pyschdisorders_notes.pdf
- 1. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–1 Criteria to Identify Abnormal Behavior • Unusualness • Social deviance • Emotional distress • Maladaptive behavior • Dangerousness • Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality – Hallucinations – Delusions
- 2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–2 Psychological Models of Abnormal Behavior • Psychodynamic model (Freud) – Unconscious conflicts • Behaviorist model (Pavlov) – Role of learning • Humanistic model (Rogers, Maslow) – Conscious choices and self-actualization • Cognitive theories (Ellis, Beck) – Distorted thinking and maladaptive behavior
- 3. How do we diagnose psychological disorders? • American Psychiatric Association – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - IV) • Multi-axial system – 5 axes or dimensions Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–3
- 4. Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders • Axis I – Clinical Syndromes • Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation • Axis III – General Medical Conditions • Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems • Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning
- 5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–5 Psychological Disorders • Distinctive patterns of abnormal behavior – Mental disorders or illnesses • Rates of disorders – Rather common – About 50% in lifetime • Classification – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
- 6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–6 Types of Anxiety Disorders • Phobias – Social phobias – Specific phobias (acrophobia, claustrophobia) – Agoraphobia • Panic disorder • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- 7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–7 Causes of Anxiety Disorders • Biological factors – Disturbances in neurotransmitter functioning – Genetic influences • Psychological factors – Classical and operant conditioning – Cognitive factors
- 8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–8 Mood Disorders • Severe or persistent disturbances of mood – Limit ability to function • Include – Depressive disorders – Bipolar disorders
- 9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–9 Depressive Disorders • Major depressive disorder – Depressed mood for at least two weeks • Sadness • Worthlessness • Changes in sleep, appetite • Lethargy • Loss of interest, concentration • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) • Dysthymic disorder
- 10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–10 Bipolar Disorders • Bipolar disorder – Alternate between • Depression • Manic episodes – Euphoria – Restlessness, excitement – Reckless behavior • Cyclothymic disorder
- 11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–11 Causes of Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors • Cognitive view – Negative way of interpreting events – Distorted or biased way of thinking – Cognitive distortions, such as • All-or-nothing thinking • Misplaced blame • Jumping to conclusions • Catastrophizing • Shouldisms
- 12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–12 Causes of Mood Disorders: Biological Factors • Chemical imbalances in brain (neurotransmitters) – Norepinephrine – Serotonin • Treatment with antidepressants – Prozac • Hereditary influences
- 13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–13 Schizophrenia • About one of one hundred people • Psychotic disorder • Symptoms – Hallucinations – Delusions – Thought disorder, loose associations – Positive versus negative symptoms
- 14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–14 Types of Schizophrenia • Disorganized type – Confused behavior, incoherent speech – Vivid, frequent hallucinations • Catatonic type – Bizarre movements, postures, grimaces – Waxy flexibility • Paranoid type – Delusions of grandeur, persecution, jealousy
- 15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–15 Causes of Schizophrenia • Genetic factors- concordance rate for identical twins. (A quantitative statistical measurement for the presence of a given genetic trait in both members of a pair of twins. ) • Biochemical imbalances – Neurotransmitter dopamine -Effects of antipsychotic drugs • Brain abnormalities- Prefrontal cortex, limbic system • Psychosocial influences – Diathesis-stress model
- 16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13–16 Personality Disorders • Rigid patterns of behavior, personality – Self-defeating – Deeply ingrained maladaptive personality traits • Various disorders (10 in DSM) including – Narcissistic personality disorder – Paranoid personality disorder – Schizoid personality disorder – Borderline personality disorder – Antisocial personality disorder