Beneficiary in material processes
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This document summarizes a study on beneficiaries in material processes. The study analyzed clauses from a video to determine if prepositional phrases with "to" and "for" are beneficiaries. It also identified verbs that can include beneficiaries. The analysis found that not all such prepositional phrases are beneficiaries. Verbs identified as possibly including beneficiaries were save, get, owe, give, send, and sing. The study concluded that further research with more data sources is needed to verify these findings.
Beneficiary in material processes
- 1. BENEFICIARY IN MATERIAL PROCESSES: A SYNTACTIC STUDY Yuliani Kusuma Putri STBA YAPARI ABA BANDUNG 1 STBA YAPARI ABA Bandung Program Studi Bahasa Inggris Jl. Cihampelas No. 194 Bandung 40131 Email: youlee.kape@yahoo.com ABSTRAK Artikel ini berjudul Beneficiary in Material Processes: a Syntactic Study. Penelitian ini mengkaji dua hal utama, yaitu: (1) Apakah frasa preposisional dengan kata to dan for dalam proses Material termasuk ke dalam Beneficiary, dan (2) Verba apa saja dalam proses Material yang dapat mengandung Beneficiary. Data dijaring dari sebuah video berbahasa Inggris. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori Halliday tentang tata bahasa fungsional. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penulisan deskriptif, dengan jenis penelitian analisa dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua preposisi dengan kata to dan for dalam proses Material termasuk Beneficiary. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan memindahkan dan menghilangkan preposisi tersebut. Data dan hasil penelitian ini bersifat tentatif, karena sedikitnya sumber data. Data dan hasil penelitian ini dapat berubah di kemudian hari apabila ada penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai Beneficiary. Kata Kunci: Material Processes, Beneficiary, Recipient, Client
- 2. INTRODUCTION Functional linguistics is a new material for the students of English linguistics in Indonesia. Though it might be new, it has been applied in almost every school, especially high schools. Thus, it is important for us, students and teachers of EFL, to understand functional grammar approach if we want to teach it to high school students or to apply it in everyday purposes. According to Inchaurralde (2005), “Functional linguistics appeared as a reaction to formal approaches to grammar, especially generative and transformational approaches. One of its basic assumptions is that language is a symbolic system with a certain purpose or purposes, mainly communication, although there are other possibilities too, such as the use of language as an instrument of thought.” There are three kinds of subject in functional linguistics; psychological subject, logical subject and grammatical subject. The logical subject is called Actor. Actor is a function in the clause as representation (of a process). Halliday (1985) states that there are six types of processes; material processes, mental processes, relational processes, verbal processes, existential processes and behavioural processes. In every process, there is always active participant, and other participant function, such as beneficiary and range. Beneficiary cannot appear in every process. It appears in material and verbal processes, and occasionally in relational (Halliday, 1985) as the indirect object of the processes. This study focuses on beneficiary as other participant in material processes, with the formulation of the study: 1. Are prepositional phrases with to and for in material processes beneficiaries or not? 2. What verbs in material processes can consist of beneficiaries?
- 3. This study aims to do the following: 1. It probes whether prepositional phrases with to and for in material processes are beneficiaries or not. 2. It describes what verbs in material processes can consist of beneficiaries. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Transitivity (Halliday, 1985) specifies the different types of process that are recognised in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed. According to Halliday (1985) and Gerot and Wignell (1995), there are three components in a process which explain in a general way how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. These are: processes participants in the process circumstances associated with the process English language structures each experience as a semantic configuration, consisting of process, participants, and (optionally) circumstancial elements. Table 1 Typical functions of group and phrase classes type of element: typically realised by: process verbal group participant nominal group circumstance adverbial group or prepositional phrase
- 4. Example: the lion chased the tourist lazily through the bush participant process participant circumstance circumstance nominal group verbal group nominal group adverbial group prepositional phrase In conclusion, a process involves the process itself, participant(s), and circumstance(s) which is optional. Material Processes Material processes are processes of ‘doing’. They express the notion that some entity ‘does’ something –which may be done ‘to’ some other entity. Clauses with a material process obligatorily have a doing (process) and a doer (participant). The traditional view of transitivity in western linguistics is as follows. Every process has an Actor. Some processes, but not all, also have a second participant, which we shall call a Goal. Example: the lion sprang Actor Process the lion caught the tourist Actor Process Goal
- 5. The term Goal implies ‘directed at’; but there is another term that has been used. The relevant concept, however, is more like that of ‘one to which the process is extended’. The concept of extention is in fact the one that is embodied in the classical terminology of ‘transitive’ and ‘intransitive’. From the examples above, the verb spring is said to be intransitive, and the verb catch is said to be transitive. These, as a matter of fact, relate more appropriately to the clause than to the verb. There are two varieties of material processes: ‘doing to’ or dispositive type and ‘bringing about’ or creative type. The participant that results from the creative process is still referred to as Goal. Handel wrote the Messiah Actor process Goal In the dispositive type, we have doings and happenings. Kerr dismissed Whitlam Actor Process Goal the bushwalker tripped Actor Process the gun discharged Actor Process
- 6. Material processes ‘take’ both the active voice (as the previous) and the passive. Whitlam was dismissed by Kerr Goal Process Actor the gun was discharged Goal Process With some of these, it is most likely to meet the process in middle voice (one participant). the gun discharged Actor Process the fuel ignites Actor Process A material process can be recognised by using the ‘do’ probe. What did X do (to Y)? What happened to Y? However, it is important to recognise that there may be more than one kind of process in the grammar of a language; and that the functions assumed by the participants in any clause are determined by the type of process that is involved. It therefore needs to broaden the view of what constitute ‘goings-on’. Jack and Jill went up the hill Actor Process Circumstance to fetch a pail of water Process Goal
- 7. Jack fell down Actor Process Circumstance and broke his crown Process Goal and Jill came tumbling after Actor Process Circumstance Beneficiary in Material Processes The Beneficiary (Gerot & Wignell, 1995) is the one to whom or for whom the process is said to take place. In Material processes the beneficiary is either the Recipient or the Client. Recipient is the one to whom the goods are given. The Client is the one for whom services are provided. According to Eggins (2000), both Clients and Recipients may occur with or without prepositions, depending on their position in the clause. I sold the car to John Actor Material Goal Recipient I sold (to) John the car Actor Material Recipient Goal They threw a farewell party for Jane Actor Material Goal Client
- 8. They threw (for) Jane a farewell party Actor Material Client Goal METHODOLOGY Since this study is aimed to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually and accurately (Isaac & Michael, 1982), then the appropriate method should be used is the descriptive research. Isaac and Michael (1982) state that descriptive research is used in the literal sense of describing situations or events. It is the accumulation of a data base that is solely descriptive –it does not necessarily seek or explain relationships, test hypotheses, make predictions, or get at meanings and implications. The kind of descriptive research used in this study is the document analysis research, as stated by Riyanto (2001) in his book: Penelitian analisis dokumen/analisis isi adalah penelitian yang dilakukan secara sistematis terhadap catatan-catatan atau dokumen sebagai sumber data. Ciri-ciri dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Penelitian dilakukan terhadap informasi yang didokumentasikan dalam bentuk rekaman, gambar, dan sebagainya (2) Subjek penelitiannya adalah sesuatu barang, buku, majalah dan sebagainya (3) Dokumen sebagai sumber data pokok. The data were taken and collected from a video. The writer wrote down the clauses found from the video, then classified them. Having been classified, the data are then described to probe whether they are beneficiaries.
- 9. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 1. I’m going to save you some time. I ‘m going to save you some time. Actor Material Beneficiary: Client Goal The word you from the clause above is a Beneficiary. It can be probed by moving the word to the end of the sentence and adding a preposition. I ‘m going to save some time for you. Actor Material Goal Beneficiary: Client In the case above, the beneficiary acts as a Client, because the service, save, is done for someone else. 2. You got us tickets to that play. You got us tickets to that play. Actor Material Beneficiary: Client Goal Circumstance The word us above is a Beneficiary, because it can be added a preposition. You got tickets for us to that play. Actor Material Goal Beneficiary: Client Circumstance The beneficiary acts as a Client, since the service, get, is done for someone else.
- 10. 3. I owe you an explanation. I owe you an explanation. Actor Material Beneficiary: Recipient Goal The word you is a Beneficiary. It can be probed by adding a preposition to. By adding the preposition to, the type of beneficiary in the clause is a Recipient since the goal, an explanation, is done to someone. I owe an explanation to you. Actor Material Goal Beneficiary: Recipient 4. You have to watch it for me. The prepositional phrase for me above is not a Beneficiary, because it does not occur naturally when it is moved to the middle of the clause and the preposition for is omitted. *You have to watch me it. Hence, the prepositional phrase for me is simply a circumstantial element of Cause (Behalf). You have to watch it for me. Actor Material Goal Circumstance
- 11. 5. Do you mind giving us a minute? Do you mind giving us a minute? Mate- Actor -rial Beneficiary: Recipient Goal The word us above is a Beneficiary, acts as a Recipient. It can be probed by adding a preposition to. Do you mind giving a minute to us? Mate- Actor -rial Goal Beneficiary: Recipient 6. You sent us to that Medieval Times restaurant. The prepositional phrase to that Medieval Times restaurant is not a Beneficiary, because it cannot be moved and the preposition cannot be omitted. Therefore, the phrase is a Circumstance. You sent us to that Medieval Times restaurant. Actor Material Goal Circumstance However, the word sent can really work with a Beneficiary. For example in the clause He sent me a flower which can occur naturally with a preposition to (He sent a flower to me). 7. You sang to our baby daughter a song about a man. You sang to our baby daughter a song about a man. Actor Material Beneficiary: Recipient Goal Circumstance
- 12. The prepositional phrase to our baby daughter really is a Beneficiary. It can occur naturally without a preposition. 8. You sang our baby daughter a song about a man. You sang our baby daughter a song about a man. Actor Material Beneficiary: Recipient Goal Circumstance The clause rarely happens since the prepositional phrase to our baby daughter occurs before the Goal, a song. It usually appears following the Goal. Both possible clauses, however, are natural. In addition, the prepositional phrase to our baby daughter can also be placed after a song. You sang a song to our baby daughter about a man. Actor Material Goal Beneficiary: Recipient Circumstance CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS CONCLUSIONS Having analysed some clauses found from the data, there are some conclusions that can be drawn as follows: 1. Not all prepositions to and for in Material processes are Beneficiaries. They must be probed to prove whether they really are Beneficiaries. In Beneficiaries, Clients are more strict than Recipients.
- 13. 2. The verbs found from the data which can consist of Beneficiaries are save, get, owe, give, send, sing. 3. Beneficiaries with prepositions can sometimes occur naturally before Goals. SUGGESTIONS There are also a few suggestions for further study about Processes, especially about Beneficiaries: 1. The data found is still limited by the amount of the source of the data. It is recommended that further studies about Beneficiaries should take more sources for the data. 2. The verbs which can consist of Beneficiaries in this study is tentative. It can be more verbs or less verbs. It is strongly recommended for further studies to gain more verbs from the data.
- 14. REFERENCES Deterding, David H., & Poedjosoedarmo, Gloria R. 2001. The Grammar of English. Singapore: Prentice Hall. Eggins, Suzanne. 2000. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. Gerot, L., & Wignell, P. 1995. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Australia: Antipodean Educational Enterprises. Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. Inchaurralde, Carlos. 2005. Functional Approaches. In Strazny, Philipp. Encyclopedia of Linguistics (pp. 364-365). New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. Isaac, Stephen & Michael, William B. 1982. Handbook in Research and Evaluation. Second Edition. California: Edits Publishers. Morley, G. David. 2000. Syntax in Functional Grammar: An Introduction to Lexicogrammar in Systemic Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. Mukundan, J., & Menon, S. 2008. Nouns and Their Extended Units of Meaning: A Corpus Analysis of Nouns Used in the Science and English Language Textbooks. Jurnal Sastra Inggris, 8(2), 90-111. Riyanto, Yatim. 2001. Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan. Surabaya: Penerbit SIC. Sujatna, Eva T.S. 2008. Komplemen Objek dalam Bahasa Inggris: Kajian Sintaksis dan Semantis. Jurnal Sosiohumaniora, 10(1), 24-42.