![Electronic configuration
D-block elements show the electronic configuration of the
formula: [IG] (n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns⁰⁻²](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dandfblockelements-240924195156-c6acf9ff/85/Properties-of-Lanthanoids-and-Actinoids-D-and-F-Block-Elements-5-320.jpg)
![Electronic configuration
F-block elements in Lanthanide series show the electronic
configuration of the formula: [Xe] 6s² 5d⁰⁻¹ 4f¹⁻¹⁴](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dandfblockelements-240924195156-c6acf9ff/85/Properties-of-Lanthanoids-and-Actinoids-D-and-F-Block-Elements-11-320.jpg)
![Electronic configuration
F-block elements in the Actinoids series show the electronic
configuration of the formula: [Rn] 5f¹⁻¹⁴ 6d⁰⁻¹ 7s²](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dandfblockelements-240924195156-c6acf9ff/85/Properties-of-Lanthanoids-and-Actinoids-D-and-F-Block-Elements-15-320.jpg)
Properties of Lanthanoids and Actinoids (D and F Block Elements)
- 1. D & F block elements
- 3. D and F block Elements from the d and f block are known as Transition elements. These are elements who have empty d orbitals either in their ground state or in their most common oxidation state and can extend their oxidation state by shifting their valence electrons into these orbitals. Zn, Cd, and Hg have filled d-orbitals and are thus not considered transition metals, but their behaviour is studied along with transition elements.
- 4. D Block 01
- 5. Electronic configuration D-block elements show the electronic configuration of the formula: [IG] (n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns⁰⁻²
- 6. Atomic Size MP and BP Atomic size varies due to inequality and equality in effective nuclear charge and shielding effect. Transition metals, due to greater number of valence electrons show greater bonding, Thus, their melting and boiling points are very high. Spotted with exceptions due to half/ fully filled stability, size and orbital type, generally increases left to right. Ionization Energy
- 7. They show varied oxidation state: They show deviation in standard electrode potential due to irregular variation of the ionisation enthalpies and also the hydration energies of the divalent ions of these elements:
- 8. Coloured Ions These elements show coloured ions, with each ion having a characteristic colour:
- 9. Catalysis Due to variable oxidation state, small size of metal ions and high ionic charge, transition elements form a number of coordination compounds and complexes. Small atoms of H, C or N get trapped in the crystal lattice of these elements and form interstitial compounds. These are sometimes non- stoichiometric. Catalytic activity is shown by these elements due to ability to form complexes and adopt multiple oxidation state. These are solid solutions generally made from metals within 15% of metallic radii of each other. Complexes Interstitial Compounds Alloys Other Properties
- 10. Lanthanoids 02
- 11. Electronic configuration F-block elements in Lanthanide series show the electronic configuration of the formula: [Xe] 6s² 5d⁰⁻¹ 4f¹⁻¹⁴
- 12. Atomic Size Oxidation State Atomic size decreases uniformly from Lanthanum to Lutetium due to poor shielding effect from f orbitals leading to greater effective nuclear charge. This trend is known as Lanthanide Contraction. 3+ O.S. is predominant, but +2 and +4 are also observed. Pr, Nd, Tb and Dy can exhibit +4 in MO₂ state. They are silvery white soft metals that get tarnished easily, but their hardness increases left to right, with Smarium being steel hard. They are good conductors of electricity. Metallic Properties Density and other properties change smoothly except for Europium and Ytterbium, occasionally for Samarium and Thulium. ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬-
- 13. Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It’s composed of hydrogen Other properties: ● Mant trivalent ions of Lanthanoids are coloured in both solid and aqueous state; showing the similar colour if they have same number of unpaired electrons. ● Their first ionization enthalpy is about 600 kJ/mol and second IE is about 1200 kJ/mol, comparable to those of Calcium. The initial lanthanides show reactivity similar to Calcium but the later ones are less reactive, similar to Aluminium. ● They show the given reactions:
- 14. Actinoids 03
- 15. Electronic configuration F-block elements in the Actinoids series show the electronic configuration of the formula: [Rn] 5f¹⁻¹⁴ 6d⁰⁻¹ 7s²
- 16. Ionic Size There is gradual decrease in the size of atoms or M³⁺ ion across the series. This is due to poor shielding offered by f-orbital, leading to greater effective nuclear charge, thus, small radii. This is known as Actinoid Contraction and is even greater than Lanthanoid contraction. They are silvery with varied structure, highly reactive, react with HCl but not HNO3 due to protective oxide layer. Show coloured ions due to f-f transition. They don’t react with alkalis. Metallic Properties Oxidation State Greater range of oxidation states due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s. The following table shows the same:
- 17. Uses of D- and F- block elements: Construction Iron and steel are important for construction work, their production dependent on many other transition metals. ★ Industries Zinc, MnO₂ is used in Leclanche cells and TiO is used in the pigment industry. ★ Catalysis Many of these elements are used in catalysing many chemical reactions. ★ Photography AgBr is commonly used in photography, though AgCl, AgI and Ag are also used. ★ Oxidation Transition compounds such as MnO₄⁻, CrO₄²⁻are good oxidizing agents and are used popularly in chemical reactions. ★
- 18. Thanks!