Psychological foundations ppt
- 1. Behaviorist Cognitive Humanistic Overall Approach Learning focuses on conditioning and modifying behavior through reward and punishment Learning focuses on the child’s development and intelligence as well as critical thinking skills. Learning focuses on the entire child and the influence of his or her environment Historical Background Rooted in traditional philosophy: Aristotle, Descartes, Locke and Rousseau. Psychologists ponder and argue over the roles environment and human characteristics play in learning. New field not recognized by traditional psychologists; stresses the importance of self-awareness of learning Curriculum Approach -Curriculum should involve testing, monitoring, drilling, and feedback -Proficiency/ Mastery should be accomplished by step-by-step activities, repetition, memorization, reinforcement and review -Subject matter should be logically organized -Traditional subject matter (hierarchy of focus) is stressed -Children should feel safe and loved at school in order to reach full potential -Students should study what is important to them Important Psychologists 1. Thorndike (Law of Effect)- students learn by forming constructive habits 2. Pavlov-Watson (classical Conditioning)- Stimulus and Response relationship 3. Skinner (Operant Conditioning)- negative and positive reinforcements for establishing behavior 4. Bandura (Observational learning)- Observing and modeling structures learning 5. Gagne (Hierarchal learning)- 8 characteristics that foster learning like verbal association and problem solving. 1. Montessori (structured play)- visual and auditory activities facilitate students’ learning at their own pace 2. Piaget (Cognitive stages of development)- Sequencing of mental operations blends information together 3. Vygotsky (Theory of language and cultural transmission)- human and cultural development must be strengthened for learning 4. Bruner-Phenix (structure of a subject)- characteristics and principles of a subject must be applied to new information in that field. 5. Gardner (8 multiple intelligences) 6. Guilford (120 potential cognitive processes) 7. Ennis-Lipman-Sternberg (critical thinking) 1. Maslow (human needs)- the 6 human needs must be met before learning can effectively occur 2. Rogers (freedom to learn)- children must be open to learning, trusting, and accepting themselves and others to learn.