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Case Study:NJM2309 Application Circuit Design (PWM Step-down Converter)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20111
ContentsDesign SpecificationNJM2309 Typical Application CircuitAveraged Buck Switch ModelBuck Regulator Design WorkflowSetting PWM Controller’s Parameters.Programming Output Voltage: Rupper, RlowerInductor Selection: LCapacitor Selection: C, ESRStabilizing the ConverterLoad Transient Response SimulationReference: Load Transient Response Simulation with PWM IC Transient ModelAppendixType 2 Compensation Calculation using ExcelFeedback Loop CompensatorsSimulation IndexAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20112
Design SpecificationStep-Down (Buck) Converter :VIN, MAX = 32 (V)
VIN, MIN = 6 (V)
VOUT = 3.3 (V)
VOUT, Ripple = 1% ( 33mVP-P )
IOUT, MAX = 1.0 (A)
IOUT, MIN = 0.2 (A)Control IC :NJM2309 (Switching Regulator Control IC for Step-Down)
Switching Frequency – fosc = 105 (kHz)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20113NJM2309 Datasheet
NJM2309 Typical Application CircuitAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20114Power SwitchesFilter & LoadPWM Controller Schematic is captured from NJM2309 datasheet page  4.
All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20115TASK: Design and Evaluation of the Circuit 3?2?14?5?NJM2309 Typical Application Circuit
Buck Regulator Design Workflow All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20116Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters: VREF, VP1Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower2Inductor Selection: L3Capacitor Selection: C, ESR4Stabilizing the Converter: R2, C1, C2Step1: Open the loopwith LoL=1kH and CoL=1kF then inject an AC signal to generate Bode plot. (always default)
Step2: Set C1=1kF, C2=1fF, (always keep the default value) and R2= calculated value (Rupper//Rlower) as the initial values.
Step3: Select a crossover frequency (about 10kHz or fc < fosc/4). Then complete the table.
Step4: Read the Gain and Phase value at the crossover frequency (10kHz) from the Bode plot, Then put the values to the table
Step5: Select the phase margin at the fc ( > 45 ). Then change the K value until it gives the satisfied phase margin, for this example K=6 is chosen for Phase margin = 46.
Remark: If K-factor fail to gives the satisfied phase margin, Increase the output capacitor C then try Step1 to Step5 again.5Load Transient Response Simulation6
Buck Regulator Design Workflow All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011734521
VREF = VB = 0.52 (V)
VP=2.5 (vFBH and vFBLare not provided, the default value is used).Setting PWM Controller’s ParametersAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201181 Table is captured from NJM2309 datasheet page 2.Use the following formula to select the resistor values.Rlower can be between 1k and 5k.Given: 	VOUT = 3.3V		VREF = 0.52V Rlower = 1kthen:	 Rupper = 5.346kSetting Output Voltage: Rupper, RlowerAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201192
Inductor Selection: LAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201110Inductor ValuefromGiven: VI,max = 40(V), VOUT = 3.3(V)IOUT,min = 0.2(A)RL,min = (VOUT /IOUT,min ) = 16.5()fosc = 105(kHz)Then:LCCM 72.1(uH), L = 100(uH) is selected3
Capacitor Selection: C, ESR (NJM2309)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201111Capacitor ValueFromandGiven:VI, max = 40 VVOUT = 3.3 V, VOUT, Ripple = 1% ( 33mVP-P )L (H)  = 100IOUT, MAX = 1(A), IL, Ripple = 0.25(A)Then:C 944 (F), C = 1000(F) is selectedIn addition:ESR 132m4
Stabilizing the Converter  (NJM2309)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011125Specification:VOUT = 3.3VVIN = 6 ~ 32VILOAD = 0.2 ~ 1APWM Controller:VREF = 0.52VVP = 2.5VfOSC = 105kHzRlower = 1k,Rupper = 5.346k,L = 100uH, C = 1000uF (ESR = 132m)Task:to find out the element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 )G(s)1e.g. Given values from National Semiconductor Corp. IC: LM2575 234
All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201113Stabilizing the Converter  (NJM2309)5The element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 ), that stabilize the converter, can be extracted by using Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet) and open-loop simulation with the Average Switch Models (ac models).Step2 Set C1=1kF, C2=1fF, and R2=calculated value (Rupper//Rlower) as the initial values.Step1 Open the loop with LoL=1kH and CoL=1kF then inject an AC signal to generate Bode plot. C1=1kF is AC shorted, and C2 1fF is AC opened (or Error-Amp without compensator).
Stabilizing the Converter  (NJM2309)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011145Step3 Select a crossover frequency (about 10kHz or fc < fosc/4 ), for this example, 10kHz is selected. Then complete the table.values from 2Calculated value of the Rupper//Rlowervalues from 1

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PWM Step-down Converter(NJM2309)

  • 1. Case Study:NJM2309 Application Circuit Design (PWM Step-down Converter)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20111
  • 2. ContentsDesign SpecificationNJM2309 Typical Application CircuitAveraged Buck Switch ModelBuck Regulator Design WorkflowSetting PWM Controller’s Parameters.Programming Output Voltage: Rupper, RlowerInductor Selection: LCapacitor Selection: C, ESRStabilizing the ConverterLoad Transient Response SimulationReference: Load Transient Response Simulation with PWM IC Transient ModelAppendixType 2 Compensation Calculation using ExcelFeedback Loop CompensatorsSimulation IndexAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20112
  • 3. Design SpecificationStep-Down (Buck) Converter :VIN, MAX = 32 (V)
  • 4. VIN, MIN = 6 (V)
  • 6. VOUT, Ripple = 1% ( 33mVP-P )
  • 7. IOUT, MAX = 1.0 (A)
  • 8. IOUT, MIN = 0.2 (A)Control IC :NJM2309 (Switching Regulator Control IC for Step-Down)
  • 9. Switching Frequency – fosc = 105 (kHz)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20113NJM2309 Datasheet
  • 10. NJM2309 Typical Application CircuitAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20114Power SwitchesFilter & LoadPWM Controller Schematic is captured from NJM2309 datasheet page 4.
  • 11. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20115TASK: Design and Evaluation of the Circuit 3?2?14?5?NJM2309 Typical Application Circuit
  • 12. Buck Regulator Design Workflow All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 20116Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters: VREF, VP1Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower2Inductor Selection: L3Capacitor Selection: C, ESR4Stabilizing the Converter: R2, C1, C2Step1: Open the loopwith LoL=1kH and CoL=1kF then inject an AC signal to generate Bode plot. (always default)
  • 13. Step2: Set C1=1kF, C2=1fF, (always keep the default value) and R2= calculated value (Rupper//Rlower) as the initial values.
  • 14. Step3: Select a crossover frequency (about 10kHz or fc < fosc/4). Then complete the table.
  • 15. Step4: Read the Gain and Phase value at the crossover frequency (10kHz) from the Bode plot, Then put the values to the table
  • 16. Step5: Select the phase margin at the fc ( > 45 ). Then change the K value until it gives the satisfied phase margin, for this example K=6 is chosen for Phase margin = 46.
  • 17. Remark: If K-factor fail to gives the satisfied phase margin, Increase the output capacitor C then try Step1 to Step5 again.5Load Transient Response Simulation6
  • 18. Buck Regulator Design Workflow All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011734521
  • 19. VREF = VB = 0.52 (V)
  • 20. VP=2.5 (vFBH and vFBLare not provided, the default value is used).Setting PWM Controller’s ParametersAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201181 Table is captured from NJM2309 datasheet page 2.Use the following formula to select the resistor values.Rlower can be between 1k and 5k.Given: VOUT = 3.3V VREF = 0.52V Rlower = 1kthen:  Rupper = 5.346kSetting Output Voltage: Rupper, RlowerAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201192
  • 21. Inductor Selection: LAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201110Inductor ValuefromGiven: VI,max = 40(V), VOUT = 3.3(V)IOUT,min = 0.2(A)RL,min = (VOUT /IOUT,min ) = 16.5()fosc = 105(kHz)Then:LCCM 72.1(uH), L = 100(uH) is selected3
  • 22. Capacitor Selection: C, ESR (NJM2309)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201111Capacitor ValueFromandGiven:VI, max = 40 VVOUT = 3.3 V, VOUT, Ripple = 1% ( 33mVP-P )L (H) = 100IOUT, MAX = 1(A), IL, Ripple = 0.25(A)Then:C 944 (F), C = 1000(F) is selectedIn addition:ESR 132m4
  • 23. Stabilizing the Converter (NJM2309)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011125Specification:VOUT = 3.3VVIN = 6 ~ 32VILOAD = 0.2 ~ 1APWM Controller:VREF = 0.52VVP = 2.5VfOSC = 105kHzRlower = 1k,Rupper = 5.346k,L = 100uH, C = 1000uF (ESR = 132m)Task:to find out the element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 )G(s)1e.g. Given values from National Semiconductor Corp. IC: LM2575 234
  • 24. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201113Stabilizing the Converter (NJM2309)5The element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 ), that stabilize the converter, can be extracted by using Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet) and open-loop simulation with the Average Switch Models (ac models).Step2 Set C1=1kF, C2=1fF, and R2=calculated value (Rupper//Rlower) as the initial values.Step1 Open the loop with LoL=1kH and CoL=1kF then inject an AC signal to generate Bode plot. C1=1kF is AC shorted, and C2 1fF is AC opened (or Error-Amp without compensator).
  • 25. Stabilizing the Converter (NJM2309)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011145Step3 Select a crossover frequency (about 10kHz or fc < fosc/4 ), for this example, 10kHz is selected. Then complete the table.values from 2Calculated value of the Rupper//Rlowervalues from 1
  • 26. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201115Stabilizing the Converter (NJM2309)5Gain: T(s) = H(s)GPWMStep4 Read the Gain and Phase value at the crossover frequency(10kHz) from the Bode plot, Then put the values to the table.Phase  atfcTip: To bring cursor to the fc = 10kHz type “ sfxv(10k) ” in Search Command.Cursor Search
  • 27. Stabilizing the Converter (NJM2309)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011165Step5 Select the phase margin at fc (> 45 ). Then change the K value (start from K=2) until it gives the satisfied phase margin, for this example K=3 is chosen for Phase margin = 48.As the result; R2, C1, and C2 are calculated.Remark: If K-factor fail to gives the satisfied phase margin, Increase the output capacitor C then try Step1 to Step5 again. K Factor enable the circuit designer to choose a loop cross-over frequency and phase margin, and then determine the necessary component values to achieve these results. A very big K value (e.g. K > 100) acts like no compensator (C1 is shorted and C2 is opened).
  • 28. Stabilizing the Converter (NJM2309)All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011175The element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 ) extraction can be completed by Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet) with the converter average models (ac models) and open-loop simulation.The calculated values of the type 2 elements are:R2=54.655k,
  • 31. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201118Stabilizing the Converter (NJM2309)5Gain and Phase responses after stabilizingGain: T(s) = H(s) G(s)GPWMPhase  atfcPhase margin = 48.801 at the cross-over frequency - fc = 9.237kHz.Tip: To bring cursor to the cross-over point (gain = 0dB) type “ sfle(0) ” in Search Command.Cursor Search
  • 32. Load Transient Response SimulationAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201119The converter, that have been stabilized, are connected with step-load to perform load transient response simulation.3453.3V/16.5 = 0.2A step to 0.2+0.8=1.0A load2*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 20ms 0 1u1
  • 33. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201120Load Transient Response SimulationSimulationOutput Voltage ChangeLoad CurrentThe simulation results illustrates the transient response of the converter with the stepping load .2A to 1A.Reference: Load Transient Response Simulation with PWM IC Transient ModelAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201121After the converter have been designed, the PWM IC Transient Model could be applied for more realistic simulation.3453.3V/16.5 = 0.2A step to 0.2+0.8=1.0A load2*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 12ms 0 200n SKIPBP1 Remark: PWM IC Transient Model and Simulations are not included with this package.
  • 34. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201122Reference: Load Transient Response Simulation with PWM IC Transient ModelSimulationOutput Voltage ChangeLoad CurrentThe PWM IC Transient Model enables The VOUT, RIPPLE and others switching characteristics to be included in the simulation. Remark: PWM IC Transient Model and Simulations are not included with this package.
  • 35. A. Type 2 Compensation Calculation using ExcelAll Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201123
  • 36. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201124B. Feedback Loop CompensatorsType1 CompensatorType2 CompensatorType2a CompensatorType2b CompensatorType3 Compensator
  • 37. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 201125C. Simulation IndexLibraries :..\bucksw.lib..\pwm_ctr.libTool :Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet)