Programming content
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This document discusses basic programming concepts including defining a program and programming language. It describes different levels of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages like C++. It also covers structured and object-oriented programming approaches, translation methods like assemblers, interpreters, and compilers. The document outlines common control structures for sequencing and selecting execution flow. It then lists the typical phases of program development and basic elements in programming such as constants, variables, data types, and operators.
Programming content
- 1. ICT--.Design by : Mrs.Siti 2009 5.0 PROGRAMMING Basic Programming Concepts Program Development Definition of program & program language A computer program is a series of organized instructions that directs a computer to perform task. Programming language is a set of words, symbols and codes that enables human to communicate with computers. Programming is a creation of a set of commands or instructions which directs a computer in carrying out a task. Level & generation of Programming Language Low-level Languages High-level Languages First Generation Ex: Machine Language Third Generation Ex: COBOL, BASIC, C , ADA, C++ Second Generation Ex: Assembly Language Fourth Generation Ex: Report Generators, Query Language,SQL, NOMAD,FOCUS Fifth Generation Ex: Natural Language,Prolog, Mercury Programming Language Approaches Structured Object-oriented Use top-down model – the whole program is broken down into smaller sections that are known as modules Use object- combines data with functions to create objects. Translation method : assembler, interpreter & compiler Assembler Interpreter Compiler A computer program for translating assembly language Ex: MACRO-80 Assembler, Microsoft MASM Is used to interpret and execute program directly from its source without compiling it first. Ex: BASIC, Logo, Smalltalk The source code (in text format) will be converted into machine code which is a file consisting of binary machine code that can be executed on a computer. Control Structures Selection Control Sequence Control Execution Flow Executes statement one by one in linear or consecutive order Executes different statements for different conditions Usage Use when want to execute code line by line Do not use the decision symbols Use when want to implement decision making process in a program Use the decision symbols Program Development Phases: i. Problem Analysis ii. Program Design iii. Coding iv. Testing & debugging v. Documentation Basic elements in programming : Constants Variables Data Types Operators Value is not changeable during the course of the program Values can be changed anytime during the course of the program Integer Ex: 18,79,21 Double Ex: 41.5, 31.4 String Ex: Amira, Alex Boolean Ex: TRUE,FALSE Mathematical Operator: Plus (+) Minus (-) Equal (=) Divide ( / ) Multiply (*) Use constant when you want to declare something that won’t be changed midway in your program execution Use variable to store data that may or will change during the running of the program Relational Operator: Ex : >, <, =, <=, >= Logical Operators: AND, OR and NOT