Qualitative data management analyis and report writing_BUET.pdf

Qualitative Data Documentation Management
Analysis and Report Writing
Dr. A. K. M. Dawlat Khan, PhD
Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and
Research (IEDCR)
akmdawlatkhan@gmail.com
01712-171214

Discussion topics
 Qualitative data
 Qualitative data documentation management and
analysis

What is qualitative data?
 Data that are related to concepts, opinions, values
and behaviours of people in social context
 Transcripts of individual interviews and focus
groups, field notes from observation of certain
activities, copies of documents, audio/video
recordings..

Types of Qualitative Data
 Structure text (writings, stories, survey comments,
news articles, books, etc)
 Unstructured text ( transcription, interviews focus
group, conversion)
 Audio recording, music
 Video recordings (graphics, art, pictures, visuals)

 Voice Recorder
 Camera(Photo and Video)
 Notebook/diary
 Voice Recorder verses Notebook/diary
Data Documentation

Qualitative data management and analysis

What is qualitative data analysis?
 Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of
processes and procedures whereby we move from the
qualitative data that have been collected into some
form of explanation, understanding or interpretation
of people and situations we are investigating.
 QDA is usually based on an interpretative
philosophy. The idea is to examine the meaningful
and symbolic content of qualitative data.

The process of qualitative data analysis
 Organize the data
 Identify Framework
 Sort data in to framework
 Use the framework for descriptive analysis
 Second order analysis

Step 1: Organize the data
 Transcribe the data
 Translate the data
 Data cleaning
 Label the data

 Data Transcription
Data Transcription
B›UviwfDqvi Gi bvg : †`ŠjZ Lvb|
UªvÝµvBevi Gi bvg : kvwnb Av³vi Rvgvb|
AvBwW bs : IDI-Forida-Chatalpar-Comp-Dawlat 30.06.2012
mgq : 13.41
cÖ: Avcbvi bvg wK Avcv ?
D: dwi`v|
cÖ: eqm K‡Zv n‡e Avcbvi?
D: eqm wK i‡Kvg n‡ev,Avgvi ev‡n Rv‡b wK iKg n‡ev| mvZvk n‡ev|
cÖ: Av?
D: û
cÖ: mvZvk, G Ggwb Avcbvi †q †jLvcov K‡Zv `yi?
D: ‡jLv cov KiwQjvg wÎ ch©š Í ciwQjvg|
cÖ: wÎ ch©š Í w_ª cvk K‡ib bvB?
D: KiwQ|

 Data labeling and backup
 Data labeling
 IDI-Forida-Chatalpar-Comp-Dawlat 30.06.2012
 IDI-Khalida-Aherkandi-Gain-Farida 28.06.2012
 Data backup
 Adolescent Nutrition Recorded Interview
 Adolescent Nutrition Recorded Interview_backup
Data management Cont…

Step 2: identify a Framework
 Read, Read, Read…
 Identify a framework
 Explanatory- Guided by the research question
 Exploratory- Guided by the data
 Framework will structure, label and define data
 Framework=Coding plan

Step 3: Sort data into a Framework
 Code the data
 Modify the Framework
 Data entry if use computer packages

Step 4: Use Framework in descriptive analysis
 Descriptive analysis
 Range of response in categories
 Identify recurrent themes
Stop here if exploratory research

Step 5: Second order analysis
 Identify recurrent themes
 Notice patterns in the data
 Identify respondent clusters
 Search for causality
 Identify related themes
 Build sequence of events
 Search data to answer the research questions
 Develop hypothesis and test

Approaches in analysis
 Deductive Approach
 Using your research questions to group the data and then
look for similarities and differences
 Used when time and resources are limited
 Used when qualitative research is a smaller component of
larger quantitative study
 Inductive Approach
 Used when qualitative research is major design of the
inquiry
 Using emergent farmework to group the data and then look
for relationship

Types of qualitative analysis
 Content analysis
 Narrative analysis
 Discourse analysis
 Framework analysis
 Grounded theory analysis

Content analysis
 Content analysis is the procedure for the categorization of
verbal or behavioural data for the purpose of classification,
summarization and tabulation
 The content can be analyzed on two levels
 Descriptive: What is the data
 Interpretative: What was meant by the data?

Narrative analysis
 Narrative are transcribed experiences
 Every interview / observation has narrative aspect- the
researcher has to sort-out and reflects up to them, enhance
them, and present them as a revised shape to the reader.
 The core activity in narrative analysis is to reformulate
stories presented by people in different contexts and based
on their different experiences.

Discourse analysis
 A method of analyzing a naturally occurring talk (spoken
interaction) and all type of written texts.
 Focus on ordinary people method of producing and making
sense of everyday social life: How language is used in
everyday situations?
 Sometimes people express themselves in a simple and
straightforward way
 Sometimes people express themselves vaguely and indirectly.
 Analyst must refer to the context when interpreting the massage
as the same phenomenon can be described in a number of
different ways depending on context.

Framework analysis
 Familiarization: Transcribing and reading the data
 Identifying a thematic framework: Initial coding framework
which is developed both from a priori issues and from
emergent issues
 Coding: Using numerical or textual codes to identify specific
piece of data which correspond to different themes.
 Charting: Charts create using headings from thematic
framework (can be thematic or by case).
 Mapping and interpretation: Searching for patterns,
associations, concepts and explanations in the data.

Grounded Theory
 Analytic induction
 Starts with an examination of a single case from a ‘pre-defined’ population in
order to formulate a general statement about a population, a concept or a
hypothesis
 Then the analyst examines another case to see whether it fits the statement
 If it does, a further case is selected
 If it doesn’t fit there are two options
 Either the statement is changed to fit both cases or the definition of the population is
changed in such a way that the case is no longer a member of the newly defined
population
 Then another case is selected and the process continues
 In such a way one should be able to arrive at a statement the fits all cases of a
population-as-defined
 This method is only for limited set of analytic problems: those that can be
solved with some general overall statement.

Choosing and Using Computer Software
 It is possible to conduct qualitative analysis without a
computer
 Concerns: relying to much on computers shortcuts
will impede the process by distancing the researcher
from the text
 Advantages: easy the burden of cutting and pasting
by hand, and produce more powerful analysis by
creation and insertion of codes in to text files,
indexing, construction of hyperlinks, and selective
retrieval of text segments

Common qualitative softwares
 Atlas ti 06 (www.atlasti.com)
 HyperRESEARCH 2.8 (www.researchware.com)
 MaxQDA (www.maxqda.com)
 The Ethnograph 5.08
 QSR N6 (www.qsrinternational.com)
 QSR Nvivo (www.qsrinternational.com)
 Weft QDA (www.pressure.to/qda)
 Open code 3.4 (www.w8.umu.se)

Interpretation
 Interpretation is the act of identifying and explaining
the core meaning of the data
 Organizing and connecting emerging themes, sub-
themes and contradiction to get the bigger picture-
what it all means
 Think how best to integrate data from multiple
sources and methods
 Make generalization-providing answers to questions
of social and theoretical significance
 Ensuring credible or trustworthy interpretations

Choosing a Style and Focus
 Format
 Research report
 Scientific research article
 Report to donor
 Field report
 Evaluation report…
 Focus
 Academic conceptual framework/ theories, methodology and
interpretation
 Practitioners: Concrete suggestions for better practice, policy
recommendations
 Lay readers: Problem solving, reform on practice/ policy

Standard Report Format
 Introduction
 Literature review
 Purpose of the study
 Brief description of the study
 Who did the study, where and when
 Description of relevant cultural and contextual information
 Methods: study design, sample method, data collection method, data analysis
methods
 Result: presentation, interpretation, related to relevant conceptual framework;
discuss methodological difficulties affecting your results.
 Conclusion: Key findings, logical next step, implication of findings
 Recommendation: Relate to policy or practice
 Acknowledgement
 References

Qualitative data management analyis and report writing_BUET.pdf

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