Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Method - E1.pdf

Dr. Rahul Pandya
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Dharwad
1
Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods for
Research

Outline
• Introduction to Research Methodologies
• Types of Research Methodologies
• Choosing the Right Research Methodology
• Research Paradigms
• Aim of Research
• When to use Which Methodology
• Challenges and Criticisms
• Conclusion 2
RJEs: Remote job entry points

3
Introduction to Research
Methodologies

Overview of
Research
Methodologies
4
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.)/ https://gencraft.com/generate
▪ What are Research
Methodologies/Methods?
▪ Research methods refer to the
techniques and strategies used to
systematically collect and analyze
information (data) in order to answer
a specific research question.
▪ The appropriate selection of research
methods depends on the nature of the
research problem, the questions being
addressed, and the theoretical
framework of the study.

Overview of
Research Methodologies
• Importance of Research Methods:
• Research methods provide a structured
approach to collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting data, ensuring consistency
and reliability in findings.
• Proper selection of methods ensures the
integrity and validity of research. It also
aligns research objectives with suitable
data collection and analysis techniques.
5

Types of Research Methodologies
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/qualitative-quantitative-mixed-method-2018/121413078
Quantitative
Methods
1
Quantitative research is an
approach for testing objective
theories by examining the
relationship among variables
with numbers.
Qualitative
Methods
2
Qualitative research is an
approach for exploring and
understanding the
meaning of individuals or
groups ascribe to a social
or human problem.
Mixed
Methods
3
Mixed methods research is an approach
involving collecting both quantitative
and qualitative data, integrating the two
forms of data.
6

Quantitative
Methods
• Relies on numerical and
statistical data to quantify
the problem.
• The primary aim is to
identify general patterns
and predict future
outcomes.
• This approach is rooted in
the positivist paradigm,
where reality is assumed to
be stable, measurable, and
observable.
7
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.)/ https://researcher.life/blog/article/choose-research-methodology

Quantitative
Methods
8
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.)./ https://researcher.life/blog/article/choose-research-methodology
• Quantitative research aims to produce
reliable, replicable, and valid results by
focusing on structured techniques and
large sample sizes.
• Quantitative research employs structured
tools like surveys, experiments, and
numerical data to test theories.
• The goal is often to establish relationships
or causality between variables.

Qualitative
Methods
9
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation/ https://researcher.life/blog/article/choose-research-methodology
Involves non-numerical data to
explore concepts, experiences,
or social phenomena in depth.
It seeks to understand how
individuals interpret or make
sense of their world.
In contrast, qualitative research
is aligned with the constructivist
or interpretivist paradigms.

Qualitative
Methods
10
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation/ https://researcher.life/blog/article/choose-research-methodology
The goal is to capture the
subjective experiences of
participants, offering rich,
detailed narratives.
This method is often used
when the researcher seeks
to understand social
processes, behaviors, or
cultural phenomena.

Mixed Methods
11
Integrates both quantitative and
qualitative approaches, leveraging
the strengths of both to provide a
richer, more nuanced understanding.
The mixed-method approach is
pragmatic, integrating quantitative
and qualitative techniques to
capitalize on the strengths of each.

Mixed Methods
12
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research/ https://researcher.life/blog/article/choose-research-methodology
By combining these methods,
mixed methods research can
validate findings, explore
diverse perspectives, and
uncover deeper insights that
might be missed when using a
single methodology.
It is particularly useful in studies
requiring both broad statistical
analysis and detailed, context-
rich exploration, making it a
versatile tool for addressing
multifaceted issues in various
fields.

Examples for Context
Quantitative Study in Civil Engineering
13
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research/ https://researcher.life/blog/article/choose-research-methodology, https://www.britannica.com/technology/bridge-engineering
A quantitative study in
civil engineering could
explore the relationship
between the frequency of
preventive maintenance and
the structural lifespan of
bridges across a region
using regression analysis.
For instance, data from 50
bridges could be analyzed to
quantify how maintenance
intervals influence material
degradation rates, providing
actionable insights for
infrastructure management.

Qualitative Study in Software Engineering
14
A qualitative study in
software engineering might
investigate developers'
perceptions of a newly
implemented agile
methodology through in-
depth interviews and
thematic analysis.
For example, interviews with
15 software engineers could
reveal themes like adaptability,
collaboration challenges, and
productivity changes, helping
refine agile practices for
specific project types.

Mixed-Method Study in Renewable Energy
15
A mixed-method study in
renewable energy
engineering might begin with
quantitative surveys to
assess the efficiency of solar
panel installations in urban
areas, followed by qualitative
interviews with engineers to
explore challenges in panel
design and placement.
For example, survey data from
200 installations could highlight
performance trends, while
interviews could uncover
design constraints such as
shading or local regulations that
influence these trends.

Choosing the Right
Research Methodology
• Why Choosing the Right Method Matters:
• The choice of research method determines how
effectively you can answer your research
questions.
• For example, if you're exploring the live
experiences of engineers working in high-stress
environments, such as those managing critical
infrastructure during natural disasters,
qualitative methods will offer insights into their
subjective experiences, coping mechanisms,
and decision-making processes that quantitative
methods cannot capture.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods/https://researcher.life/blog/article/what-is-quantitative-research-types-and-examples
16

Choosing the Right
Research Methodology
17
Selecting the appropriate research
methodology is crucial for ensuring that the
research question is addressed effectively
and rigorously.
The choice should be based on several
critical factors, including the nature of the
research problem, the goals of the research,
the type of data required, and the
philosophical orientation of the researcher.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods/https://researcher.life/blog/article/what-is-quantitative-research-types-and-examples

1
Nature of the
Research
Problem
2
Research
Objectives
3
Research
Questions
4
Practical
Considerations
Factors Influencing Methodology Selection
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods
There are four factors which influence the selection of
methodology.
18

Factors Influencing
Methodology Selection
• Nature of the Research Problem:
• Quantitative methods are often suitable
for research that seeks to test a theory or
establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Qualitative methods are better for
exploratory research where the objective
is to gain a deep understanding of a
phenomenon.
• Research Objectives:
• Is the goal to measure and quantify
variables or to explore concepts and
perspectives?
19
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods/ https://gencraft.com/generate

Factors Influencing
Methodology
Selection
• Research Questions:
• Quantitative research often
involves questions that begin with
"how much," "what is the
correlation," or "to what extent.“
• Qualitative research questions
are open-ended and exploratory,
such as "how" and "why"
questions that seek to understand
complex human behaviors.
20

Factors Influencing
Methodology
Selection
• Practical Considerations:
• Available resources,
including time, access to
participants, and funding,
can impact the choice of
methodology.
• The familiarity and expertise
of the researcher with
particular methods can also
influence the selection.
21

Positivism
Constructivism
Interpretivism
Pragmatism
Types of Research Paradigms
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research
▪ A research paradigm represents a worldview that shapes how research is
designed, conducted, and interpreted. The four major paradigms are:
22

Types of Research
Paradigms
Positivism:
• Assumes that reality is objective and can be
discovered through empirical observation
and measurement.
• Positivism aligns with quantitative methods,
as it supports the idea that phenomena can
be observed and quantified in a controlled,
objective manner.
• Research designs based on positivism often
use structured techniques, such as
experiments and surveys, to produce
generalizable findings.
23
Crotty, M. (1998). The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process/ https://gencraft.com/generate

Types of Research
Paradigms
Interpretivism:
• Contrasts with positivism, as it holds that reality is socially
constructed and cannot be understood through objective
measurement alone.
• Interpretivism aligns with qualitative methods, as it seeks
to understand the subjective meanings that people attach
to their experiences.
• Interpretive research often involves close interaction
between the researcher and participants, with an
emphasis on context and depth.
24

Types of Research
Paradigms
• Constructivism:
• Closely related to interpretivism but places more
emphasis on the co-construction of knowledge
between researchers and participants. Knowledge
is seen as evolving, not static.
• Methods include participant observation,
interviews, and document analysis, focusing on
understanding the processes by which individuals
make sense of their world.
25

Types of Research
Paradigms
• Pragmatism:
• A flexible paradigm that focuses on the
research problem rather than the specific
methods used.
• It advocates for using whichever methods—
quantitative, qualitative, or mixed—are best
suited to the research question.
• Pragmatism aligns well with mixed methods
research, as it focuses on the practical
implications and outcomes of research.
26

Aim of Research
Stebbins, R. A. (2001). Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences
▪ The aim of research are typically framed by the type of question the researcher seeks
to answer. The research aim reflects the goals of the investigation and guides the
methodology, data collection, and analysis.
Descriptive Research
Exploratory
Research
Explanatory
Research
1
2
3
27

Exploratory
Research
Stebbins, R. A. (2001). Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences / https://gencraft.com/generate

• Often conducted in areas where little
prior research exists, exploratory
studies help researchers formulate
hypotheses or understand the
boundaries of a research question.
• For example, in emerging fields like
artificial intelligence ethics, exploratory
research might involve interviews with
experts to identify key ethical concerns.
29
Exploratory
Research

Descriptive
Research
30
• Aims to describe the characteristics
of a population or phenomenon.
• This type of research often involves
surveys or observational studies to
gather data on "what is.”
• Example: A descriptive study might
measure the level of job satisfaction
among nurses in a particular hospital.
30

• Descriptive studies do not
attempt to draw causal
connections but aim to provide a
detailed picture of a situation as
it exists.
• An example could be a national
survey on health care access,
where the goal is to describe
patterns across different
demographic groups.
31
Descriptive
Research
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches / https://gencraft.com/generate

Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches / https://gencraft.com/generate

34
Quantitative Research: A Scientific
Approach

The Evolution of
Quantitative Research
35
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods / https://gencraft.com/generate
• Stemming from the natural
sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry),
it was initially developed to study
phenomena through empirical,
measurable evidence.
Origins:
• 17th Century: Early use of statistics in
population studies and economics.
• 19th Century: Introduction of
randomized trials and experimental
methods in medical research.
Milestones:

Quantitative
Research:
A Scientific Approach
• Definition:
• Quantitative research is structured and seeks
to quantify the relationships between
variables.
• It’s typically used in studies where the goal is to
test hypotheses, predict outcomes, and find
correlations. 36
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press / https://gencraft.com/generate

Quantitative Research:
Key Characteristics
• Hypothesis-Driven: Researchers often begin with a
hypothesis based on existing theories or previous
studies. The goal is to confirm or refute this
hypothesis by collecting measurable data.
• Measurable Variables: Variables are
operationalized to allow for clear, precise
measurement.
• For instance, rather than studying "happiness,"
researchers might measure happiness using a
standardized psychological scale (e.g., a 1–7 Likert
scale).
• Deductive Approach: Starts from a theory, develops
a hypothesis, collects data, and then tests whether
the data supports the hypothesis.
• Large Sample Sizes: The emphasis on
generalizability requires large sample sizes to
ensure findings are representative of a broader
population.
37
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press / https://gencraft.com/generate

01
02
03
Common Quantitative Methods
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press
38

Common
Quantitative
Methods
Surveys:
• These are used to collect
data from large
populations by using
structured questions.
• For instance, surveys can
be used to gather
information about
people’s shopping
behaviors.
39
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press / https://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/articles/survey-vs-questionnaire

Common
Quantitative
Methods
Experiments:
• Involve manipulating one
or more independent
variables to determine
their effect on a
dependent variable.
• For example, an
experiment might
measure how different
teaching methods affect
student performance.
40

Common
Quantitative
Methods
Longitudinal Studies:
• These track the same
subjects over time to observe
changes and identify trends.
• For example, a longitudinal
study might examine the
impact of education on
income levels over 10 years.
41

Common
Quantitative
Methods
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education / https://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/articles/survey-vs-questionnaire

Quantitative
Research: A Scientific
Approach
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education / https://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/articles/survey-vs-questionnaire

Strengths and
Limitations:
• Strengths:
• Can handle large amounts of data, allowing
generalization across populations.
• High reliability due to standardization and
replication.
• Offers clear, objective results.
• Limitations:
• Lacks contextual understanding and
deeper meaning behind the data.
• May overlook unmeasured variables or the
complexity of human experiences.
45
45

46
Qualitative Research: Exploring
Depth and Context

Evolution of Qualitative
Research Methods
• Origins of Qualitative Research:
• Emerged from fields like anthropology
and sociology in the early 20th century
as scholars sought to understand
human culture and behavior from an
emic (insider) perspective.
• Key Theories and Movements:
• Symbolic Interactionism (Herbert
Blumer): Emphasizes the meaning-
making processes of social interactions.
47
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research /https://www.oriresults.com/articles/blog-posts/pilot-surveys-survey-before-survey
47

Evolution of Qualitative Research Methods
• Phenomenology (Edmund Husserl): Focuses
on the lived experiences of individuals.
• Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss): A
method for generating theory from data
during the research process itself.
• Shifts in Focus:
• Mid-20th Century: Shifted from
"objective" to more subjective
understandings of social phenomena,
often influenced by postmodernist
thinking.
48
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research /https://www.oriresults.com/articles/blog-posts/pilot-surveys-survey-before-survey
48

Qualitative Research: Definition
• Qualitative research focuses on exploring
and understanding the perspectives and
experiences of individuals or groups related
to an engineering problem, such as how
engineers adapt to emerging technologies
or collaborate in multidisciplinary teams to
solve complex challenges.
• It is generally more flexible than quantitative
research and is used to capture the richness
of human experience.
49
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (5th ed.) /https://www.oriresults.com/articles/blog-posts/pilot-surveys-survey-before-survey

Qualitative
Research: Key
Characteristics
• Exploratory Nature: It aims to explore phenomena
where little is known. For example, exploring how
people experience social media addiction.
• Context-Driven: The study is typically conducted in
natural settings where phenomena occur. The focus
is on understanding events or behaviors within the
specific context in which they arise.
• Subjective Meaning: Instead of aiming for
objectivity, qualitative research values the subjective
perspectives of participants, understanding their
lived experiences.
• Small, Purposive Samples: Researchers often use
small, carefully selected samples, choosing
participants who are most likely to provide rich,
detailed insights about the topic.
50
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (5th ed.)/ /https://www.oriresults.com/articles/blog-posts/pilot-surveys-survey-before-survey

Common Qualitative Methods
Focus Groups
Interviews
Case Studies
Ethnographies
Common
Qualitative
Methods
1 2
3 4
51

Qualitative Research
Methods: Interviews
52

Methods: Focus Groups:
53

Methods: Ethnographies
54

Qualitative Research:
Case Studies
55

Qualitative Research:
Sample topics
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305215626_Research_Methods-Quantitative_Qualitative_and_Mixed_methods
56

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research /https://www.oriresults.com/articles/blog-posts/pilot-surveys-survey-before-survey
57

58
Mixed Methods – Historical
and Conceptual Foundations

Mixed Methods –
Historical and
Conceptual Foundations
• Historical Development:
• Mixed methods research emerged
in the 1980s and 1990s, fueled by
debates over the merits of
qualitative vs. quantitative
research. Researchers began
recognizing the value of integrating
both methods.
• Paradigm Wars:
• Early mixed-methods researchers
navigated tensions between
positivist (quantitative) and
constructivist (qualitative)
paradigms. 59
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Researchhttps://www.dragnsurvey.com/blog/en/the-difference-between-survey-and-questionnaire
59

Mixed Methods – Historical and Conceptual
Foundations
• Influential Works:
• John W. Creswell’s Contributions:
Pioneered the use of mixed methods
as a legitimate research strategy in the
social sciences.
• Tashakkori & Teddlie: Advocated for
the pragmatic approach, which
focuses on what works best to answer
research questions.
60
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research/https://www.dragnsurvey.com/blog/en/the-difference-between-survey-and-questionnaire

Mixed Methods – Definition
• Mixed methods research
combines both qualitative and
quantitative approaches to
address research questions from
multiple perspectives.
• It acknowledges that both types
of data are necessary to fully
understand complex phenomena.
61
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.)/https://www.dragnsurvey.com/blog/en/the-difference-between-survey
61

Mixed Methods – Key
Characteristics
• Combining Breadth and Depth:
• While quantitative data provides a broad overview (e.g., trends in
a population), qualitative data offers depth and context (e.g.,
personal experiences of individuals within that population).
• Triangulation:
• Mixed methods allow researchers to cross-validate findings by
comparing data from multiple sources or methods.
• For example, if qualitative interviews confirm trends seen in
survey data, this strengthens the validity of the research.
• Concurrent or Sequential:
• In concurrent designs, both types of data are collected
simultaneously, while in sequential designs, one type of data
informs the other.
62

Mixed Methods –
Data Collection
• Timing:
• The sequence or order of the implementation of the
qualitative and the quantitative data collection and
analysis procedures in the study (either Sequentially
or Concurrently).
• Weighting:
• The relative importance or priority given to each
type of data (to consider the priority or the
emphasis).
• Mixing:
• How the two methods (quantitative & qualitative)
integrate within the study. Deciding on how to mix
the methods depends on the (purpose, design and
strategies) that are used for collecting and analysis.
63
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mixed-methods-research-241564115/241564115/https://www.dragnsurvey.com/blog/en/the-difference-between-survey-and-questionnaire

02
Explanatory
Sequential
Design
03
Exploratory
Sequential
Design
04
Transformative
Mixed
Methods
01
Convergent
Parallel
Design
Common mixed methods design include
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research
64

Mixed Methods – Convergent Parallel Design
• Quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analyzed
simultaneously, then the results are compared and
interpreted together.
65

Mixed Methods – Explanatory Sequential Design
• Quantitative data is collected first.
• Then qualitative data is used to explain the quantitative findings.
66

67
Mixed Methods – Exploratory Sequential Design
• Qualitative data is collected first to explore a phenomenon.
• Then quantitative data is used to test or expand upon the
initial findings.

68
Mixed Methods – Transformative Mixed Methods
• Combines both methods with an explicit focus on promoting social
change, often used in feminist or participatory action research.

When do we conduct a
Mixed Methods Study?
• When we have both quantitative and
qualitative data.
• When one data resource may not be
enough to explain the answer of the
question.
• When we want qualitative research to
help in explaining the quantitative
findings.
• Want to provide alternative
perspectives in a study.
• When we want to generalize findings
to a large population.
69
69

Reasons for using Mixed
Methods Research
• Combines the strengths of both
quantitative and qualitative
approaches to provide a more holistic
view of the research problem.
• Enhances the validity and reliability of
findings by cross-verifying results from
different methods.
• Allows researchers to explore a
phenomenon qualitatively and then
confirm findings quantitatively (or vice
versa).
70
70

Steps for Conducting a Mixed Methods Research
71
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mixed-methods-research-241564115/241564115
Determine if Mixed
Methods Research is the
best approach to address
the research problem
that you want to study.
Select a specific Mixed
Methods Design
(explanatory, exploratory,
triangulation or
embedded).
Write a detailed Mixed
Methods purpose
statement for your study.
Write a specific research
question to address
(quantitative &
qualitative) aspects of
your study.
Choose the (quantitative
& qualitative) data to
collect.
Draw a visual diagram of
the procedures in your
study.
Collect and analyze the
(quantitative &
qualitative) data for your
study-this is the major
part of the study.
Write the final report
reflecting the mixed
methods design you used
in the study.

Mixed Methods –
Strengths and Limitations
• Strengths:
• Provides a more comprehensive understanding
by capturing both the measurable and the
experiential aspects of the research problem.
• Allows for more robust conclusions by
integrating both statistical data and personal
narratives.
• Reduces researcher bias by using multiple
methods.
• Limitations:
• More complex and time-consuming to design,
implement, and analyze.
• Requires expertise in both qualitative and
quantitative methods.
• May present challenges in integrating or
reconciling conflicting results.
72
72

Challenges and Criticisms
• Quantitative Research Challenges:
• Ethical Concerns: Manipulating
variables in experimental settings can
raise ethical issues.
• Over-Simplification of Complex Issues:
Quantitative methods might reduce
complex social phenomena to a few
measurable variables, potentially
missing the broader context.
• External Validity: Generalizability is
often a challenge when the study
sample doesn't accurately reflect the
target population.
82
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come https://researcher.life/blog/article/choose-research-methodology

• Qualitative Research Challenges:
• Researcher Bias: Since qualitative analysis
often involves interpretation, there's a risk
of the researcher's personal biases
influencing the results.
• Reliability and Replicability: It's difficult to
replicate qualitative studies due to the
context-specific nature of the data.
• Time-Consuming: Collecting and analyzing
qualitative data can take much longer than
quantitative methods, especially for large
datasets or ethnographic studies.
83

• Mixed Methods Research Challenges:
• Complexity of Design: Designing and
implementing mixed methods research
requires careful planning and expertise in
both qualitative and quantitative
approaches.
• Integration of Data: Combining qualitative
and quantitative data can be difficult,
particularly when the findings conflict.
• Resource Intensive: Mixed methods
research requires more time, money, and
expertise than using a single method.
84

Conclusion
• Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods
research each offer unique strengths and address
different types of research questions.
• Understanding the procedures of collecting and
analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data
will enable us to reach an effective research
design using mixed method research.
• By integrating these approaches, researchers can
offer more robust, well-rounded conclusions that
account for both measurable data and nuanced
human experiences.
85
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.)/ttps://www.klcommunications.com

Feel free to reach out for question and research collaborations.
Dr. Rahul Pandya (Email: iitdh.ac.in, +91-7428335049)
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Dharwad
86
Thank you

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Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Method - E1.pdf