Project on equity analysis

S U M M E R T R A I N I N G P RO J E C T
O N
“ E Q U I T Y A N A LY S I S ”
B a n k s
SUBMITTED TO:
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CONTENTS
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3
• BREIF COMPANY PROFILE
4
• INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO
7
• CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION
11
 INTRODUCTION
12
 RATIONALE
13
 OBJECTIVES
14
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN
15
• CHAPTER 2: TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OVERVIEW
16
• CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS OVERVIEW
23
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• CHAPTER 4: BANKING SECTOR
31
 BANKING IN INDIA
32
 CURRENT SCENARIO
33
 FUTURE OUTLOOK
34
 BANKING STRUCTURE
35
• CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS
38
 ICICI BANK ANALYSIS
39
 HDFC BANK ANALYSIS
43
 UNION BANK OF INDIA ANALYSIS
48
• FINDINGS & CONCLUSION
54
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
55
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Company Profile
Kotak Life Insurance is a joint venture between Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd., along
with its affiliates and Old Mutual plc. Kotak Mahindra Old Mutual Life Insurance is
one of the fastest growing insurance companies in India and has shown remarkable
growth since its inception in 2001.
Kotak Mahindra believes in offering its customers a lifetime of value. Established in
1984, the Kotak Mahindra group has long been one of the India’s most reputed financial
organizations. Kotak Mahindra today is one of India’s leading financial institutions
offering complete financial solutions that encompass every sphere of life. The group has
a net worth of over Rs. 3,380 crore, employs around 12,300 people in its various
businesses and has a distribution network of branches, franchisees, representative offices
and satellite offices across 320 cities and towns in India and offices in New York,
London, Dubai, Mauritius and Singapore. The Group services around 2.9 million
customer accounts.
Old Mutual, a company with 160 years experience in life insurance, is the 37th largest
company in the FTSE100 with a market cap of approx. £10 billion and listed on London,
Stockholm and Johannesburg stock exchanges. Its fund under management exceeded
$468 billion as on 31st December, 2006. For customers, this joint venture translates into
a company that combines international expertise with the understanding of the local
market.
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Products
• Kotak Eternal Life Plans
• Kotak Platinum Advantage Plan
• Kotak Headstart Child Plans
• Kotak Sukhi Jeevan Plan
• Kotak Privileged Assurance Plan
• Kotak Term Plan
• Kotak Preferred Term Plan
• Kotak Money Back Plan
• Kotak Child Advantage Plan
• Kotak Endowment Plan
• Kotak Capital Multiplier Plan
• Kotak Retirement Income Plan
• Kotak Retirement Income Plan(Unit-linked)
• Kotak Safe Investment Plan II
• Kotak Flexi Plan
• Kotak Easy Growth Plan
• Kotak Premium Return Plan
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Investment Rationale
Each investment alternative has its own strengths and weaknesses. Some options seek to
achieve superior returns (like equity), but with corresponding higher risk. Other provide
safety (like PPF) but at the expense of liquidity and growth. Other options such as FDs
offer safety and liquidity, but at the cost of return. Mutual funds seek to combine the
advantages of investing in arch of these alternatives while dispensing with the
shortcomings.
Indian stock market is semi-efficient by nature and, is considered as one of the most
respected stock markets, where information is quickly and widely disseminated, thereby
allowing each security’s price to adjust rapidly in an unbiased manner to new
information so that, it reflects the nearest investment value. And mainly after the
introduction of electronic trading system, the information flow has become much faster.
But sometimes, in developing countries like India, sentiments play major role in price
movements, or say, fluctuations, where investors find it difficult to predict the future
with certainty. Some of the events affect economy as a whole, while some events are
sector specific. Even in one particular sector, some companies or major market player
are more sensitive to the event. So, the new investors taking exposure in the market
should be well aware about the maximum potential loss, i.e. Value at risk.
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Investment Portfolio of Kotak Life Insurance
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Investment Portfolio of Aggressive Growth Fund
9

Investment Portfolio of Dynamic Growth Fund
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Investment in Banks
Name Investment % (avg)
STATE BANK OF INDIA 5.15
ICICI BANK 4.60
HDFC BANK 2.48
UNION BANK OF INDIA 0.95
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Investing, like marriage, isn't something that should be entered into lightly. Investing in
equities gives high returns but they correspondingly have higher risk also. Before we
invest in a company, there are more than a few things we need to know about it.
Securities Analysis
An analysis of securities and the organization and operation of their markets. The
determination of the risk reward structure of equity and debt securities and their
valuation. Special emphasis on common stocks. Other topics include options, mutual
fluids and technical analysis.
Technical analysis is a method of predicting price movements and future market trends
by studying charts of past market action which take into account price of instruments,
volume of trading and, where applicable, open interest in the instruments.
Fundamental analysis is a method of forecasting the future price movements of a
financial instrument based on economic, political, environmental and other relevant
factors and statistics that will affect the basic supply and demand of whatever underlies
the financial instrument.
Main differences between the two types of analysis:
Fundamental analysis Technical analysis
Focuses on what ought to
happen in a market
Focuses on what actually
happens in a market
Factors involved in price
analysis:
1. Supply and demand
2.Seasonal cycles
3.Weather
4. Government policy
Charts are based on market
action involving:
1.Price
2.Volume
3. Open interest (futures
only)
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1.2 RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY
In an industry plagued with skepticism and a stock market increasingly difficult to
predict and contend with, if one looks hard enough there may still be a genuine aid for
the Day Trader and Short Term Investor.
The price of a security represents a consensus. It is the price at which one person agrees
to buy and another agrees to sell. The price at which an investor is willing to buy or sell
depends primarily on his expectations. If he expects the security's price to rise, he will
buy it; if the investor expects the price to fall, he will sell it. These simple statements are
the cause of a major challenge in forecasting security prices, because they refer to human
expectations. As we all know firsthand, humans expectations are neither easily
quantifiable nor predictable.
If prices are based on investor expectations, then knowing what a security should sell for
(i.e., fundamental analysis) becomes less important than knowing what other investors
expect it to sell for. That's not to say that knowing what a security should sell for isn't
important--it is. But there is usually a fairly strong consensus of a stock's future earnings
that the average investor cannot disprove
Fundamental analysis and technical analysis can co-exist in peace and complement each
other. Since all the investors in the stock market want to make the maximum profits
possible, they just cannot afford to ignore either fundamental or technical analysis.
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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Primary Objective:
To do equity analysis of chosen securities.
Sub-Objectives:
a) To justify the current investment in the chosen securities.
b) To understand the movement and performance of stocks.
c) To recommend increase/decrease of investment in a particular security.
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1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & DESIGN
TYPE OF STUDY
The research has been based on secondary data analysis. The study has been exploratory
as it aims at examining the secondary data for analyzing the previous researches that
have been done in the area of technical and fundamental analysis of stocks. The
knowledge thus gained from this preliminary study forms the basis for the further
detailed Descriptive research. In the exploratory study, the various technical indicators
that are important for analyzing stock were actually identified and important ones short
listed.
SAMPLE DESIGN
The sample of the stocks for the purpose of collecting secondary data has been selected
on the basis of Random Sampling. The stocks are chosen in an unbiased manner and
each stock is chosen independent of the other stocks chosen. The stocks are chosen from
the Banking Sector.
SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size for the number of stocks is taken as 3 for technical analysis and
fundamental analysis of stocks as fundamental analysis is very exhaustive and requires
detailed study.
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CHAPTER- 2
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
A CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW
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TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
Technical analysis can be conditionally divided into some main parts such as:
• Types of charts
• Graphical methods
• Analytical methods
Technical analysis is concerned with predicting future price trends from historical price
and volume data. The underlying axiom of technical analysis is that all fundamentals
(including expectations) are factored into the market and are reflected in exchange rates.
A technical analysis is based on three axioms:
• Movement of the market considers everything
• Movement of prices is purposeful
• History repeats itself
SUPPORT AND RESISTANCE
Support is a level at which bulls (i.e., buyers) take control over the prices and prevent
them from falling lower.
Resistance, on the other hand, is the point at which sellers (bears) take control of prices
and prevent them from rising higher. The price at which a trade takes place is the price at
which a bull and bear agree to do business. It represents the consensus of their
expectations.
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Support levels indicate the price where the most of investors believe that prices will
move higher. Resistance levels indicate the price at which the most of investors feel
prices will move lower.
Role Reversal
When a resistance level is successfully broken through, that level becomes a support
level. Similarly, when a support level is successfully broken through, that level becomes
a resistance level.
DOW THEORY– TRENDS:
The ideas of Charles Dow, the first editor of the Wall Street Journal, form the basis of
technical analysis. The Dow theory is a method of interpreting and signaling changes in
the stock market direction based on the monitoring of the Dow Jones Industrial and
Transportation Averages. Dow created the Industrial Average, of top blue chip stocks,
and a second average of top railroad stocks (now the Transport Average). He believed
that the behavior of the averages reflected the hopes and fears of the entire market. The
behavior patterns that he observed apply to markets throughout the world.
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Three Movements
Markets fluctuate in more than one time frame at the same time:
Nothing is more certain than that the market has three well defined movements which fit
into each other.
• The first is the daily variation due to local causes and the balance of buying and
selling at that particular time.
• The secondary movement covers a period ranging from ten days to sixty days,
averaging probably between thirty and forty days.
• The third move is the great swing covering from four to six years.
• Bull markets are broad upward movements of the market that may last several
years, interrupted by secondary reactions. Bear markets are long declines
interrupted by secondary rallies. These movements are referred to as the primary
trend.
• Secondary movements normally retrace from one third to two thirds of the
primary trend since the previous secondary movement.
• Daily fluctuations are important for short-term trading, but are unimportant in
analysis of broad market movements.
Various cycles have subsequently been identified within these broad categories.
Primary Movements have Three Phases
The general conditions in the market:
Bull markets
• Bull markets commence with reviving confidence as business conditions
improve.
• Prices rise as the market responds to improved earnings
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• Rampant speculation dominates the market and price advances are based on
hopes and expectations rather than actual results.
Bear markets
• Bear markets start with abandonment of the hopes and expectations that
sustained inflated prices.
• Prices decline in response to disappointing earnings.
• Distress selling follows as speculators attempt to close out their positions and
securities are sold without regard to their true value.
Trends
Bull Trends
A bull trend is identified by a series of rallies where each rally exceeds the highest point
of the previous rally. The decline, between rallies, ends above the lowest point of the
previous decline.
Successive higher highs and higher lows.
The start of an up trend is signaled when price makes a higher low (trough), followed by
a rally above the previous high (peak):
Start = higher Low + break above previous High.
The end is signaled by a lower high (peak), followed by a decline below the previous
low (trough):
End = lower High + break below previous Low.
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A bear trend starts at the end of a bull trend: when a rally ends with a lower peak and
then retreats below the previous low. The end of a bear trend is identical to the start of a
bull trend.
ELLIOT WAVES THEORY BASICS
TRENDLINES
Breaking through support or resistance levels results in a change of traders’ expectations
(which causes supply/demand lines to shift).
An Uptrend is defined by successively higher low-prices. A rising trend can be thought
of as a rising support level: the bulls are in control and are pushing prices higher. A
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Downtrend is defined by successively lower high-prices. A falling trend can be thought
of as a falling resistance level: the bears are in control and are pushing prices lower.
MOVING AVERAGES
Moving averages are one of the oldest and most popular technical analysis tools. A
moving average is the average price of a financial instrument over a given time.
The moving average represents the consensus of investor’s expectations over the
indicated period of time.
The classic interpretation of a moving average is to use it in observing changes in prices.
Investors typically buy when the price of an instrument rises above its moving average
and sell when the it falls below its moving average.
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CHAPTER- 3
FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS
A CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW
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Fundamental analysis refers to the study of the core underlying elements that influence
the economy of a particular entity. It is a method of study that attempts to predict price
action and market trends by analyzing economic indicators, government policy and
societal factors (to name just a few elements) within a business cycle framework.
I. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS:
POLITICO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS:
No industry or company can exist in isolation. It may have splendid managers and a
tremendous product. However, its sales and its costs are affected by factors, some of
which are beyond its control - the world economy, price inflation, taxes and a host of
others. It is important, therefore, to have an appreciation of the politico-economic factors
that affect an industry and a company.
II. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
The importance of industry analysis is now dawning on the Indian investor as never
before.
1. BARRIER TO ENTRY
New entrants increase the capacity in an industry and the inflow of funds. The question
that arises is how easy is it to enter an industry ?
There are some barriers to entry:
a) Economies of scale
b) Product differentiation
c) Capital requirement
d) Government policy
2. THE THREAT OF SUBSTITUTION
New inventions are always taking place and new and better products replace existing
ones. An industry that can be replaced by substitutes or is threatened by substitutes is
normally an industry one must be careful of investing in. An industry where this occurs
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constantly is the packaging industry -bottles replaced by cans, cans replaced by plastic
bottles, and the like. To ward off the threat of substitution, companies often have to
spend large sums of money in advertising and promotion.
3. BARGAINING POWER OF THE BUYERS
In an industry where buyers have control, i.e. in a buyer's market, buyers are constantly
forcing prices down, demanding better services or higher quality and this often erodes
profitability.
4. BARGAINING POWER FOR THE SUPPLIERS
An industry unduly controlled by its suppliers is also under threat.
5. RIVALRY AMONG COMPETITORS
Rivalry among competitors can cause an industry great harm. This occurs mainly by
price cuts, heavy advertising, additional high cost services or offers, and the like.
III. COMPANY ANALYSIS:
At the final stage of fundamental analysis, the investor analyzes the company. This
analysis has two thrusts:
How has the company performed vis-à-vis other similar companies and
How has the company performed in comparison to earlier years
It is imperative that one completes the politico economic analysis and the industry
analysis before a company is analyzed because the company's performance at a period of
time is to an extent a reflection of the economy, the political situation and the industry.
What does one look at when analyzing a company?
The different issues regarding a company that should be examined are:
The Management
The Company
The Annual Report
Ratios
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THE MANAGEMENT:
The single most important factor one should consider when investing in a company and
one often never considered is its management.
In India management can be broadly
divided in two types:
Family Management
Professional Management
THE COMPANY:
An aspect not necessarily examined during an analysis of fundamentals is the company.
A company may have made losses consecutively for two years or more and one may not
wish to touch its shares - yet it may be a good company and worth purchasing into.
There are several factors one should look at.
1. How a company is perceived by its competitors?
One of the key factors to ascertain is how a company is perceived by its competitors. It
is held in high regard. Its management may be known for its maturity, vision,
competence and aggressiveness. The investor must ascertain the reason and then
determine whether
the reason will continue into the foreseeable future.
2. Whether the company is the market leader in its products or in its segment
Another aspect that should be ascertained is whether the company is the market leader in
its products or in its segment. When you invest in market leaders, the risk is less. The
shares of market leaders do not fall as quickly as those of other companies. There is a
magic to their name that would make individuals prefer to buy their products as opposed
to others.
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3. Company Policies
The policy a company follows is also important. What is its plans for growth? What is its
vision? Every company has a life. If it is allowed to live a normal life it will grow upto a
point and then begin to level out and eventually die. It is at the point of leveling out that
it must be given new life. This can give it renewed vigour and a new lease of life.
THE ANNUAL REPORT:
The primary and most important source of information about a company is its Annual
Report. By law, this is prepared every year and distributed to the shareholders. Annual
Reports are usually very well presented. A tremendous amount of data is given about the
performance of a company over a period of time.
The Annual Report is broken down into the following specific parts:
A) The Director's Report,
B) The Auditor's Report,
C) The Financial Statements, and
D) The Schedules and Notes to the Accounts.
A. The Director’s Report
The Director’s Report is a report submitted by the directors of a company to its
shareholders, advising them of the performance of the company under their stewardship.
1. It enunciates the opinion of the directors on the state of the economy and the political
situation vis-à-vis the company.
2. Explains the performance and the financial results of the company in the period under
review. This is an extremely important part. The results and operations of the various
separate divisions are usually detailed and investors can determine the reasons for their
good or bad performance.
3. The Director’s Report details the company's plans for modernization, expansion and
diversification. Without these, a company will remain static and eventually decline.
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4. Discusses the profit earned in the period under review and the dividend.
Recommended by the directors. This paragraph should normally be read with some
skepticism, as the directors will always argue that the performance was satisfactory. If
adverse economic conditions are usually at fault.
5. Elaborates on the directors' views of the company's prospects in the future.
6. Discusses plans for new acquisition and investments. An investor must intelligently
evaluate the issues raised in a Director’s Report. Industry conditions and the
management's knowledge of the business must be considered.
B. The Auditor's Report
The auditor represents the shareholders and it is his duty to report to the shareholders
and the general public on the stewardship of the company by its directors. Auditors are
required to report whether the financial statements presented do, in fact, present a true
and fair view of the state of the company. Investors must remember that the auditors are
their representatives and that they are required by law to point out if the financial
statements are not true and fair..
C.Financial Statements
The published financial statements of a company in an Annual Report consist of its
Balance Sheet as at the end of the accounting period detailing the financing condition of
the company at that date, and the Profit and Loss Account or Income Statement
summarizing the activities of the company for the accounting period.
BALANCE SHEET
The Balance Sheet details the financial position of a company on a particular date; of the
company's assets (that which the company owns), and liabilities (that which the
company
owes), grouped logically under specific heads. It must however, be noted that the
Balance Sheet details the financial position on a particular day and that the position can
be materially different on the next day or the day after.
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Sources of funds
Shareholders Funds
Share Capital
(i) Private Placement
(ii) Public Issue
iii) Rights issues
RESERVES
i) Capital Reserves
ii) Revenue Reserves
LOAN FUNDS
i) Secured loans:
ii) Unsecured loans
Fixed Assets
INVESTMENTS
STOCK OR INVENTORIES
i) Raw materials
ii) Work in progress
iii) Finished goods
CASH AND BANK BALANCES
LOANS AND ADVANCES
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
The Profit and Loss account summarizes the activities of a company during an
accounting period which may be a month, a quarter, six months, a year or longer, and the
result achieved by the company. It details the income earned by the company, its cost
and the resulting profit or loss. It is, in effect, the performance appraisal not only of the
company but also of its management- its competence, foresight and ability to lead.
RATIOS:
Ratios express mathematically the relationship between performance figures and/or
assets/liabilities in a form that can be easily understood and interpreted.
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No single ratio tells the complete story
Ratios can be broken down into four broad categories:
(A) Profit and Loss Ratios
These show the relationship between two items or groups of items in a profit and loss
account or income statement. The more common of these ratios are:
(B) Balance Sheet Ratios
These deal with the relationship in the balance sheet such as :
1. Current assets to current liabilities.
2. Liabilities to net worth.
(C) Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account Ratios.
These relate an item on the balance sheet to another in the profit and loss account such
as:
1. Earnings to shareholder's funds.
2. Net income to assets employed.
(D) Financial Statements and Market Ratios
These are normally known as market ratios and are arrived at by relative financial
figures to market prices:
1. Market value to earnings and
2. Book value to market value.
(a) Market value
(b) Earnings
(c) Profitability
The major ratios that are considered:
(i) Market value
(ii) Price- earnings ratio
(iii) Market-to-book ratio
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(iv) Earnings
(v) Earning per share
(vi) Dividend per share
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BANKING IN INDIA
The Indian banking scenario witnessed a significant development in the recent years with
the entry of private banks and their focus on retail banking and convergence of services. The
business models of the leading players are adapting to this impending change as banks widen
the spectrum of savings and loan products they offer. Private Banks are the best positioned to
acquire market share in the emerging scenario: A change is expected to make mergers between
banks and Foreign Institutional Investors possible, which will. Benefit large private bank
group(s).
Nationalization
A significant milestone in Indian Banking happened in the late 1960s when the then Indira
Gandhi government nationalized, on 19th July, 1969, 14 major commercial Indian banks,
followed by nationalization of 6 more commercial Indian banks in 1980. The stated reason for
the nationalization was more control of credit delivery. After this, until the 1990s, the
nationalized banks grew at a leisurely pace of around 4%-also called as the Hindu growth of the
Indian economy.
After the amalgamation of New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank, currently there are 19
nationalized banks in India.
Liberalization
In the early 1990s the then Narasimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalisation
and gave licenses to a small number of private banks, which came to be known as New
Generation tech-savvy banks, which included banks like ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This
move along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, kick started the banking sector in
India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks,
namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks. However there had been a few
hiccups for these new banks with many either being taken over like Global Trust Bank while
others like Centurion Bank have found the going tough.
The next stage for the Indian banking has been setup with the proposed relaxation in the norms
for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights
which could exceed the present cap of 10%.
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Current scenario
Currently, overall, banking in India is considered as fairly mature in terms of supply, product
range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector
and foreign banks. Even in terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are
considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets as compared to other banks in
comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with
minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to
manage volatility without any stated exchange rate and this has mostly been true.
Indian economy is expected to be strong for quite some time especially in its services sector, the
demand for banking services-especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are
expected to be strong.
Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs), 2& public sector banks (that is
with the Government of India holding a stake), 29 private banks (these do not have government
stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 31 foreign banks.
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FUTURE OUTLOOK
• Total banking assets are expected to double and grow to $915 billion by 2010 - a CAGR
of 15%
• $70 billion additional equity needed for growth plus Basel II compliance
• Mutual Funds: Assets Under Management (AUM) are expected to grow by 15% till
2010
• Retail Finance is expected to grow at an annual rate of 18%, from $27.6 billion in 2003-
04 to $64.2 billion by 2008-09
POTENTIAL
• Demographic profile favours higher retail offtake - 54% of the population is in the 15-35
years age group
• Capital expenditure by the Government and private industry is expected to grow at a
high rate
• Economic growth of about 12% p.a. in nominal terms
• SME lending, a largely untapped market, presents a significant opportunity - SMEs
account for 40% of the industrial output and 35% of direct exports
• Regulatory and technological enablers leading to high growth:
• The Banking system is technologically enabled with RTGS and cheque truncation in
place
• Improved asset management practices - Gross NPAs to Advances ratio reduced from 24-
25% in 1993 to 7-8% in 2006
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BANKING STRUCTURE IN INDIA
The banking institutions in the organized sector, commercial banks are the oldest institutions,
some them having their genesis in the nineteenth century. Initially they were set up in large
numbers, mostly as corporate bodies with shareholding with private individuals. In the sixties of
the 20th
century a large number of smaller and weaker banks emerged in the country.
Subsequently there has been a drift towards state ownership and control. Today 27 banks
constitute a strong Public Sector in Indian Commercial Banking.
Commercial Banks operating in India fall under the different sub categories on the basis of their
ownership and control over management.
1. Public Sector Banks: Public Sector Banks emerged in India in three stages. First the
conversion of the then existing Imperial Bank of India into State Bank of India in 1955,
followed by the taking over of the seven associated banks as its subsidiary. Second the
nationalization of 14 major commercial banks in 1969and last the nationalization of 6
more commercial Bank in 1980. Thus 27 banks constitute the Public Sector Banks.
2. New Private Sector Banks: after the nationalization of the major banks in the private
sector in 1969 and 1980, no new bank could be setup in India for about two decades,
though there was no legal bar to that effect. The Narasimham Committee on financial
sector reforms recommended the establishment of new banks of India. RBI thereafter
issued guidelines for setting up of new private sector banks in India in January 1993.
These guidelines aim at ensuring that new banks are financially viable and
technologically up to date from the start. They have to work in a professional manner,
so as to improve the image of commercial banking system and to win the confidence of the
public.
Eight private sector banks have been established including banks sector by financially
institutions like IDBI, ICICI, and UTI etc.
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Fig 1: Banking Structure in India
38
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
SCHEDULED BANKS
COMMERCIAL BANKS CO-OPERATIVE BANKS
PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS (27)
PRIVATE BANKS (29)
URBAN CO-OPERATIVE (52)
STATE CO-OPERATIVE (16)SBI AND ASSOCIATES (8)
NATIONALIZED BANKS (19)
OLD BANKS (21)
NEW BANKS (8)

3. Local Area Banks: Such Banks can be established as public limited companies in the
private sector and can be promoted by individuals, companies, trusts and societies. The
minimum paid up capital of such banks would be 5 crores with promoters contribution at
least Rs. 2 crores. They are to be set up in district towns and the area of their operations
would be limited to a maximum of 3 districts. At present, four local area banks are
functional, one each in Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
4. Foreign Banks: foreign commercial banks are the branches in India of the joint stock
banks incorporated abroad. There number was 31 as on 31.03.2005.
5. Cooperative Banks: Besides the commercial banks, there exists in India another set of
banking institutions called cooperative credit institutions. These have been made in
existence in India since long. They undertake the business of banking both in urban and
rural areas on the principle of cooperation. They have served a useful role in spreading
the banking habit throughout the country. Yet, there financial position is not sound and a
majority of cooperative banks has yet to achieve financial viability on a sustainable
basis.
The cooperative banks have been set up under various Cooperative Societies Acts
enacted by State Governments. Hence the State Governments regulate these banks. In
1966, need was felt to regulate their activities to ensure their soundness and to protect
the interests of depositors. Consequently, certain provisions of the Banking Regulation
Act1949 were made applicable to the cooperative Banks as well. These Banks have thus
fallen under dual control viz., that of the State Government and tat of the RBI which
exercises control over them so far as their banking Operations are concerned.
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Brief Company Profile : ICICI BANK
ICICI Bank (formerly Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India) is India's largest
private sector bank in market capitalization and second largest overall in terms of assets. ICICI
Bank has total assets of about USD 79 Billion (end-Mar 2007), a network of over 950 branches
and offices, about 3500 ATMs, and 24 million customers(as of end July '07). ICICI Bank offers
a wide range of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers
through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialised subsidiaries and affiliates in
the areas of investment banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset
management. ICICI Bank's equity shares are listed in India on stock exchanges at Kolkata and
Vadodara, the Stock Exchange, Mumbai and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited and
its ADRs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
Key Executives
Mr. Kundapur Vaman Kamath
Chief Exec. Officer
Smt. Vishakha Mulye
Chief Financial Officer
Mrs. Chanda Kochhar
Exec. Director of Retail Banking Bus., Deputy Managing Director
Ms. Madhabi Puri-Buch
Head of Operations
41

Equity Research
Aug 2006
Stock performance ( Rel to Nifty )
ICICI BANK Ltd
( Rs 920, P/E: 26.6, BUY )
Price Target: Rs. 1100
India’s largest private sector bank ICICI Bank had
hit the market with an offer size of Rs200bn, with
half the offering scheduled in the domestic
market. This offering is estimated to sustain the
company’s growth rate over the next three years
after factoring in Basel II impact. Unlocking of
subsidiary value is likely to be the biggest driver
for the Bank's valuation.
Investment summary
Positive outlook, despite the huge dilution
Positive outlook for the Bank stems from the
company’s good market positioning and high pricing
power, demonstrated over the past 6 months. While
ROE would remain compressed at ~11%, normalized
for investments in subsidiaries it stands at a
respectable ~15%.
Capital sufficient for the next two-three years
The current capital raising would be sufficient for the
Bank for the next 2-3 years supporting an asset
growth of 22%. Given RBI’s recent guidelines, many
banks are likely to tap the capital markets, giving
ICICI Bank the early mover advantage.
FIPB gives approval Financial Services Co
ICICI Bank obtained the FIPB (foreign investment
promotion board) approval for selling upto 24%
stake in its financial services company to foreign
investors. The proposed finco (still subject to RBI
approval) would be the holding company for its life
insurance, general insurance and asset management
businesses.
Finco approval positive for valuations
ICICI bank had earlier proposed sale of 5.9% stake in
finco to few investors (subject to approvals) for
Rs26.5bn. This values the finco at US$11bn and the
3 businesses at US$15bn. The approval is very
positive for valuations and could provide benchmarks
for the subsidiaries
42
ISIN Code : INE090A01013
Face Value : 10.00
52 Week Low : 672.30
52 Week Hi : 1069.90

Key risk
Asset quality deterioration
Rising interest rates and consequently deteriorating asset quality remains the key risk to
valuations. Further management's decision to move from mortgage products to other high yield
assets could impact asset quality in the medium term.
44

Brief Company Profile : HDFC BANK
HDFC Bank, one of the commercial banks of India, was incorporated in August 1994, after the
Reserve Bank of India allowed setting up of Banks in the private sector. The Bank was promoted
by the Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited, a premier housing finance company
(set up in 1977) of India. Net Profit for the year ended March 31, 2006 was Rs. 1,141 crores.
Currently HDFC Bank has 753 branches, 1,716 ATMs, in 320 cities in India, and all branches of
the bank are linked on an online real-time basis. The bank offers many innovative products &
services to individuals, corporates, trusts, governnments, partnerships, financial institutions,
mutual funds, insurance companies.
Key Executives
Jagdish Capoor
Chairman / Chair Person
Aditya Puri Managing
Director
Keki Mistry
Director
Vineet Jain
Director
45

Equity Research
Aug 2006
Stock performance ( Rel to Nifty )
HDFC BANK Ltd
( Rs 1188, P/E: 33.2, BUY )
Investment summary
1QFY07 earnings 3-4% higher than estimated
HDFC Bank’s 1QFY07 earnings were about 3-4%
higher than estimated, driven principally by stronger
non-interest income. While top line (net interest
income) was a tad lower, it was owing to a mismatch
of balance sheet and revenue growth and the higher
funding costs of the previous quarter, which was
expected. Asset quality remains steady with gross
NPLs at 1.3% of customer assets and net NPLs at
0.4%. Loan growth at 33% was few notches higher as
the results reinforce that the bank continues to be on
a strong growth trajectory.
Earnings raised by 2-3%; to grow at 30% CAGR
through FY09
Building in the equity infusion by HDFC Ltd (USD 330
million), margins are likely to be steady, resulting in
stronger earnings growth. This assumes high NPL
coverage after factoring in an uptick in the NPL cycle.
Net NPLs forecast at <0.5% through FY10.
Looking ahead – FY08; earnings growth at 30%
A 30% CAGR growth in earnings through FY08-09 on
the back of greater visibility on the bank’s ability to
generate loan growth of +34-35%. Key earnings
drivers are likely to be:
Loan growth of around 35% v/s earlier estimates
of 30-31% yoy
Fee revenues are likely to be higher at +35% yoy
(and would show the expected rebound) supported
by enhanced customer acquisition especially as the
bank has expanded its distribution network very
aggressively in the past 6 months.
Strong volume growth with easing margin
pressures
Loan growth could be a few notches higher at +34%
owing to the enhanced penetration of its products and
ongoing buoyancy in its retail (non-auto) business
and sustained uptick in the corporate loan growth
cycle. Moreover, margins may be steady owing to the
equity infusion by HDFC and the share of low cost
deposits sustaining at +50% levels v/s 47-48%
46
Face Value : 10.00
52 Week Low : 801.30
52 Week Hi : 1248.50

assumed earlier.
Holding Pattern of HDFC Bank
Description % of Holding
Total Foreign 51.46
Total Institutions 5.59
Total Govt. Holding 0.79
Total Non-Promoter Corporate Holdings 7.92
Total Promoters 21.56
Total Public & Others 12.68
Total 100.00
Income Statement
As On (Months) 31-Mar-07 31-Mar-06 31-Mar-05
Profit / Loss A/c Rs. mn % BT Rs. mn % BT Rs. mn % BT
Interest Income 68890.20 81.29 44753.40 78.67 30934.90 82.92
Other Income 15856.90 18.71 12136.40 21.33 6373.60 17.08
Operating Income (OI) 84747.10 100.00 56889.80 100.00 37308.50 100.00
Interest Expenses 31794.50 37.52 19295.00 33.92 13155.60 35.26
Employee Expenses 7768.60 9.17 4868.20 8.56 2766.70 7.42
OPBDT 18587.50 21.93 14324.00 25.18 11236.60 30.12
OPBT 16391.50 19.34 12538.10 22.04 9795.90 26.26
Extraordinary / Prior period 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Tax 4977.00 5.87 3830.30 6.73 3140.30 8.42
PAT 11414.50 13.47 8707.80 15.31 6655.60 17.84
Dividend 2235.70 2.64 1722.30 3.03 1400.70 3.75
Share Statistics
As on 31-Mar-07 31-Mar-06 31-Mar-05
EPS (Rs.) 35.74 27.81 21.48
CFPS (Rs.) 42.61 33.51 26.13
Book Value (Rs.) 201.42 169.24 145.86
DPS (Rs.) 7.00 5.50 4.52
47

Balance Sheet (Rs in Cr.)
2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
CAPITAL & LIABILITIES
Owners' Fund
Equity Share Capital 319.39 313.14 309.88 284.79 282.05
Share Application Money 0.00 0.07 0.43 1.45 6.91
Peference Share Capital 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Reserves & Surplus 6,113.76 4,986.39 4,209.97 2,407.09 1,962.78
Loan Funds
Deposits 68,297.94 55,796.82 36,354.25 30,408.86 22,376.07
Borrowings made by the bank 2,815.39 4,560.48 5,290.01 2,907.82 2,284.65
Other Liabilities & Provisions 13,689.13 7,849.49 5,264.46 6,296.98 3,511.62
Total 91,235.61 73,506.39 51,429.00 42,306.99 30,424.08
ASSETS
Cash & Balances with RBI 5,182.48 3,306.61 2,650.13 2,541.98 2,081.96
Money at call and Short Notice 3,971.40 3,612.39 1,823.87 1,115.57 1,087.26
Investments 30,564.80 28,393.96 19,349.81 19,256.79 13,388.08
Advances 46,944.78 35,061.26 25,566.30 17,744.51 11,754.86
Fixed Assets
Gross Block 1,917.56 1,589.47 1,290.51 1,061.33 854.11
Less: Revaluation Reserve 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Less: Accumulated Depreciation 950.89 734.39 582.19 444.42 325.53
Net Block 966.67 855.08 708.32 616.91 528.58
Capital Work-in-progress 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Assets 3,605.48 2,277.09 1,330.57 1,031.23 1,583.34
Miscellaneous Expenses not written off 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 91,235.61 73,506.39 51,429.00 42,306.99 30,424.08
48

Brief Company Profile : UNION BANK OF INDIA
Union Bank of India (UBI), is the 5th
largest state owned bank in India, with a balance sheet
size of >US$25bn as on Mar-07. It has a vast distribution network with over 2,206 branches and
770 ATMS. While the bank has a pan India presence, western region accounts for >40%of its
loans and 30% of its deposit base. With >60 of its total lending to the corporate sector, UBI is
highly leveraged to the rising demand for corporate credit.
It serves approximately 15 million customers. All its branches are computerized, and as its 1,000
branches are under the network of core banking solution, which covers 85% business of the
bank. The bank is providing e-banking services and other online services through all these CBS
branches.
Key Executives
M.V.NAIR
Chairman & Managing Director
R.S. REDDY
Executive Director
T.Y. PRABHU
Executive Director
SHRI B.S.BHALLA I.A.S.
Government of India Nominee
50

Equity Research
Jul 2006
Stock performance
Union Bank of India
( Rs 131.6, P/E: 7.8, BUY )
Offering the best risk reward ratio
among government banks, Union Bank of
India ranks in the top tier on all
operating parameters and trades at the
lowest end of the valuation range at
<0.9x FY09CL adj book
Investment summary
Top-tier ranking on all parameters
It ranks in the top tier on all operational measures
with 30% earnings growth in FY08CL and among the
highest FY09CL ROEs at 21%. It is effectively
leveraging its leadership in technology
implementation to achieve the highest growth in fee
revenue, improve the percentage of low-cost demand
deposits and attain the best operating efficiency.
Moving to a higher growth trajectory
With the excess of 75% of its lending to the non-retail
sector, Union Bank is a key beneficiary of rising
corporate credit demand. With management
strategically reducing its lending to large corporates
and focusing on the SME segment, the margins are
expected to expand by 4-7bps over next two years.
Strategic initiatives like a life-insurance venture in
collaboration with Bank of India and Dai-chi of Japan,
can drive next leg of growth.
Earnings to grow +25% in FY08-09
UBI’s earnings are expected to grow 30% in FY08,
25% in FY09 led by:
• A pick up in loan growth led by rising
corporate credit demand
• 20% sustained growth in fee revenue
• Marginal improvement in operating efficiency
• Sharp decline in investment hits
Asset quality to remain stable with gross non-
performing loans at 2.9%, and a coverage ratio
should improve to 100% as the bank maintains its
aggressive provisioning policy.
Attractive valuations
Given >30% earnings growth in FY08 and high ROE
of 20% in FY08(21% in FY09), Union Bank could
51
Face Value : 10.00
52 Week Low : 142.00
52 Week Hi : 80.50

trade up to 1.2-1.3x one-year forward(FY09CL)
adjusted book, underpinning price target of 180.
Financials
Year to 31 Mar 05A 06A 07A 08CL 09CL
Op income (Rsm) 28307 29994 36320 41570 48852
Net profit (Rsm) 7191 6752 8454 11032 13812
EPS (Rs) 15.6 14.0 16.7 21.8 27.3
Pex (@Rs 118.7) 7.6 8.5 7.1 5.4 4.3
Dividend yield % 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.8 4.6
Price/book 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8
ROAA 1.10 0.83 0.88 0.98 1.04
ROAE 21.4 16.5 17.3 19.6 21.0
Shareholding Pattern
Govt. Of India
56%
FII's
20%
Domestic
Institutions
9%
Others
15%
52

Leveraging Technology efficiently
Union bank is amongst the leaders in technology implementation with >80% of its business
being on a common banking platform (CBS). While many other state owned banks have been
implementing CBS, Union bank seems to be amongst the few banks which have effectively
leveraged these initiatives to:
a) drive fee income growth
b) increase the proportion of low cost demand deposits and
c) improve operating efficiency
Fee income growth
UBI’s fee revenues have grown 23% in FY06 and 26% in FY07, one of the highest across state
owned banks, as it leveraged its technology platform to roll out new retail products (depository,
credit card/debit card), increase cross selling to its vast client base and gain market share in areas
like foreign exchange business ( + 33%yoy) etc.
C/I ratio has declined
The bank has re-deployed its surplus staff (outcome of CBS implementation) in new business
initiatives like marketing of retail products, etc. Hence while the bank’s top line has grown
+20%, related costs haven’t increased so much resulting in a significant decline in the C/I
ratio(from 49% in FY05 to 42% in FY07) making itone of the best amongst all state owned
banks.
Asset quality to remain stable
Union bank has seen a sharp improvement in asset quality over the past two years with its gross
NPLs declining to <3% of advances in FY07 (v/s 7.6% in FY04) and net NPLs to <0.5%. The
improvement has been led by lower incremental delinquencies, higher recoveries and aggressive
provisioning. In FY07 Union Bank’s total NPL provisioning, at around 0.8% of advances, was at
the higher end of all state-owned banks.
53

Income Statement
Income (Rs Mn) FY05A FY06A FY07A FY08CL FY09CL
Interest income 49698 58637 73822 89621 108189
Interest Expense 29052 34894 45920 56595 68961
Net Interest income 20646 23743 27902 33026 39228
Other income 7661 6251 8418 8545 9624
- Treasury Gains 2603 954 1085 750 600
Total income 28307 29994 36320 41570 48852
Operating expenses 12575 14024 14759 16812 18744
Pre-provision profit 15732 15970 21561 24758 30107
Total provision 9616 7023 7757 8293 9493
-Provision for NPL 2391 2567 5044 6250 7500
- for investments 5712 4338 2714 2043 1993
- Other 1513 118 000 000 000
PBT 6116 8947 13804 16466 20614
PAT 7191 6752 8454 11032 13812
Key Ratios
FY05A FY06A FY07A FY08CL FY09CL
EPS 15.6 13.4 16.7 21.8 27.3
Earnings Growth 1.0% -14.5% 25.2% 30.5% 25.2%
Capital Adequacy 12.3% 11.4% 12.8% 11.4% 11.5%
Cost-Income ratio 49% 48% 42% 41% 39%
Loan Growth 36% 33% 17% 22% 20%
Yield on Investments 8.4% 8.0% 7.8% 7.9% 8.0%
Dividend per share 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
Dividend payout 25% 29% 24% 23% 23%
Dividend yield 2.9% 2.9% 2.9% 3.8% 4.6%
P/E 7.7 9.0 7.2 5.5 4.4
54

Balance sheet
( Rs bn) FY04 FY05A FY06 FY07E FY08E
Cash balances 38.5 65.7 63.9 84.3 87.8
Advances 294.3 401.1 533.8 623.9 761.1
Investments 224.4 227.9 259.2 279.8 318.6
Fixed assets 7.7 8.2 8.1 8.2 7.8
Current Assets 18.3 21.2 26.3 30.6 35.2
Total Assets 583.2 724.1 891.3 1026.8 1210.6
Equity capital 4.6 4.6 5.1 5.1 5.1
Reserves & Surplus 26.3 31.5 40.5 46.8 55.3
Shareholder’s funds 30.9 36.1 45.6 51.9 60.4
Deposits 505.6 618.3 740.9 851.8 1003.8
Borrowings 9.3 20.2 39.7 42.2 48.5
Subordinated debt 15.2 19.7 27.7 34.2 42.8
Current liabilities 22.2 29.8 37.3 46.7 55.1
Total Liabilities 583.2 724.1 891.3 1026.8 1210.6
55

Findings & Conclusion
Stock Target Price (Rs) Recommendation
ICICI Bank 1100 BUY
HDFC Bank 1435 BUY
Union Bank Of India 180 BUY
Current scenario suggests, markets are on a bullish run, especially in case of Banking Industry.
Analysis suggests that all the chosen stocks ie ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank and UBI are going to
perform well, with huge potential of earnings for equity holders.
It is recommended to increase the investment in Banks.
Stock P/E ratio
ICICI Bank 26.6
HDFC Bank 33.2
Union Bank of India 7.8
Investment in Union Bank of India should be increased from current 0.95% to at least 2% of
the total investments in the equity market.
56

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites Referred:
www.moneycontrol.com
www.myiris.com
www.indiaearnings.moneycontrol.com
http://finance.yahoo.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.reuters.com
www.kotaklifeinsurance.com
www.hdfcbank.com
www.investopedia.com
Reports Referred:
CLSA – Asia Pacific Markets analysis of Union Bank of India
Merril Lynch analysis of HDFC Bank
India Infoline report on ICICI Bank’s FPO
57

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