Psyche Determinants 4
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This document discusses several key determinants of human behavior including heredity and environment. It provides details on fertilization, gametes, zygotes, chromosomes, genes, DNA structure, and several chromosome abnormalities such as Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome. It also discusses in vitro fertilization, Dolly the sheep who was the first cloned mammal, and some of the history and ethical implications of cloning.
Psyche Determinants 4
- 2. Determinants of Human Behavior All human beings are more or less like each other in physical equipment We vary in size, strength, color of skin, facial characteristics and intelligence Psychologists know that much of our behavior is shaped by events that happened long before our earliest childhood memories HOW CAN WE SEEM TO BE ALIKE AND YET SO DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER? CAUSE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES a. HEREDITY b. ENVIRONMENT
- 3. HEREDITY Is the process by which various characteristics are transmitted to the individual at the time of fertilization
- 4. FERTILIZATION • Also known as conception, fecundation and snaky • Is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism • In animals, the process involves a sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo • Depending on the animal species, the process can occur within the body of the female in internal fertilization, or outside in the case of external fertilization Procreation The entire process of development of new individuals or the act of species reproduction
- 5. A sperm cell fertilizing an ovum Two living germ cells or gametes unite to produce new individual Sperm Cell Egg cell LIFE Within these are genetic materials consisting of chromosomes and genes
- 6. Gamete • From Ancient Greek translated - gamete = wife - gametes = husband • Is a cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization or conception in organisms that reproduce sexually
- 7. ZYGOTE Is a single cell, with a complete set of chromosomes, that normally develops into an embryo. A human ovum
- 8. CHROMOSOMES What is Chromosomes? - A structure which carried the hereditary units we receive from our parents and transmit to our offspring - Found in the nucleus of each cell in the body - Body cell contain 46 chromosomes - During conception, the human being receives 23 chromosomes from the father’s sperm and 23 chromosomes from the mother’s ovum - These 46 chromosomes form 23 pairs - Duplicated every time the cell divide
- 10. GENES Individual hereditary units composed the chromosomes A segment of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), the actual carrier of genetic information
- 11. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Molecule which are looked like a twisted ladder or a double stranded helix or spiral All of which has the same chemical composition It consist of a simple sugar or deoxyribose, phosphate, and four bases THE FOUR BASES: (A.G.T.C.) - Adenine - Guanine - Thyonine - Cytosine
- 12. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses • The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information • DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules • The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information
- 13. • Its two strands consist of sugar and phosphate • Its strands are held apart by pairs of bases • A pairs with T, and G pairs with C • Occur in any sequence along the strand and constitute a genetic code
- 14. The structure of part of a DNA double helix
- 15. Chemical structure of DNA. Hydrogen bonds shown as dotted lines
- 16. Chromosome Abnormality • A chromosome anomaly (chromosome abnormality) reflects an atypical number of chromosomes (karyotype) or a structural abnormality in one or more chromosomes • Chromosome anomalies usually occur when there is an error in cell division following meiosis or mitosis • There are many types of chromosome anomalies Two Basic Groups of Abnormalities - numerical anomalies - structural anomalies
- 17. Numerical Abnormalities When an individual is missing either a chromosome from a pair (monotony) or has more than two chromosomes of a pair (tiresome, tetras my, etc) An example of a condition caused by a numerical anomaly is Down Syndrome, also known as Tiresome 21 (an individual with Down Syndrome has three copies of chromosome 21, rather than two) Turner Syndrome is an example of a monotony where the individual is born with only one sex chromosome, an X
- 18. Structural abnormalities When the chromosome's structure is altered. This can take several forms: Deletions: A portion of the chromosome is missing or deleted. Known disorders include Wolf-Hirsch Horn syndrome, which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4; and Jacobsen Syndrome, also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder. Duplications: A portion of the chromosome is duplicated, resulting in extra genetic material. Known disorders include Chariot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A which may be caused by duplication of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) on chromosome 17. Translocations: When a portion of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. There are two main types of translocations. In a reciprocal translocation, segments from two different chromosomes have been exchanged. In a Robertson Ian Translocation, an entire chromosome has attached to another at the Centro mere; these only occur with chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22. Inversions: A portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down and reattached, therefore the genetic material is inverted. Rings: A portion of a chromosome has broken off and formed a circle or ring. This can happen with or without loss of genetic material.
- 19. Chromosome abnormality The three major single chromosome mutations 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion The two major two chromosome mutations 1. insertion 2. translocation
- 20. XYY syndrome XYY Syndrome - Is an aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes in which a human male receives an extra Y chromosome, giving a total of 47 chromosomes instead of the more usual 46 - This produces a 47,XYY karyotype Physical traits Most often, the extra Y chromosome causes no unusual physical features or medical problems 47,XYY boys have an increased growth velocity during earliest childhood, with an average final height approximately 7 cm above expected final height Severe acne was noted in a very few early case reports, but dermatologists specializing in acne now doubt the existence of a relationship with 47,XYY Testosterone levels (prenatally and postnatally) are normal in 47,XYY males Most 47,XYY males have normal sexual development and usually have normal fertility Since XYY is not characterized by distinct physical features, the condition is usually detected only during genetic analysis for another reason.
- 21. XXY Chromosomes the XXY chromosome arrangement was Dr. Henry Klinefelter The presence of the extra X may be called Klinefelter Syndrome Boys with the XXY structure are referred to as XXY males instead of describing their differences as a syndrome It is really important to remember that boys with XXY chromosomes may have all or none of the features associated with XXY males. XXY males often benefit from testosterone treatment during puberty to help produce adolescent development of adult male features Lack of this treatment does not mean that sexual behavior in life is impaired Many XXY kids have normal sexual lives in later life, though some men may note slightly less interest in sex The XXY chromosome pattern does not predispose men to be “feminine” or to "develop" homosexuality Studies on this suggest homosexuality is just as common in men who have the more common XY chromosome arrangement.
- 22. In Vitro Fertilization In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) - Is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in vitro - IVF is a major treatment in infertility when other methods of assisted reproductive technology have failed - The process involves hormonally controlling the ovulatory process, removing ova (eggs) from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm fertilize them in a fluid medium - The fertilized egg (zygote) is then transferred to the patient's uterus with the intent to establish a successful pregnancy - The first "test tube baby", Louise Brown, was born in 1978. Naked" Egg Test Tube Babies Refers to the tube-shaped containers of glass or plastic resin, called test tubes, that are commonly used in chemistry labs and biology labs. However, in vitro fertilization is usually performed in the shallower containers called Petri dishes
- 23. Dolly A female domestic sheep remarkable in being the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer She was cloned by Ian Wilmot and Keith Campbell colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. She was born on July 5, 1996 and she lived until the age of six, and was dubbed "the world's most famous sheep" by Scientific American The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body that could recreate a whole individual. As Dolly was cloned from part of a mammary gland, she was named after the famously busty country western singer Dolly Parton Dolly's remains are exhibited at the Royal Museum of Scotland. July 5, 1996 – February 14, 2003
- 24. Cloning Cloning in biology is the process of producing populations of genetically- identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms More generally, the term refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as digital media or software Cloning cell-line colonies using cloning rings
- 25. History and Ethical Implications Although the possibility of cloning human beings has been the subject of speculation for much of the twentieth century, scientitists and policy makers began to take the prospect seriously in the 1960s Nobel Prize winning geneticist Joshua Lederberg advocated for cloning and genetic engineering in a seminal article in the American Naturalist in 1966 and again, the following year, in the Washington Post He sparked a debate with conservative bioethicist Leon Kass, who wrote at the time that "the programmed reproduction of man will, in fact, dehumanize him." Another Nobel Laureate, James Watson, publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in his Atlantic Monthly essay, "Moving Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971. Advocates of human therapeutic cloning believe the practice could provide genetically identical cells for regenerative medicine, and tissues and organs Both basic research and therapeutic development for serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes, as well as improvements in burn treatment and reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, are areas that might benefit from such new technology New York University bioethicist Jacob M. Appel has argued that "children cloned for therapeutic purposes" such as "to donate bone marrow to a sibling with leukemia" might someday be viewed as heroes Proponents claim that human reproductive cloning also would produce benefits. Severino Antinori and Panos Zavos hope to create a fertility treatment that allows parents who are both infertile to have children with at least some of their DNA in their offspring.
- 26. Amniocentesis Also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT, is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections, in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is extracted from the amnion or amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities
- 27. Designer Baby The colloquial term "designer baby" refers to a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in-vitro fertilization to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics The term is derived by comparison with "designer clothing". It implies the ultimate commodification of children and is therefore usually used pejoratively to signal opposition to such use of reprogenetics Ethics A minority of bioethicists consider the process of designing a baby, once the reprogenetic technology is shown to be safe, to be a responsible and justifiable application of parental procreative liberty. Some believe such selection should be legally mandatory The usage of reprogenetics on one's offspring is said to be defensible as procreative beneficence, the moral obligation of parents to try to give their children the healthiest, happiest lives possible. Some futurists claim that it would put the human species on a path to participant evolution A common objection: to the notion of using reprogenetic technologies to create a "designer baby" is based on the ethics of human experimentation Other objections to the idea of designer babies include the termination of embryos and how many disapprove of methods such as these under moral and religious grounds. For example, a group who believes in pro- life would not approve of the termination of preborn embryos. Also, the social standards go much further. It can be projected that we will breed a race of super humans who look down on those humans without genetic enhancements
- 28. Genetic engineering Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes Different from traditional breeding, where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly Uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure and characteristics of genes directly Have found some successes in numerous applications like: improving crop technology and the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria The term "genetic engineering" was coined in Jack Williamson's science fiction novel Dragon's Island, published in 1951, two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that DNA could be the medium of transmission of genetic information. Ethics The genetic engineering of humans has raised many controversial ethical issues Human genetic engineering has been widely debated While negative genetic engineering (gene therapy) does indeed raise a debate, the use of genetic engineering for human enhancement arouses the strongest feelings on both sides. Genetic engineering is tested on animals, often including primates. Some animal rights activists find this inhumane Genetic modification of embryos can pose an ethical question about the rights of the baby One belief is that every fetus should be free to not be genetically modified Others believe that parents hold the rights to change their unborn children Still some believe that every child should have the right to be born free from preventable diseases.
- 29. SCIENCE vs. RELIGION Genetic Engineering is certainly a means to improve human psychology if used properly It is only proper that practitioners in the field view it and apply it for purposes that will not contrary to the natural law and order that has been predestined by the great God who created everything for man to discover Pres. Bill Clinton Any discovery that touches upon human creation is not simply a matter of scientific inquiry, it is a matter of morality and spirituality Albert Einstein Science without religion is useless and religion without science is ineffective sirc0212