Punctuation Marks: a very comprehensive PPT on rules
- 2. Mark of exclamation uotation Marks ostro he Dash hen ses
- 3. Mark of Exclamation Called “Exclamation Point” in American English
- 4. The exclamation mark is a puncmation mark that is used in exclamatorysentences. It is usually placed at the end of the sentence.
- 5. An exclamation mark is usual after an exclamatory sentence beginning with what or how. What fools people can be! How kind you are! What a beautiful dress! What awful shoes! How well Ali played yesterday! What a terrible fire this is!
- 6. The exclamation mark is used in an exclamatory sentence: a sentence that expresses strong emotions like happiness, aneer, excitement, astonishment, joy, and others. Also demonstrate shock, surprise, pain, or a raised voice. I hate you! Don't talk to me again! She is coming to meet me tomorrow! There's been a terrible accident! Oh my God! What a fantastic birthday gift! (Anger) (Excitement) (Shock) (Surprise) Watch out for traffic signs! If you don't, you could die! (Urgency) I was late to work again today. I'm going to get fired! (Fear or worry) Stop doing that! Watch out! (warning) (warning)
- 7. If a sentence starts with an interjection, we generally use an exclamation mark right after it. Common interjections: bravo, yay, ew, ahem, bingo, hey, yuck, alas, cheers, woo-hoo, yippee, hurrah, drat, ouch, Alack, O dear Too true, Hurrah, Heaven forbid, Oh, Bravo, Well done, Good heavens, etc. Yuck! This tastes awful! Yay! We are going to the concert. Hey! How are you? Hurrah! She's here at last! Hey! Stop playing tricks on me! Ouch! That hurts! I've had it with your lies. (Disgust) (Excitement) (Greetings) (Happiness)
- 8. With the interjection ‘O’. But the exclamation mark is placed after the noun that serves as the nominative of address. Correct: O Father! I failed the exam. Incorrect: O! Father. I failed the exam. Correct: O dear! Listen to my words. Incorrect: O! dear. Listen to my words.
- 9. Wish you a very happy birthday! Congratulations! Congratulations on your new job! Good morning! Good morning, Sajid! Well done on your achievement!
- 10. When an imperative sentence ends in a period, it's making a polite request or issuing an instruction. The tone is serious and calm. Please turn your music down. Pass the mashed potatoes. Lend me fifty dollars, please. When you change these periods into exclamation points, you get strong commands (and removing please helps, too). Turn your music down! Pass the mashed potatoes! Lend me fifty
- 11. • 1. When using exclamation marks in a direct quotation, Do not use the exclamation point with a period (full stop), comma, colon, or semicolon. For example: Incorrect: Incorrect: Correct: Incorrect: Correct: Ali shouted, “Watch out!.” “Watch out!,” Ali shouted. “Watch out!” Ali shouted. He said, “How beautiful you are!”. He said, “How beautiful you are!” Incorrect: “How beautiful you are!”, he said. Correct: “How beautiful you are!” he said. 2. If the exclamation point is part of a title of work or a proper noun, the comma should be retained.
- 12. Exclamation Mark Summary Exclamation marks are punctuation marks that are usually used to mark the end of an exclamatory sentence. An exclamation mark can express strong and intense emotion. The word that comes after the exclamation mark should always be a capital letter since the exclamatory mark indicates the end of a sentence.
- 14. We put direct speech in quotation marks. ‘Did you finish your homework?’ Mom asked. ‘Yes, Mom, I finished my homework,’ replied Ruhi. We normally use a comma to separate the direct speech from the rest of the sentence. The comma comes before the quotation mark. Quotation marks are also called ‘quotes or ’inverted commas’. Double quotation marks are sometimes used. Sara said, “You are rich people.”
- 15. We can put quotation marks around titles. “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone” is the first book in the popular series by J.K. Rowling. We normally use quotation marks when we mention a word or phrase. What does ‘punctuation’ mean? The expression ‘break a leg’ is a theatrical idiom meaning ‘good luck’. For quotations inside quotations, we use double quotation marks inside single (or single inside double). Neha said, “I thought ‘Aladdin’ was a good movie.”
- 16. When the quoted words end with a full stop, a question mark, or an exclamation point, they should go inside the quotation marks. However, if the quoted words do not end a complete sentence, the punctuation mark should be placed outside the closing quotation mark. He said, “I need your help.” She has read “Forty Rules of Love”. He wondered, “Why are we here?” Have you read “Atomic Habits”? Do you think “Ignorance is bliss”?
- 18. The apostrophe mark is a punctuation mark that has different uses in English grammar. It is shaped like a comma and is placed above the text and not at the baseline.
- 19. We use apostrophe marks: To show possession. For singular nouns,we simplyadd an ‘s’ after the apostrophe mark. My brother's science journal. The boss's house. Mr Khan's new car. Note: Some writers add only an apostrophe without an ‘s’ to show possession in proper nouns that end with ‘s’. Mr Jones’ office (Mr Jones's office) James’ hat (or James's hat). Thomas’ shoes (or Thomas's shoes).
- 20. We use apostrophe marks: To show possession in plural nouns. Most regular nouns form their plural by adding an ‘s’ or ‘es’. To show possession in such nouns, we simply add an apostrophe mark after the ‘s’. The girls’ library. The two actresses’ outfits. For irregular nouns, we add an apostrophe mark plus ‘s’ to show possession. But be careful while adding apostrophe marks. Correct: The children's clothes (plural of ‘child’ is ‘children’) Incorrect: The childrens’ clothes (plural of ‘child’ is not childrens)
- 21. We use apostrophe marks: To show contractions.We place the apostrophe mark where a letter or some letters have been removed. Do not - Don't Should have - Should've It has - It's He had - He'd To form plurals of letters and figures. Ruhi scored A's in all her assessments.
- 23. The dash is a punctuation mark that is shaped like a horizontal line. Dashes are of two types: en dash and em dash. Though they are both shaped like horizontal lines, dashes are longer than hyphens and the em dash is longer than the en dash. (hyphen) (en dash) (em dash)
- 24. We use the en dash: To shows the outcome or score in a competition or vote. The board voted 46-16 in favour of the new policy. The final score was 3-2 in the soccer match. Our team won 10-6 in the match yesterday. To show conGict or connections. The liberal-conservative debate never ends. The Karachi—Islamabad flight was postponed by an hour.
- 25. We use the en dash: To show a span or range of numbers, dates, or time periods. It can be thought of as representing the word "to." He works 10-14 hours per day. The 2018-2022 period was the most profitable for the business The store's open hours are 9:00 a.m.—5:00 p.m. Note: If we're introducing the range with words like ‘from’ and ‘between’, then we don't use the en dash. Incorrect: She was the manager from 2015-2022. Correct: She was the manager from 2015 to 2022. Incorrect: I make between 15-20 calls every day. Correct: I make between 15 and 20 calls every day.
- 26. We use the em dash: In place of a colon, to emphasize some information. She finally opened her eyes and there it was her new car! The judge passed his decision on the case guilty. To show a sudden interruption of thought, especially in dialogues. Where are my wait, what was I looking for? I have been so busy with the children thatSana, be careful with that vase! I hardly even have time to eat.
- 27. We use the em dash: To set off extra information in a longer sentence. In such cases, we use two em dashes. all the eggs were one next to the I bought eggs from the superstore broken by the time I got home. The new Chinese restaurant the station serves delicious food. Note: The extra information in the above sentences can also be added within parentheses. But using em dashes adds emphasis.
- 29. The hyphen is a punctuation mark that is shaped like a horizontal line. It is often confused with the dash. Though they are both shaped like horizontal lines, dashes are longer than hyphens. (hyphen) (en dash) (em dash)
- 30. We use hyphens: In compound words. These are words that are taken as a single unit but are made up of two or more words joined by a hyphen. For example: Mother-in-law Merry-go-round Ice-cream E-mail
- 31. We use hyphens: While writing the ages of people and things. We must use two hyphens in such cases. For example: They have a four-year-old son. Please, throw away that three-week-old juice. Note: If the period (week, year, month, etc.) is plural, then we don't use hyphens. For example: Incorrect: Their son is four-years-old. Correct: Their son is four years old.
- 32. We use hyphens: To join the words in a compound adjective modifier. For example: She's a kind-hearted person. Bisma is a book-loving student. or compound Note: We use the hyphen only when the compound adjective is placed before the noun. Also, we don't use the hyphen if the compound modifer consists of an adverb. For example: Incorrect: She is a highly-respected professor. Correct: She is a highly respected professor.
- 34. Ellipses are punctuation marks that are shaped like three horizontal dots. The word ‘ellipse’ is derived from a Greek word that means ‘to leave out’.
- 35. We use ellipses: To show hesitation, suspense, or a trailing off of a thought. This is commonly used by writers in stories. I'm not sure if I should... attend the party tonight. tshows hesitations She entered the room slowly... making sure to stay silent. tshows suspensel I wanted to tell you something... never mind, it doesn't matter now. tshows trailing off)
- 36. We use ellipses: To show omission. “Life is a journey filled with twists and turns. It's about finding your passion and purpose, embracing the challenges that come your way, cherishing the moments of joy, and overcoming the moments of despair. Remember, it's not just about reaching your destination; it's about relishing the journey itself.” We can omit part of it using ellipses as follows: “Life is a journey... that comes your way, and cherishing the moments of joy... it's not just about reaching your destination; it's about relishing the journey itself.”