Progress in a Changing World
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The document discusses the significant global challenges and opportunities as addressed by various institutions, notably the World Bank and ECES, focusing on demographic transitions, urbanization, climate change, technological disruptions, and fragility due to violence. It emphasizes that most global poverty exists in pre- and early-dividend countries while advocating for sustainable development through job creation, effective policy adaptations, and increased private sector engagement. The 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals are highlighted as frameworks guiding nations towards inclusive growth and shared prosperity amid evolving global dynamics.
Progress in a Changing World
- 1. The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES) & The American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt Progress in a Changing World Mahmoud Mohieldin Senior Vice President World Bank Group @wbg2030 worldbank.org/sdgs 0
- 2. "الحضارات متغيرات مع التغير وجوب على محتوية التقدم فكرة إن ذلك ومعنى ،أعلى ھو ما نحو الحياة صورة ينقل الذي والتطور المتعاقبة مستندة قوائمه تجيء أن االھتمام ھذا ينفي وال ،بالمصير االھتمام وجوب بمث الحاضرة حياتنا في يكون أال على ،السلف لنا تركه الذي تراثنا علىابة على نجاوزھا ابتداء نقطة أيدينا بين يكون بل ،عندھا نقف التي النھاية مأمون ومستقبل حي حاضر مستلزمات". السنين حصاد كتاب منللفيلسوفالدكتور المصري/محمود نجيب زكي 1
- 3. Addressing Global Megatrends & Challenges Fragility and violence Shifts in the global economy Climate and resources Commodity cycles Urbanization Source: World Bank Forward Look, September 2017 Demographic transitions Debate about globalization Technological disruptions 2
- 4. Source: McKinsey Global Institute, 2012 High fertility rate, low life expectancy Declining fertility rate, increasing life expectancy Fertility rate approaching replacement rate, increased life expectancy Low fertility rate, high life expectancy Demographic shifts The world can be divided into four major demographic groupsMost of the global population lives in early- and late-dividend countries and while 78 percent of global growth was from late- and post-dividend countries, 90 percent of global poverty is in pre- and early-dividend countries * World Bank Global Monitoring Report 2015/2016 Share of global GDP growth and poverty, 2000-14 (percent) 3
- 5. Demographic Groups Key Challenges Pre-Dividend countries Lagging in human development outcomes Early-Dividend countries Job creation for rapidly growing share of working- age people, mostly youth Late-Dividend countries Populations beginning to age; potential slowdown in growth of labor supply Post-Dividend countries Adapting to aging to maintain living standards Countries at all stages of development can harness demographic transitions as a development opportunity Demographic shifts Key challenges for each group 4
- 6. Source: World Bank, 2017 Urbanization 96% of increase in developing country population between now and 2030 will be in urban areas Proportion of population living in urban areas, 1960-2011 5
- 7. Source: World Bank, 2017 Urbanization If urbanization is not managed properly, slums emerge Proportion of urban population living in slums, 1990-2010 6
- 8. Source: Building Resilience report, World Bank, 2014 Losses due to disasters worldwide (1980–2012) Number of disasters worldwide (1980–2012) Climate change and resources: The total number of disasters and losses has been rising, 1980–2012Global disaster losses from 1980–2012 7
- 9. Source: Building Resilience report, World Bank, 2014 Climate change and resources: Process of integrating climate resilience into development Index of risk preparation across countries 8
- 10. Commodity price indexes, annual Commodity cycles: Source: Commodity Markets Outlook, World Bank, 2017 9
- 11. The rate of advancement is unprecedented Source: GSMA Intelligence (2017), World Bank – World Development Indicator (2017) Technological disruption: 10
- 12. Half of the world’s population is not benefiting from the digital economy Source: GSMA Intelligence (2017), World Bank – World Development Indicator (2017) See Annex, pp20-24 for additional data on the emerging digital divide and trends in the digital sector Technological disruption: Source: Atul Mehta, World Bank Group, 2017 11
- 13. Technological Disruption: Not just any digital connectivity will do Voice Simple Data Broadband Faster Broadband 5G IOT 1 Peak data rate for GSM/GPRS, latest Evolved EDGE has peak DL data rates capable of up to 1.2 Mbps; 2 Peak data rate for HSPA+ DL 3-carrier CA; HSPA+ specification includes additional potential CA+ use of multiple antennas, but no announcements to date; 3 Peak data rate for LTE Advanced Cat 6 with 20 + 20 MHz DL CA; LTE specification includes additional potential CA + Additional use of multiple antennas, but no announcements to date Source: Disruptive Tech Forum, World Bank, 2017 12
- 14. Source: World Bank, 2017 Violent conflict is increasing and becoming more complex Fragility and violence: Number of people killed by violent conflict Number of conflicts, by type Map of terror attacks in 2016 Source: Ian Bremmer, 2017 Source: World Bank, 2017 Violent deaths and conflicts in Africa Source: World Bank Regional Update on Africa, 2017 13
- 15. Refugees and forced displacement Fragility and violence: A threefold crisis: The global forcibly displaced population The crisis primarily affects the developing world Source: Forcibly Displaced, World Bank, 2017 14
- 16. Source: Forcibly Displaced, World Bank, 2017 Refugees and forced displacement Fragility and violence: The crisis primarily affects the developing world 15
- 17. Migration Fragility and violence Refugees are only a small share of people on the move 16
- 18. Shifts and changes in the global economy Growth is picking up but is still lower than the pre-crisis averag Source: World Economic Outlook and Sean Nolan, 2017 Real GDP Growth, 2013-2018 (Percent, PPPGDP weighted averages) 17
- 19. Public Debt, 2007-2017 (Percent of GDP, weighted averages) Source: World Economic Outlook and Sean Nolan, 2017 Shifts and changes in the global economy Public debt burdens are rising and growth of international trade is slowing Import Volume, Goods and Services, 2000-2016 (Constant prices, Index 2000=100) 18
- 20. Global Inequality, 1988-2013 Inequality within countries is rising Source World Bank 2017 and Sean Nolan, 2017 19
- 21. Source: Adapted from Branko Milanovic and Christoph Lakner, 2013 Relative gain in real per capita income by global income level, 1988-2008 Although inequality is rising within countries, it is declining across the global population The largest negative effect is on the lower and middle classes in developed economies 20
- 22. Source: Braga, 2017 The share of US pre-tax income accruing to the bottom 50 percent and top one percent of income earners, 1962-2014 Inequality within countries is rising USA – current account % GDP USA – Employment in manufacturing – the role of technology Blaming international trade for inequality is a mistake 21
- 23. Is globalization retrenching? 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120% 130% 140% 150% 160% 170% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Trade Capital Information People Global Gross Financial Flows, 1990-2016 (percent of world GDP) Depth of Globalization: Change vs 2005 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Merchandise Trade % of GDP FDI Flows % of Investment Trade and FDI depth through 2016 Source: Braga, 2017 Source: Ghemawat, 2017 Source: Ghemawat, 2017 22
- 24. The world’s economic center of gravity, 1980– 2016, in black, at three-year intervals Reflections on the new global economy: multipolarity 1980 1989 1998 2007 2016 2049 Source: Danny Quah, 2011 Evolution of the earth’s economic center of gravity: 1 CE to 2025 Source: McKinsey Global Institute, 2012 23
- 25. Source: Maha Kamel, 2017 Reflections on the new global economy: multipolarity Eastern Europe (16) 24
- 26. Solutions: What to Avoid and What to Pursue 25
- 27. 1. Dealing with joblessness by relying on the civil service; 2. Underpaying civil servants compared to the private sector; 3. Cutting fiscal deficits by sacrificing public investment in infrastructure; 4. Subsidizing energy except for very limited subsidies to highly vulnerable sections of the population; 5. Open ended protection for specific sectors; 6. Imposing administrative price controls; 7. Banning exports; 8. Exchange rate misalignment; 9. Resisting urbanization/underinvesting in infrastructure; 10.Ignoring environmental implications; 11.Poorly regulating the Banking sector and excessive interference; 12.Measuring educational progress solely by higher enrollments and ignoring the quality of education Solutions: Avoid bad ideas The Growth Report Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, 2008 26
- 28. Solutions: The policy ingredients of growth strategies The Growth Report Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, 2008 A list of common policies between countries with 7+ % growth over 25+ years 27
- 29. 19801960 1970 1996 5,000 10,000 1953 Per Capita Income ($) 1990 1945 1998 2007 15,000 2008 20,000 2011 65 79 12,197 7,355 1,000 21,695 1997-98 Financial Crisis Global Financial Crisis Joining OECD 1948 Foundation of Republic of Korea (1948) 22,489 Receiving Foreign Aid Korean War (1950-53) The Korean Example: From LDC to OECD member 28 28
- 30. 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1 Iron Ore Textiles Textiles Electronics Semiconductors 2 Tungsten Ore Plywood Electronics Textiles Computers 3 Raw Silk Wigs Iron and Steel Products Footwear Automobiles 4 Anthracit e Iron Ore Footwear Iron and Steel Products Petrochemical Products 5 Cuttlefish Electronics Ships Ships Ships <Changes of Export Products by Period> Annual Export Increase 43.5% (62-76) The Korean Example: Growth of trade 29
- 31. The Korean Example: Role of government 30
- 32. Changes within one generation 31
- 33. World Bank twin goals *End extreme poverty *Boost shared prosperity within sustainability framework Invest in three areas: •*Human development •*Inclusive growth and infrastructure •*Resilience Sustainable Development Goals •*People *Planet *Partnership • *Prosperity *Peace *17 goals *169 targets OECD Accession o*Commitment to pluralist democracy based on rule of law and respect of human rights o*Adherence to open & transparent market economy principles o*Shared goal of sustainable development Undergo in-depth reviews by technical OECD committees There are multiple paths of sustainable development 32
- 34. The 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals 33
- 35. An Opportunity for Transformation: From MDGs to SDGs The global development agendas serve as a compass and guide for countries to determine their national development path MDGs (2000-2015) SDGs (2016-2030) Goals 8 17 Targets 21 169 Indicators 60 ~231 Priority Areas Human Development Holistic: Economic, Social, Environmental Scope Developing Countries Universal 34
- 36. Looking Back: MDG Progress By number of countries Source: World Bank data, staff calculations 71 35 40 67 38 6 15 67 36 11 8 12 10 18 9 3 5 7 7 4 11 7 16 23 11 2 7 2 13 17 11 37 28 20 12 14 27 52 40 28 34 77 88 40 58 27 33 25 22 2 2 8 19 23 MDG 1.1 - Extreme Poverty MDG 1.9 Under-nourishment MDG 2.1 - Primary Completion MDG 3.1 - Education Gender Parity MDG 4.1 - Under-5 Mortality MDG 4.2 - Infant Mortality MDG 5.1 - Maternal Mortality MDG 7.8 - Improved Water MDG 7.9 - Improved Sanitation Target Met Sufficient Progress Insufficient Progress Moderately Off Target Seriously Off Target Insufficient Data 35
- 37. Progress on the MDGs Share Of Global Poverty 51% 0% 4% 30% 15% 1990 East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Global poverty: 1.96 billion 37.1 % of global population 12% 1% 4% 33% 50% 2015 Global poverty: 702 million 9.6% of global population 36
- 38. An Opportunity for Transformation: Lessons learned from the field • Improve coordination and ensure the timeliness and effectiveness of policy instruments • Localize implementation and prioritize engagement of communities and community mobilization • Increase efficient allocation of resources • Recognize and identify interrelatedness of development goals at the onset • Ensure strong government involvement • Promote quality data • Increase cross-institutional collaboration • Bridge the humanitarian and development agendas Based on report: “Transitioning from the MDGs to the SDGs” jointly written by the World Bank Group and the UN Development Programme 37
- 40. Coordination of development agendas The Colombian Example Active national agendas determine actions related to at least 146 SDG targets - 86% Source: Colombia’s HLPF presentation NAT’L DEV PLAN National Development Plan 2014-2018 39
- 41. OECD Accession The Colombian Example 1. Investment Committee; 2. Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions; 3. Corporate Governance Committee; 4. Committee on Financial Markets; 5. Insurance and Private Pensions Committee; 6. Competition Committee; 7. Committee on Fiscal Affairs; 8. Environment Policy Committee; 9. Chemicals Committee; 10. Public Governance Committee; 11. Regulatory Policy Committee; 12. Territorial Development Policy Committee; 13. Committee on Statistics; 14. Economic and Development Review Committee; 15. Education Policy Committee; 16. Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee; 17. Health Committee; 18. Trade Committee and the Working Party on Export Credits; 19. Committee for Agriculture; 20. Fisheries Committee; 21. Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy; 22. Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy; 23. Committee on Consumer Policy In order to allow Council to take an informed decision on the accession of Colombia, Colombia will undergo in-depth reviews by the following technical OECD committees which will provide a formal opinion to the Council: Source: Roadmap for the Accession of Colombia to the OECD Convention, 2013 40
- 42. World Bank Twin Goals 41
- 43. Data: Crucial to understand how trends are shifting 42
- 44. SDG Interlinkages and Data Visualization The case of Japan: Japan’s goals interlinked to SDG 1 43
- 45. Financing sustainable development: The key components 44Source: World Bank Group, 2015
- 46. Financing sustainable development $24.4 trillion in low-yield government securities More than $10 trillion invested in negative interest rate bonds $8 trillion sitting in cash 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annual Average Infrastructure Investment until 2030 How much is out there? 45 $ Trillion
- 47. Financing sustainable development Private sector engagement is critical 1990 2015 $ BILLIONS FDI OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE Soaring Private Capital Flows, Flat Official Development Assistance Source: IFC Presentation to Center for Global Development, February 2017 46
- 48. PUBLIC & CONCESSIONAL FINANCING, INCLUDING SUB-SOVEREIGN • Public finance (incl. national development banks and domestic SWF) • MDBs and DFIs COMMERCIAL FINANCING PUBLIC AND CONCESSIONAL RESOURCES FOR RISK INSTRUMENTS & CREDIT ENHANCEMENTS • Guarantees • First Loss UPSTREAM REFORMS & MARKET FAILURES • Country and Sector Policies • Regulations and Pricing • Institutions and Capacity 3 4 2 Financing sustainable development Private sector engagement needs to increase Can commercial financing be cost- effectively mobilized for sustainable investment? If not… Can upstream reforms be put in place to address market failures? If not… Can risk instruments & credit enhancements cost-effectively cover remaining risks? If not… Can development objectives be resolved with scarce public financing? 1 47
- 49. Source: Better Business Better World Report, January 2017 12 largest business themes in a world economy heading for the SDGs Financing sustainable development Opportunities for the private sector 48
- 50. The SDGs open up US$12 trillion of market opportunities in four economic opportunities: • These economic systems represent around 60 percent of the real economy and are critical to meeting the SDGs. • To capture these opportunities in full, businesses need to pursue social and environmental sustainability as avidly as they pursue market share and shareholder value. • If a critical mass of companies joins us in doing this now, they will become an unstoppable force. • If they don’t, the costs and uncertainty of unsustainable development could swell until there is no viable world in which to do business. Source: Better Business Better World Report, January 2017 Financing sustainable development Opportunities for the private sector 49
- 51. Source: IMF, 2013 Main Elements of SWF Policy Financing sustainable development Role of Sovereign Wealth Funds 50
- 52. Financing sustainable development Role of financial inclusion 51
- 53. Financing sustainable development Role of savings Savings, disaggregated by region (in % of GDP) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 World Egypt, Arab Rep. East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: World Bank World Development Indicators. Staff Calculations. 2017
- 54. Financing sustainable development: Role of savings •Influence savings behavior: introduce savings accounts for all students •Improve real income through: •increasing total factor productivity, •increasing labor efficiency, and •maintaining price stability •Reform public social security •Enhance commercial insurance systems •Mobilize digital/biometric ID systems •Realize the potential of fintech Key drivers of domestic savings 53
- 55. 54 Financing sustainable development: “Digitization” is disrupting every part of financial services 54 Source: World Bank Group, 2017
- 56. Source: FSB, Financial Stability Implications of FinTech, July 2017 55 Financing sustainable development: Fintech will become critical 55
- 57. The practice of sustainable development INVEST IN PEOPLE INVEST IN INCLUSIVE GROWTH INVEST IN RESILIENCE •Fragility & Conflict •Climate and weather shocks •Pandemics Sources: World Bank Group, 2017 •Early childhood development •Gender equality •Skills for jobs •Equal opportunities •Infrastructure •Roads •Energy •Sustainable •Greening growth •Water management •Private sector •Job creation Achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity 56
- 58. Invest in people: Learning to realize education’s promise Sources: World Bank Group, 2017 The practice of sustainable development 57
- 59. Invest in people: Sources: World Bank Group, 2017 Learning to realize education’s promise The three dimensions of the learning crisis How to realize education’s promise: Three policy responses “If your plan is for one year, plant rice. If your plan is for ten years, plant trees. If your plan is for one hundred years, educate children.” –Kuan Chung (7th Century BC). Still there are reasons for hope • Learning outcomes are poor: low levels, high inequality, slow progress • Schools are failing learners • Systems are failing schools • Assess learning – to make it a serious goal • Act on evidence – to make schools work for all learners • Align actors – to make the whole system work for learning The practice of sustainable development 58
- 60. Sources: World Bank Group, 2017 It’s more complicated than it looks: people act in reaction to the choices of others throughout the system Invest in people: Learning to realize education’s promise The practice of sustainable development 59
- 61. Sources: World Bank Group, 2017 Coherence and alignment toward learning Invest in people: Learning to realize education’s promise The practice of sustainable development 60
- 62. Reduce global maternal mortality ratio End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age End the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases; combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, other communicable diseases Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services Reduce premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases Strengthen prevention and treatment of substance abuse Halve global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents Achieve universal health coverage Substantially reduce number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination SDG 3: Ensure Healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages Invest in people: Health The practice of sustainable development 61
- 63. Source: World Bank Group, 2015 and Alaa Hamed, 2015 Invest in people: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) The Two Goals of Universal Health Coverage Service delivery: By 2030, everyone has access to essential health services Financial risk protection: by 2030, no one is pushed into or kept in poverty by paying for health care Three Dimensions to Improving UHC The practice of sustainable development 62
- 64. Sources: World Bank: Social Protection Teams from various regions + ASPIRE Social Protection Social Safety Nets/Social Assistance (Non contributory) To prevent and protect from risks and shocks Social Insurance (Contributory) To ensure adequate living standards in the face of shocks and life changes • Unconditional cash transfers (UCT) • Conditional cash transfers (CCT) • Food and in-kind programs • School feeding • Public works and food for works • Non-contributory social pensions • Fee waivers and targeted subsidies • Social services Labor Market Programs (Contributory and non contributory) (To promote labor inclusion and reintegration) Main Elements of Social Protection Invest in people: Social protection and jobs The practice of sustainable development 63
- 65. Sources: World Bank: Social Protection Teams from various regions + ASPIRE 20141997 Invest in people: Social protection and jobs Conditional Cash Transfer coverage has expanded rapidly across the world The practice of sustainable development 64
- 66. Source: KPMG 2017 Natural disaster risk profile The practice of sustainable developmentInvest in resilience 65
- 67. Invest in inclusive growth: Each industrial revolution shifts the manufacturing opportunities and patterns of specialization Industrial revolutions and shifts in manufacturing specialization, 1784–present Source: © Shutterstock. Used with permission; further permission required for reuse. Source: Trouble in the Making? The future of manufacturing-led development, World Bank, 2017 Three “C”s determine the feasibility of success in export-led manufacturing: • Competitiveness • Capabilities • Connectedness The practice of sustainable development 66
- 68. Invest in inclusive growth: Harnessing technology and the digital dividend Source: Adapted from World Economic Forum, 2017 The practice of sustainable development 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Telephone (1878) Mobile (1979) Internet (1990) Facebook (2004) Whatsapp (2009) Instagram (2010)1878 1979 1990 2004 2009 2010 Number of years to reach 100 million users 67
- 69. Source: The Wall Street Journal, 1998 Invest in inclusive growth: Harnessing technology and the digital dividend The practice of sustainable development 68
- 70. Source: Colombia’s HLPF presentation 69Source: Online sources Source: Dotmsr
- 71. Source: Colombia’s HLPF presentation 70
- 72. Source: Cirera; Maloney, The Innovation Paradox, 2017 The Capability to Innovate in 1900 Drives Income Levels Today The Capabilities Escalator Leapfrogging Disruptive Innovation Source: Dassault Systemes, 2017 Source: CodigoDelSur, 2017 Invest in inclusive growth: Harnessing technology and the digital dividend The practice of sustainable development 71
- 73. Source: New Growth Models, World Economic Forum, 2014 Invest in inclusive growth: Dashboard for inclusive, sustainable, and multidimensional growth The practice of sustainable development 72
- 74. Implementation Happens at the Local Level 73
- 75. Source: Data calculations from local government statistics 86 provinces have a population of over 10 million 78 countries have a population of under 5 million 181 provinces have a population of over 5 million Assessing social risk and its mitigation should be conducted at the local level *Analysis conducted on developing countries The practice of sustainable development 74
- 76. Source: Municipal Finances Handbook: Managing Local Expenditures, Morrell and Kopanyi 1. Preschool education 2. Primary and secondary school 3. Health care 4. Social assistance and poverty alleviation 5. Public order and civil protection 6. Infrastructure and public services 7. Environment protection 8. Social, cultural, recreational expenditures 9. Local economic development 10.Social housing 11.Urban development 12.Civil security 13.Transfer to sub-local government entities 14.(subsidies, grants, equity, in-kind) 15.Loan repayment 16.Interest charges 17.Guarantees called (paid by the municipality) Sample Municipal Budget 1. Property tax (rates) on land and/or buildings 2. Tax on the transfer of immovable property 3. Tax on motor vehicles 4. Local sales tax and/or tax on the sale of local products (or surcharge) 5. Tax on local businesses and services 6. Tax on electricity consumption (surcharge) 7. Tax on nonmotorized vehicles 8. Tax on tourism, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment 9. Tolls on roads, bridges, etc., within the limits of the local government 10. Charges for public works and public utilities such as waste collection, drainage, sewerage, and water supply 11. Charges for markets and rents for market stalls 12. Charges for the use of bus stations and taxi parks 13. Fees for approval of building plans and erection and re-erection of buildings 14. Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, cattle fairs, industrial exhibitions, tournaments, and other public events 15. Fees for licensing of businesses, professions, and vocations 16. Fees for other licenses or permits and penalties or fines for violations 17. Fees for advertisement 18. Fees on sales of animals in cattle markets 19. Fees for registration and certification of births, marriages, and deaths 20. Fees for education and health facilities established or maintained by the local government 21. Fees for other specific services rendered by the local government 22. Rent from land, buildings, equipment, machinery, and vehicles 23. Surpluses from local commercial enterprises Expenses Revenues 75
- 77. Localization of Urban Development: The case of China Localization of Urban Development in China Reforming land management and institutions Creating a mobile and versatile labor force with equal access to a common standard of public services Placing urban finances on a more sustainable footing while creating financial discipline for local governments Improve the revenue base of local governments by mainstreaming a property tax on housing Improve the intergovernmental grants system Establish an explicit framework for local government transactions Reform the financial sector to enhance fiscal discipline of local governments Reforming urban planning and design Managing environmental pressures Improving governance at the local level Timing, sequencing, and monitoring 76
- 78. Localization of Urban Development: Kenya: A government funded drought insurance program brings satellite based insurance to Kenyan pastoralists and farmers using mPesa. Indonesia: A program is being implemented to enhance the capacity of local governments to improve efficiency and effectiveness of local public spending. Also implemented the PNPM program: community driven development U.K. Midlands Successful locally owned businesses help develop local markets, create innovation, success and redistribution in a self- reinforcing cycle Colombia: 77
- 79. Source: Colombia’s HLPF presentation 78
- 80. Mahmoud Mohieldin Senior VP Thank You worldbankgroup.org/sdgs Follow us on twitter @WBG2030 Mahmoud-Mohieldin on 7 9