QCon London: Low latency Java in the real world - LMAX Exchange and the Zing JVM
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The document discusses the implementation of low latency Java at LMAX Exchange, highlighting the role of Zing, a JVM that effectively eliminates garbage collection pauses. It emphasizes the benefits of using idiomatic Java while maintaining performance and productivity through practices like test-driven development and continuous integration. Key lessons learned include the necessity of proactive system tuning, measuring latency meticulously, and addressing critical components for improved performance.
![©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd.
The good, the bad, and the ugly
Java is fast. Java is productive.
Good developers will produce good, fast code
Bad developers will produce bad, slow code
More Java devs than C/C++ devs (good & bad)
But JVMs are [normally] not consistently fast
GC pauses & Deoptimization & DeïŹation, oh my.
Low latency âJavaâ usually:
Written in the Java syntax. Avoids idiomatic Java.
Avoid using anyone elseâs code...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/zingatlmaxqconlondonmarch2015-150306110732-conversion-gate01/85/QCon-London-Low-latency-Java-in-the-real-world-LMAX-Exchange-and-the-Zing-JVM-12-320.jpg)
![©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd.
Lessons Learnt:
Proactively override Linux defaults
Out-of-the box Linux has some bad defaults
Bad for things that care about latency...
E.g. all these should be changed upfront:
Page cache: vm.min_free_kbytes [needs >1GB]
Transparent Huge Pages (THP) [should be turned off]
Swappiness [should be set to 0]
zone_reclaim_info [should be set to 0]
Each can cause multi-100s-of-msec outliers](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/zingatlmaxqconlondonmarch2015-150306110732-conversion-gate01/85/QCon-London-Low-latency-Java-in-the-real-world-LMAX-Exchange-and-the-Zing-JVM-21-320.jpg)
QCon London: Low latency Java in the real world - LMAX Exchange and the Zing JVM
- 1. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. LMAX Exchange and the Zing JVM Mark Price, Senior Developer, LMAX Exchange Gil Tene, CTO & co-Founder, Azul Systems Low Latency Java in the Real World
- 2. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. LMAX Exchange and the Zing JVM Mark Price, Senior Developer, LMAX Exchange Gil Tene, CTO & co-Founder, Azul Systems Low Latency Java in the Real World
- 3. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. About me: Gil Tene co-founder, CTO @Azul Systems Have been working on âthink differentâ GC approaches since 2002 A Long history building Virtual & Physical Machines, Operating Systems, Enterprise apps, etc... I also depress people by demonstrating how terribly wrong their latency measurements are⊠* working on real-world trash compaction issues, circa 2004
- 4. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. About me: Mark Price Senior Developer at LMAX Exchange Performance enthusiast Touched pretty much everything at LMAX over a period of 8 years⊠Currently focusing on performance and monitoring Iâm the guy that everyone used to come to with their GC logs⊠Then it said âConcurrent Mode Failureâ
- 5. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Background LMAX Exchange is a venue for low-latency FX trading Worldâs ïŹrst regulated MTF for transparent, order-driven FX trading 1st place in Tech Track 100 2014 We aim to be the worldâs fastest retail FX exchange Open culture. A lot of open source
- 6. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Zing: what is it good for? Not just fast. Always fast. Eliminates GC as a problem/concern Addresses all forms of GC pauses, large & small Low latency or Human-scale latency Small or Large heaps, Low or High throughput GC is simply a solved problem. Move on⊠Idiomatic Java code âjust worksâ Even when blips and pauses are not an option
- 7. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Stay Responsive Even when trafïŹc patterns change
- 8. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Real world trafïŹc patterns Not constant. Not Stochastic.
- 9. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd.
- 10. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Java for low latency Seriously? Yes... Time to Stability Time to Market Time to Performance Overall productivity and delivery beneïŹts trump the various downsides
- 11. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. All Java
- 12. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. The good, the bad, and the ugly Java is fast. Java is productive. Good developers will produce good, fast code Bad developers will produce bad, slow code More Java devs than C/C++ devs (good & bad) But JVMs are [normally] not consistently fast GC pauses & Deoptimization & DeïŹation, oh my. Low latency âJavaâ usually: Written in the Java syntax. Avoids idiomatic Java. Avoid using anyone elseâs code...
- 13. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Zingâs impact on low latency Java Zing is a JVM that values consistent speed GC (and JVM) ânoiseâ reduced to below OS ânoiseâ Keeps the good Removes the bad and the ugly Eliminates GC-related engineering efforts All the associated bad and ugly choices Idiomatic Java, not just âJavaâ
- 14. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Zing at LMAX Exchange Started 2 years ago Incremented from most critical to less critical Next cover all latency-sensitive system Also cover throughput critical systems Throughput Critical Latency Critical Back pressure Outliers
- 15. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd.
- 16. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd.
- 17. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Development at LMAX Exchange Heavy focus on TDD and CI 9000+ acceptance tests Performance is treated as just another part of CI Regression in performance same as a functional failure ConïŹdence to make large changes
- 18. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Zing at LMAX Exchange: BeneïŹts Improved latency behaviors Reduced engineering effort No more battling GC in code Performance tuning cycles shorter Idiomatic Java is a big deal can avoid converting to âspecial practicesâ java can âease upâ on no-allocation coding styles⊠keep using/leveraging 3rd party code more productive overall...
- 19. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Lessons Learnt Attacking critical parts ïŹrst: may delay things... critical parts have had engineering effort applied smaller initial gains longer time to gain conïŹdence With hindsight: Could have started from âoutside inâ instead Larger initial gains, shorter time-to-conïŹdence May have gotten to wider deployment faster
- 20. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Lessons Learnt: GC is not the only problem GC does tend to dominate outliers (pre-Zing) it is natural to assume all big bad stuff is GC with GC outliers gone, remaining problems surface Some harder things: page cache (kernel) lock contention power management tuning in BIOS & OS mapped ïŹle access faults & safepoints
- 21. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Lessons Learnt: Proactively override Linux defaults Out-of-the box Linux has some bad defaults Bad for things that care about latency... E.g. all these should be changed upfront: Page cache: vm.min_free_kbytes [needs >1GB] Transparent Huge Pages (THP) [should be turned off] Swappiness [should be set to 0] zone_reclaim_info [should be set to 0] Each can cause multi-100s-of-msec outliers
- 22. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Lessons Learnt: Measure, Measure, Measure We were already measuring & collecting a lot But jitter/hiccup/outlier measurement is tough Especially across multiple hops Detailed latency distribution measurements Helped triage outlier issues and focus efforts Full percentile spectrum histograms Record system-level âhiccupsâ everywhere
- 23. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Observation points
- 24. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Time-stamping points
- 25. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Summary Java is both viable and proïŹtable for low latency With âregular JVMsâ you have to jump through some hoops to get there Zing helps low latency in Java be as easy as low latency in other languages Once you stop dealing with JVM-related issues, you can get on with the interesting stuff
- 26. ©2015 Azul Systems, Inc. ©2015 LMAX Exchange Ltd. Q & A