browsing descriptor and data portions of SAS data sets, and SAS syntax rules.

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SAS Basics 24 August 2007
An Overview of the SAS System
Objectives Understand the structure and design of the SAS System. Introduce the course scenario.
Components of the SAS System Base SAS Reporting and Graphics Analytical Visualization and Discovery Data Access and Management Business Solutions User Interfaces Application Development Web Enablement
The functionality of the SAS System is built around the four data-driven tasks common to virtually any application: 1. data access 2. data management 3. data analysis 4. data presentation. Data-Driven Tasks
Turning Data into Information Process of delivering meaningful information: 80% data-related access scrub transform manage store and retrieve 20% analysis .
Turning Data into Information DATA Step SAS Data Sets Data PROC Steps Information
Design of the SAS System PC Workstation Servers / Midrange Mainframe Super Computer 90% independent 10% dependent MultiVendor Architecture
Design of the SAS System MultiEngine Architecture ™ DATA INGRES SYBASE INFORMIX ORACLE dBase Rdb DB2
In this course, you will be working with business data from International Airlines (IA). The various kinds of data IA maintains are flight data passenger data cargo data employee daa revenue data. Course Scenario
Some tasks you will be performing are: importing data creating a list of employees producing a frequency table of job codes summarizing data creating a report of salary information. Course Scenario
Chapter 2 Getting Started with the SAS System
Section 2.1 Introduction to SAS Programs
State the components of a SAS program. State the modes in which you can run a SAS program. Objectives
SAS Programs DATA steps are typically used to create SAS data sets. PROC steps are typically used to process SAS data sets (that is, generate reports and graphs, edit data, and sort data). A SAS program is a sequence of steps that the user submits for execution. Raw Data DATA Step Report SAS Data Set SAS Data Set PROC Step
SAS Programs data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; DATA Step PROC Steps
Step Boundaries SAS steps begin with a DATA statement PROC statement. SAS detects the end of a step when it encounters a RUN statement (for most steps) a QUIT statement (for some procedures) the beginning of another step (DATA statement or PROC statement).
data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; Step Boundaries
Running a SAS Program You can invoke SAS in interactive windowing mode (SAS windowing environment) interactive menu-driven mode (Enterprise Guide, SAS/ASSIST, SAS/AF, or SAS/EIS software) batch mode noninteractive mode.
SAS Windowing Environment Interactive windows enable you to interface with SAS.
OS/390 (MVS) Batch Execution Place the JCL appropriate for your location before your SAS statements. //jobname JOB accounting info,name … // EXEC SAS //SYSIN DD * data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary; run;
Noninteractive Execution (Optional) To execute a SAS program in noninteractive mode, use an editor to store the program in a file. (Directory-based users should use a filetype or extension of SAS.) identify the file when you invoke SAS. Directory-based: OS/390 (TSO): SAS filename SAS INPUT( filename )
Section 2.2 Running SAS Programs
Invoke the SAS System and include a SAS program into your session. Submit a program and browse the results. Navigate the SAS windowing environment. Objectives
Submitting a SAS Program When you execute a SAS program, the output generated by SAS is divided into two major parts: SAS log contains information about the processing of the SAS program, including any warning and error messages. SAS output contains reports generated by SAS procedures and DATA steps.
SAS Log 1 data work.staff; 2 infile ' raw-data-file '; 3 input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 4 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; 5 run; NOTE: The infile ' raw-data-file ' is: File Name= ' raw-data-file ', RECFM=V,LRECL=256 NOTE: 18 records were read from the infile ' raw-data-file '. The minimum record length was 59. The maximum record length was 59. NOTE: The data set WORK.STAFF has 18 observations and 4 variables. 6 proc print data=work.staff; 7 run; NOTE: There were 18 observations read from the dataset WORK.STAFF. 8 proc means data=work.staff; 9 class JobTitle; 10 var Salary; 11 run; NOTE: There were 18 observations read from the dataset WORK.STAFF.
PROC PRINT Output The SAS System First Obs LastName Name JobTitle Salary 1 TORRES JAN Pilot 50000 2 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic 80000 3 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic 40000 4 LEISTNER COLIN Mechanic 36000 5 WADE KIRSTEN Pilot 85000 6 TOMAS HARALD Pilot 105000 7 WAUGH TIM Pilot 70000 8 LEHMANN DAGMAR Mechanic 64000 9 TRETTHAHN MICHAEL Pilot 100000 10 TIETZ OTTO Pilot 45000 11 O'DONOGHUE ART Mechanic 52000 12 WALKER THOMAS Pilot 95000 13 NOROVIITA JOACHIM Mechanic 78000 14 OESTERBERG ANJA Mechanic 80000 15 LAUFFER CRAIG Mechanic 40000 16 TORR JUGDISH Pilot 45000 17 WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot 77500 18 TOERMOEN JOCHEN Pilot 65000
PROC MEANS Output The SAS System The MEANS Procedure Analysis Variable : Salary N JobTitle Obs N Mean Std Dev Minimum ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Mechanic 8 8 58750.00 19151.65 36000.00 Pilot 10 10 73750.00 22523.14 45000.00 ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Analysis Variable : Salary N JobTitle Obs Maximum ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Mechanic 8 80000.00 Pilot 10 105000.00 ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
Running a SAS Program c02s2d1.sas userid .prog1.sascode(c02s2d1) This demonstration illustrates how to start a SAS session, include and submit a SAS program, and browse the results.
Exercises Include a SAS program. Submit the program and view the results.
Section 2.3 Mastering Fundamental Concepts
Define the components of a SAS data set. Define a SAS variable. Identify a missing value and a SAS date value. State the naming conventions for SAS data sets and variables. Explain SAS syntax rules. Investigate a SAS data set using the CONTENTS and PRINT procedures. Objectives
SAS Data Sets Data Entry External File Conversion Process SAS Data Set Descriptor Portion Data Portion Other Software Files
SAS Data Sets SAS data sets have a descriptor portion and a data portion. General data set information * data set name * data set label * date/time created * storage information * number of observations Information for each variable * Name * Type * Length * Position * Format * Informat * Label Descriptor Portion Data Portion
The descriptor portion of a SAS data set contains general information about the SAS data set (such as data set name and number of observations) variable attributes (name, type, length, position, informat, format, label). The CONTENTS procedure displays the descriptor portion of a SAS data set. Browsing the Descriptor Portion
General form of the CONTENTS procedure: Example: Browsing the Descriptor Portion PROC CONTENTS DATA= SAS-data-set ; RUN; proc contents data=work.staff; run; c02s3d1
Partial PROC CONTENTS Output The SAS System The CONTENTS Procedure Data Set Name: WORK.STAFF Observations: 18 Member Type: DATA Variables: 4 Engine: V8 Indexes: 0 Created: 18:09 Sunday, Observation Length: 48 July 22, 2001 Last Modified: 18:09 Sunday, Deleted Observations: 0 July 22, 2001 Protection: Compressed: NO Data Set Type: Sorted: NO Label: -----Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes----- # Variable Type Len Pos ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ 2 FirstName Char 10 28 3 JobTitle Char 8 38 1 LastName Char 20 8 4 Salary Num 8 0
SAS Data Sets: Data Portion Numeric values Variable names Variable values LastName FirstName JobTitle Salary TORRES JAN Pilot 50000 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic 80000 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic 40000 WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot 77500 TOERMOEN JOCHEN Pilot 65000 The data portion of a SAS data set is a rectangular table of character and/or numeric data values. Character values
SAS Variable Values There are two types of variables: character contain any value: letters, numbers, special characters, and blanks. Character values are stored with a length of 1 to 32,767 bytes . One byte equals one character. numeric stored as floating point numbers in 8 bytes of storage by default. Eight bytes of floating point storage provide space for 16 or 17 significant digits. You are not restricted to 8 digits.
SAS names can be 32 characters long. can be uppercase, lowercase, or mixed-case. must start with a letter or underscore. Subsequent characters can be letters, underscores, or numeric digits. SAS Data Set and Variable Names
Select the default valid SAS names. Valid SAS Names  data5mon  5monthsdata  five months data  fivemonthsdata  data#5
Select the default valid SAS names. Valid SAS Names  fivemonthsdata  data5mon  data5mon  5monthsdata  five months data  fivemonthsdata  data#5
SAS stores date values as numeric values. A SAS date value is stored as the number of days between January 1, 1960, and a specific date. SAS Date Values 01JAN1959 01JAN1960 01JAN1961 store -365 0 366 display 01/01/1959 01/01/1960 01/01/1961
Missing Data Values LastName FirstName JobTitle Salary TORRES JAN Pilot 50000 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic 80000 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic . WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot 77500 TOERMOEN JOCHEN 65000 A value must exist for every variable for each observation. Missing values are valid values. A numeric missing value is displayed as a period. A character missing value is displayed as a blank.
The PRINT procedure displays the data portion of a SAS data set. By default, PROC PRINT displays all observations all variables an Obs column on the left side. Browsing the Data Portion
General form of the PRINT procedure: Example: Browsing the Data Portion PROC PRINT DATA= SAS-data-set ; RUN; proc print data=work.staff; run; c02s3d1
PROC PRINT Output The SAS System First Obs LastName Name JobTitle Salary 1 TORRES JAN Pilot 50000 2 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic 80000 3 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic 40000 4 LEISTNER COLIN Mechanic 36000 5 WADE KIRSTEN Pilot 85000 6 TOMAS HARALD Pilot 105000 7 WAUGH TIM Pilot 70000 8 LEHMANN DAGMAR Mechanic 64000 9 TRETTHAHN MICHAEL Pilot 100000 10 TIETZ OTTO Pilot 45000 11 O'DONOGHUE ART Mechanic 52000 12 WALKER THOMAS Pilot 95000 13 NOROVIITA JOACHIM Mechanic 78000 14 OESTERBERG ANJA Mechanic 80000 15 LAUFFER CRAIG Mechanic 40000 16 TORR JUGDISH Pilot 45000 17 WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot 77500 18 TOERMOEN JOCHEN Pilot 65000
SAS Data Set Terminology SAS documentation and text in the SAS windowing environment use the following terms interchangeably: SAS Data Set SAS Table Variable Column Observation Row
SAS statements usually begin with an identifying keyword always end with a semicolon . data work.staff ; infile ' raw-data-file ' ; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59 ; run ; proc print data=work.staff ; run ; proc means data=work.staff ; class JobTitle ; var Salary ; run ; SAS Syntax Rules
SAS Syntax Rules SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing ... data work . staff ; infile ' raw-data-file ' ; input LastName $ 1 - 20 FirstName $ 21 - 30 JobTitle $ 36 - 43 Salary 54 - 59 ; run ; proc means data=work . staff ; class JobTitle ; var Salary ; run ;
SAS Syntax Rules ... ... SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing data work . staff ; infile ' raw-data-file ' ; input LastName $ 1 - 20 FirstName $ 21 - 30 JobTitle $ 36 - 43 Salary 54 - 59 ; run ; proc means data=work . staff ; class JobTitle ; var Salary ; run ;
SAS Syntax Rules data work.staff; infile 'raw-data-file'; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary;run; SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing
SAS Syntax Rules SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words . They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing ... data work . staff ; infile ' raw-data-file ' ; input LastName $ 1 - 20 FirstName $ 21 - 30 JobTitle $ 36 - 43 Salary 54 - 59 ; run ; proc means data=work . staff ; class JobTitle ; var Salary ; run ;
SAS Syntax Rules data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary;run; ... SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A singlestatement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing
SAS Syntax Rules ... ... data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary;run; SAS statements are free-format. They can begin and end in any column. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing
Good spacing makes the program easier to read. Conventional Spacing data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTaitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; SAS Syntax Rules
Type /* to begin a comment. Type your comment text . Type */ to end the comment. /* Create work.staff data set */ data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; /* Produce listing report of work.staff */ proc print data=work.staff; run; c02s3d2 SAS Comments
This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed previously. Exercises
Section 2.4 Diagnosing and Correcting Syntax Errors
Identify SAS syntax errors. Debug and edit a program with errors. Resubmit the corrected program. Save the corrected program. Objectives
Syntax Errors daat work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff run; proc means data=work.staff average max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; Syntax errors include misspelled keywords missing or invalid punctuation invalid options.
Debugging a SAS Program c02s4d1.sas userid .prog1.sascode(c02s4d1) c02s4d2.sas userid .prog1.sascode(c02s4d2) This demonstration illustrates how to submit a SAS program that contains errors, diagnose the errors, correct the errors, and save the corrected program.
Recall a Submitted Program daat work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff run; proc means data=work.staff average max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff mean max; class Jobtitle; var Salary; run; Program statements accumulate in a recall buffer each time you issue a SUBMIT command. Submit Number 1 Submit Number 2
Recall a Submitted Program Submit Number 1 Submit Number 2 Issue RECALL once. Submit number 2 statements are recalled. Issue the RECALL command once to recall the most recently submitted program. data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff mean max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run;
Recall a Submitted Program Submit Number 1 Submit Number 2 daat work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff run; proc means data=work.staff average max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff mean max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; Issue RECALL again. Issue the RECALL command again to recall submit number 1 statements.
Review: Save Your Program Use the FILE command with the appropriate file naming convention for your operating environment. OS/390: UNIX: Windows: FILE ' userid.prog1 .sascode( myprog )' FILE '/users/prog1/ myprog .sas' FILE 'c:\workshop\winsas\prog1\ myprog .sas'
Exercises Debug a program that contains errors.
Section 2.5 Exploring Your SAS Environment (Self-Study)

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Prog1 chap1 and chap 2

  • 1. SAS Basics 24 August 2007
  • 2. An Overview of the SAS System
  • 3. Objectives Understand the structure and design of the SAS System. Introduce the course scenario.
  • 4. Components of the SAS System Base SAS Reporting and Graphics Analytical Visualization and Discovery Data Access and Management Business Solutions User Interfaces Application Development Web Enablement
  • 5. The functionality of the SAS System is built around the four data-driven tasks common to virtually any application: 1. data access 2. data management 3. data analysis 4. data presentation. Data-Driven Tasks
  • 6. Turning Data into Information Process of delivering meaningful information: 80% data-related access scrub transform manage store and retrieve 20% analysis .
  • 7. Turning Data into Information DATA Step SAS Data Sets Data PROC Steps Information
  • 8. Design of the SAS System PC Workstation Servers / Midrange Mainframe Super Computer 90% independent 10% dependent MultiVendor Architecture
  • 9. Design of the SAS System MultiEngine Architecture ™ DATA INGRES SYBASE INFORMIX ORACLE dBase Rdb DB2
  • 10. In this course, you will be working with business data from International Airlines (IA). The various kinds of data IA maintains are flight data passenger data cargo data employee daa revenue data. Course Scenario
  • 11. Some tasks you will be performing are: importing data creating a list of employees producing a frequency table of job codes summarizing data creating a report of salary information. Course Scenario
  • 12. Chapter 2 Getting Started with the SAS System
  • 13. Section 2.1 Introduction to SAS Programs
  • 14. State the components of a SAS program. State the modes in which you can run a SAS program. Objectives
  • 15. SAS Programs DATA steps are typically used to create SAS data sets. PROC steps are typically used to process SAS data sets (that is, generate reports and graphs, edit data, and sort data). A SAS program is a sequence of steps that the user submits for execution. Raw Data DATA Step Report SAS Data Set SAS Data Set PROC Step
  • 16. SAS Programs data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; DATA Step PROC Steps
  • 17. Step Boundaries SAS steps begin with a DATA statement PROC statement. SAS detects the end of a step when it encounters a RUN statement (for most steps) a QUIT statement (for some procedures) the beginning of another step (DATA statement or PROC statement).
  • 18. data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; Step Boundaries
  • 19. Running a SAS Program You can invoke SAS in interactive windowing mode (SAS windowing environment) interactive menu-driven mode (Enterprise Guide, SAS/ASSIST, SAS/AF, or SAS/EIS software) batch mode noninteractive mode.
  • 20. SAS Windowing Environment Interactive windows enable you to interface with SAS.
  • 21. OS/390 (MVS) Batch Execution Place the JCL appropriate for your location before your SAS statements. //jobname JOB accounting info,name … // EXEC SAS //SYSIN DD * data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary; run;
  • 22. Noninteractive Execution (Optional) To execute a SAS program in noninteractive mode, use an editor to store the program in a file. (Directory-based users should use a filetype or extension of SAS.) identify the file when you invoke SAS. Directory-based: OS/390 (TSO): SAS filename SAS INPUT( filename )
  • 23. Section 2.2 Running SAS Programs
  • 24. Invoke the SAS System and include a SAS program into your session. Submit a program and browse the results. Navigate the SAS windowing environment. Objectives
  • 25. Submitting a SAS Program When you execute a SAS program, the output generated by SAS is divided into two major parts: SAS log contains information about the processing of the SAS program, including any warning and error messages. SAS output contains reports generated by SAS procedures and DATA steps.
  • 26. SAS Log 1 data work.staff; 2 infile ' raw-data-file '; 3 input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 4 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; 5 run; NOTE: The infile ' raw-data-file ' is: File Name= ' raw-data-file ', RECFM=V,LRECL=256 NOTE: 18 records were read from the infile ' raw-data-file '. The minimum record length was 59. The maximum record length was 59. NOTE: The data set WORK.STAFF has 18 observations and 4 variables. 6 proc print data=work.staff; 7 run; NOTE: There were 18 observations read from the dataset WORK.STAFF. 8 proc means data=work.staff; 9 class JobTitle; 10 var Salary; 11 run; NOTE: There were 18 observations read from the dataset WORK.STAFF.
  • 27. PROC PRINT Output The SAS System First Obs LastName Name JobTitle Salary 1 TORRES JAN Pilot 50000 2 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic 80000 3 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic 40000 4 LEISTNER COLIN Mechanic 36000 5 WADE KIRSTEN Pilot 85000 6 TOMAS HARALD Pilot 105000 7 WAUGH TIM Pilot 70000 8 LEHMANN DAGMAR Mechanic 64000 9 TRETTHAHN MICHAEL Pilot 100000 10 TIETZ OTTO Pilot 45000 11 O'DONOGHUE ART Mechanic 52000 12 WALKER THOMAS Pilot 95000 13 NOROVIITA JOACHIM Mechanic 78000 14 OESTERBERG ANJA Mechanic 80000 15 LAUFFER CRAIG Mechanic 40000 16 TORR JUGDISH Pilot 45000 17 WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot 77500 18 TOERMOEN JOCHEN Pilot 65000
  • 28. PROC MEANS Output The SAS System The MEANS Procedure Analysis Variable : Salary N JobTitle Obs N Mean Std Dev Minimum ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Mechanic 8 8 58750.00 19151.65 36000.00 Pilot 10 10 73750.00 22523.14 45000.00 ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Analysis Variable : Salary N JobTitle Obs Maximum ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Mechanic 8 80000.00 Pilot 10 105000.00 ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
  • 29. Running a SAS Program c02s2d1.sas userid .prog1.sascode(c02s2d1) This demonstration illustrates how to start a SAS session, include and submit a SAS program, and browse the results.
  • 30. Exercises Include a SAS program. Submit the program and view the results.
  • 31. Section 2.3 Mastering Fundamental Concepts
  • 32. Define the components of a SAS data set. Define a SAS variable. Identify a missing value and a SAS date value. State the naming conventions for SAS data sets and variables. Explain SAS syntax rules. Investigate a SAS data set using the CONTENTS and PRINT procedures. Objectives
  • 33. SAS Data Sets Data Entry External File Conversion Process SAS Data Set Descriptor Portion Data Portion Other Software Files
  • 34. SAS Data Sets SAS data sets have a descriptor portion and a data portion. General data set information * data set name * data set label * date/time created * storage information * number of observations Information for each variable * Name * Type * Length * Position * Format * Informat * Label Descriptor Portion Data Portion
  • 35. The descriptor portion of a SAS data set contains general information about the SAS data set (such as data set name and number of observations) variable attributes (name, type, length, position, informat, format, label). The CONTENTS procedure displays the descriptor portion of a SAS data set. Browsing the Descriptor Portion
  • 36. General form of the CONTENTS procedure: Example: Browsing the Descriptor Portion PROC CONTENTS DATA= SAS-data-set ; RUN; proc contents data=work.staff; run; c02s3d1
  • 37. Partial PROC CONTENTS Output The SAS System The CONTENTS Procedure Data Set Name: WORK.STAFF Observations: 18 Member Type: DATA Variables: 4 Engine: V8 Indexes: 0 Created: 18:09 Sunday, Observation Length: 48 July 22, 2001 Last Modified: 18:09 Sunday, Deleted Observations: 0 July 22, 2001 Protection: Compressed: NO Data Set Type: Sorted: NO Label: -----Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes----- # Variable Type Len Pos ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ 2 FirstName Char 10 28 3 JobTitle Char 8 38 1 LastName Char 20 8 4 Salary Num 8 0
  • 38. SAS Data Sets: Data Portion Numeric values Variable names Variable values LastName FirstName JobTitle Salary TORRES JAN Pilot 50000 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic 80000 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic 40000 WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot 77500 TOERMOEN JOCHEN Pilot 65000 The data portion of a SAS data set is a rectangular table of character and/or numeric data values. Character values
  • 39. SAS Variable Values There are two types of variables: character contain any value: letters, numbers, special characters, and blanks. Character values are stored with a length of 1 to 32,767 bytes . One byte equals one character. numeric stored as floating point numbers in 8 bytes of storage by default. Eight bytes of floating point storage provide space for 16 or 17 significant digits. You are not restricted to 8 digits.
  • 40. SAS names can be 32 characters long. can be uppercase, lowercase, or mixed-case. must start with a letter or underscore. Subsequent characters can be letters, underscores, or numeric digits. SAS Data Set and Variable Names
  • 41. Select the default valid SAS names. Valid SAS Names  data5mon  5monthsdata  five months data  fivemonthsdata  data#5
  • 42. Select the default valid SAS names. Valid SAS Names  fivemonthsdata  data5mon  data5mon  5monthsdata  five months data  fivemonthsdata  data#5
  • 43. SAS stores date values as numeric values. A SAS date value is stored as the number of days between January 1, 1960, and a specific date. SAS Date Values 01JAN1959 01JAN1960 01JAN1961 store -365 0 366 display 01/01/1959 01/01/1960 01/01/1961
  • 44. Missing Data Values LastName FirstName JobTitle Salary TORRES JAN Pilot 50000 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic 80000 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic . WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot 77500 TOERMOEN JOCHEN 65000 A value must exist for every variable for each observation. Missing values are valid values. A numeric missing value is displayed as a period. A character missing value is displayed as a blank.
  • 45. The PRINT procedure displays the data portion of a SAS data set. By default, PROC PRINT displays all observations all variables an Obs column on the left side. Browsing the Data Portion
  • 46. General form of the PRINT procedure: Example: Browsing the Data Portion PROC PRINT DATA= SAS-data-set ; RUN; proc print data=work.staff; run; c02s3d1
  • 47. PROC PRINT Output The SAS System First Obs LastName Name JobTitle Salary 1 TORRES JAN Pilot 50000 2 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic 80000 3 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic 40000 4 LEISTNER COLIN Mechanic 36000 5 WADE KIRSTEN Pilot 85000 6 TOMAS HARALD Pilot 105000 7 WAUGH TIM Pilot 70000 8 LEHMANN DAGMAR Mechanic 64000 9 TRETTHAHN MICHAEL Pilot 100000 10 TIETZ OTTO Pilot 45000 11 O'DONOGHUE ART Mechanic 52000 12 WALKER THOMAS Pilot 95000 13 NOROVIITA JOACHIM Mechanic 78000 14 OESTERBERG ANJA Mechanic 80000 15 LAUFFER CRAIG Mechanic 40000 16 TORR JUGDISH Pilot 45000 17 WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot 77500 18 TOERMOEN JOCHEN Pilot 65000
  • 48. SAS Data Set Terminology SAS documentation and text in the SAS windowing environment use the following terms interchangeably: SAS Data Set SAS Table Variable Column Observation Row
  • 49. SAS statements usually begin with an identifying keyword always end with a semicolon . data work.staff ; infile ' raw-data-file ' ; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59 ; run ; proc print data=work.staff ; run ; proc means data=work.staff ; class JobTitle ; var Salary ; run ; SAS Syntax Rules
  • 50. SAS Syntax Rules SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing ... data work . staff ; infile ' raw-data-file ' ; input LastName $ 1 - 20 FirstName $ 21 - 30 JobTitle $ 36 - 43 Salary 54 - 59 ; run ; proc means data=work . staff ; class JobTitle ; var Salary ; run ;
  • 51. SAS Syntax Rules ... ... SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing data work . staff ; infile ' raw-data-file ' ; input LastName $ 1 - 20 FirstName $ 21 - 30 JobTitle $ 36 - 43 Salary 54 - 59 ; run ; proc means data=work . staff ; class JobTitle ; var Salary ; run ;
  • 52. SAS Syntax Rules data work.staff; infile 'raw-data-file'; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary;run; SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing
  • 53. SAS Syntax Rules SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words . They can begin and end in any column. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing ... data work . staff ; infile ' raw-data-file ' ; input LastName $ 1 - 20 FirstName $ 21 - 30 JobTitle $ 36 - 43 Salary 54 - 59 ; run ; proc means data=work . staff ; class JobTitle ; var Salary ; run ;
  • 54. SAS Syntax Rules data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary;run; ... SAS statements are free-format. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. They can begin and end in any column. A singlestatement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing
  • 55. SAS Syntax Rules ... ... data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary;run; SAS statements are free-format. They can begin and end in any column. One or more blanks or special characters can be used to separate words. A single statement can span multiple lines. Several statements can be on the same line. Unconventional Spacing
  • 56. Good spacing makes the program easier to read. Conventional Spacing data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTaitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; SAS Syntax Rules
  • 57. Type /* to begin a comment. Type your comment text . Type */ to end the comment. /* Create work.staff data set */ data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; /* Produce listing report of work.staff */ proc print data=work.staff; run; c02s3d2 SAS Comments
  • 58. This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed previously. Exercises
  • 59. Section 2.4 Diagnosing and Correcting Syntax Errors
  • 60. Identify SAS syntax errors. Debug and edit a program with errors. Resubmit the corrected program. Save the corrected program. Objectives
  • 61. Syntax Errors daat work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff run; proc means data=work.staff average max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; Syntax errors include misspelled keywords missing or invalid punctuation invalid options.
  • 62. Debugging a SAS Program c02s4d1.sas userid .prog1.sascode(c02s4d1) c02s4d2.sas userid .prog1.sascode(c02s4d2) This demonstration illustrates how to submit a SAS program that contains errors, diagnose the errors, correct the errors, and save the corrected program.
  • 63. Recall a Submitted Program daat work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff run; proc means data=work.staff average max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff mean max; class Jobtitle; var Salary; run; Program statements accumulate in a recall buffer each time you issue a SUBMIT command. Submit Number 1 Submit Number 2
  • 64. Recall a Submitted Program Submit Number 1 Submit Number 2 Issue RECALL once. Submit number 2 statements are recalled. Issue the RECALL command once to recall the most recently submitted program. data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff mean max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run;
  • 65. Recall a Submitted Program Submit Number 1 Submit Number 2 daat work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff run; proc means data=work.staff average max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; data work.staff; infile ' raw-data-file '; input LastName $ 1-20 FirstName $ 21-30 JobTitle $ 36-43 Salary 54-59; run; proc print data=work.staff; run; proc means data=work.staff mean max; class JobTitle; var Salary; run; Issue RECALL again. Issue the RECALL command again to recall submit number 1 statements.
  • 66. Review: Save Your Program Use the FILE command with the appropriate file naming convention for your operating environment. OS/390: UNIX: Windows: FILE ' userid.prog1 .sascode( myprog )' FILE '/users/prog1/ myprog .sas' FILE 'c:\workshop\winsas\prog1\ myprog .sas'
  • 67. Exercises Debug a program that contains errors.
  • 68. Section 2.5 Exploring Your SAS Environment (Self-Study)

Editor's Notes

  • #47: When there are too many columns to fit on one line, they are split into multiple lines by PROC PRINT.