Quantum nature poli_mi_ddm_200115
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This document discusses quantum computing technologies including quantum supremacy, quantum sensors, and the quantum internet. It provides information on Google's quantum computer Sycamore and its processing of 53 qubits in 200 seconds, which would take thousands of years for a classical computer. It also discusses the development of quantum hardware companies, investments in quantum computing, and potential applications in encryption, imaging, and materials modeling. Barriers to progress mentioned include the short coherence times of quantum systems and challenges in scaling to larger numbers of high-quality qubits. The document aims to provide an overview of the current state of quantum technologies for internal business use at Juniper.
Quantum nature poli_mi_ddm_200115
- 1. Juniper Business Use Only QUANTUM NATURE “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?” May, 15, 1935 Physical Review, Vol.47 October, 15, 1935, Physical review, Vol.48
- 2. Juniper Business Use Only QUANTUM “SUPREMACY” QUANTUM GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGY QUATUM COMPUTER AND QUBITS QUANTUM ENCRYPTION QUANTUM SENSORS QUANTUM EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 3. Juniper Business Use Only QUANTUM SUPREMACY: A BUZZ OR HYPE?
- 4. Juniper Business Use Only Sycamore QC (Google) has processed n=53 qubits, m=20 cycles and Ns=1E6 samples with 0.1% of fidelity in 200sec. Classical sampling (classical computer process) and 1M cores would take 10.000 years The same configuration on Google Cloud cluster (classical) would take 50 Trillions/core hrs (50 millions hrs or 6.000 years) and 1M cores with 1 PetaWatt*hr of consumed power Summit SC (the most powerful supercomputer on earth) stops at m=14 cycles because not enough memory QUANTUM SUPREMACY PILLS
- 5. Juniper Business Use Only IS THERE A QUANTUM GOLDEN RUSH ? VC HW investments in QC are the majority (still) but longer time to return $110M in SW investments across 28 deals. Quantum Cloudification will drive emerging of new Apps Emerging opportunities and short term in encryption, super- sensitive detection devices and new forms of imaging
- 6. Juniper Business Use Only AN ECOSYSTEM IN DEVELOPMENT:WHERE ARE WE? HW • Psiquantum (CA) • Qbami (CH) • ID Quantique (CHF) • D-Wave (CA) • Rigetti (CA) • QuantumCTek (CH) • …… SW • QCWare (CA) • Zapata Comp. (MA) • Cambridge QC (UK) • ….. VC • Quantonation (FR) • ….. …YET A COMPLETE MAPPING IS NOT AVAILABLE…. Area Total # Total $ (disclosed) Instrumentation, tools and services 5 12.25 $ Quantum communication 26 130.19 $ Quantum computing 26 419.27 $ Quantum software 28 113.05 $ Sensors and Material 3 0.13 $ Total 88 674.89 $
- 7. Juniper Business Use Only A STRATEGIC POINT OF VIEW Link : https://www.nature.com/QUANTUM-GOLDEN-RUSH $1.2B from US congress on strategic Quantum projects and development Eu1B investments in 10 years over 20 countries on Quantum Flagship Eu650M investment until 2022, plus other sponsored programs $10B committed for Hefei Tech Park on Quantum Information Link: https://www.nature.com/EU-fund
- 8. Juniper Business Use Only QUANTUM COMPUTER RACE: GAME CHANGER? https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-quantum-computers-work/ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-computers-compete-for-supremacy/ Bit & Qubit: A common metaphor used to compare the two is a coin. In conventional computer processor a transistor is either up or down, heads or tails. But if I ask you whether that coin is heads or tails while it’s spinning, you might say the answer is both. That’s what a quantum computer builds on. Instead, a conventional bit that’s either 0 or 1, you have a quantum bit that simultaneously represents 0 and 1, until that qubit stops spinning and comes to a resting state (de-coherence). Superposition: The state space—or the ability to sample many possible combinations—is exponential with a quantum computer. Taking the coin metaphor further, imagine I have two coins in my hand, and I toss them in the air at the same time. While they’re both spinning, they would represent four possible states. If I tossed three coins in the air, they would represent eight possible states. If I had 50 coins and tossed them all up in the air and asked you how many states that represents, the answer would be more states than is possible with the largest supercomputer in the world today. Three hundred coins—still a relatively small number— would represent more states than there are atoms in the universe. Collapsing a state-space return qubits in bits of information NISQ & Information theory: The reality is that the coins, or qubits, eventually stop spinning and collapse into a state, whether it’s heads or tails. The goal with quantum computing is to keep them spinning in the superposition of multiple states for a long time. Imagine I have a coin spinning on a table, and someone is shaking that table. That might cause the coin to fall over faster. Noise, temperature change, an electrical fluctuation or vibration—all these things can disturb a qubit’s operation and cause it to lose its data. One way to stabilize certain types of qubits is to keep them very cold. Our qubits operate in a dilution refrigerator that’s about the size of a 55-gallon drum and uses a special isotope of helium to cool them a fraction of a degree above absolute zero (roughly – 273 degrees Celsius). Beyond that we want to improve the quality of the qubits, which will help us test algorithms and build our system. Quality refers to the fidelity with which information is passed along over time. While many parts of the system will improve quality, the biggest advances will come through materials engineering and improvements in the accuracy of the microwave pulses and other control electronics.
- 9. Juniper Business Use Only QUANTUM COMPUTER AND THEN? https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-quantum-computers-work/ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-computers-compete-for-supremacy/ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/beyond-quantum-supremacy-the-hunt-for-useful-quantum-computers/ Field of application (to begin with): Typically, the first quantum algorithms that get proposed are for security (such as cryptography) or chemistry (including bio and bio-engineering) and materials modeling. These are problems that are essentially intractable with conventional computers. Such a computer would make use of entanglement, a phenomenon unique to quantum systems, that particle’s properties are affected by what happens to other particles with which it shares intimate quantum connections. NISQ systems won’t be able to perform full-scale chemistry simulations. But when combined with conventional computers, they might demonstrate an advantage over existing classical simulations. “The classically hard part of the simulation is solved on a quantum processor, while the rest of the work is done on a classical computer An algorithm called variational quantum factoring (VQF), which aims to bring the encryption-breaking, large-number-factoring capabilities of quantum processing to NISQ-era machines. Other quantum algorithm for such work are Shor’s and Grover algorithms. That approach offers a fast route to factoring large numbers but is likely to require hundreds of thousands of qubits to go beyond what is possible on classical machines. Other application can be in processing large data set with “noise” in Quantum ML applications One general problem for NISQ computing comes down to time. Conventional computers can effectively operate indefinitely. A quantum system can lose its correlations, and thus its computing power, in fractions of a second. As a result, a classical computer does not have to run for very long before it can outstrip the capabilities of today’s quantum machines. For now, however, researchers must contend with the fact that there is still no proof that today’s quantum machines will yield anything of use. NISQ could simply turn out to be the name for the broad, possibly featureless landscape researchers must traverse before they can build quantum computers capable of outclassing conventional ones in helpful ways. The history will repeat: The first transistor was introduced in 1947. The first integrated circuit followed in 1958. Intel’s first microprocessor—which had only about 2,500 transistors—didn’t arrive until 1971. Each of those milestones was more than a decade apart. People think quantum computers are just around the corner, but history shows these advances take time. If 10 years from now we have a quantum computer that has a few thousand qubits, that would certainly change the world in the same way the first microprocessor did. We and others have been saying it’s 10 years away. Some are saying it’s just three years away, and I would argue that they don’t understand how complex the technology is.
- 10. Juniper Business Use Only QUANTUM INTERNET: BACK TO THE FUTURE? The horizons of Quantum Internet and Networking: Quantum Internet Alliance, coordinated by the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, is tasked with creating a quantum network. Europe is competing with similar national efforts in China—which in 2016 launched Micius, a quantum communications satellite—as well as in the United States. Last December, the U.S. government enacted the National Quantum Initiative Act, which will lavishly fund several research hubs dedicated to quantum technologies, including quantum computers and networks. The main feature of a quantum network is that you are sending quantum information instead of classical information that deals in bits that have values of either 0 or 1. Quantum information, however, uses quantum bits, or qubits, which can be in a superposition of both 0 and 1 at the same time. Qubits can be encoded, for example, in the polarization states of a photon or in the spin states of electrons and atomic nuclei. QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) and QRNG (Quantum Random Number Generator) : First application is quantum encryptions (see Quantum Encryption and Information Theoretic Security). In July last year, University of Geneva, Switzerland, and colleagues reported distributing secret keys using QKD over a record distance of more than 400 kilometers of optical fiber, at 6.5 kilobits per second. In contrast, commercially available systems, provide QKD over 50 kilometers of fiber. Quantum State Transmission: Ideally, quantum networks will do more than QKD. The next step would be to transfer quantum states directly between nodes. There is a more robust way to exchange quantum information—via the use of another property of quantum systems, called entanglement. When two particles or quantum systems interact, they can get entangled. Once entangled, both systems are described by a single quantum state, so measuring the state of one system instantly influences the state of the other, even if they are kilometers apart. Einstein called entanglement “spooky action at a distance,” and it is an invaluable resource for quantum networks (non superluminal, non faster than speed of light ) Entanglement Swapping : Each node would transmit an entangled photon through 50 kilometers of optical fiber to a station in the middle. There, the photons would be measured in such a way that they lose entanglement with their respective ions, causing the ions themselves to get entangled with each other. Therefore, the two nodes, 100 kilometers apart, will each form a quantum link via a pair of entangled qubits. The entire process is called entanglement swapping. The photon wavelengths were also designed to cross-connect different transmission systems: optical fibers on one end (1,535 nm) and satellite communications on the other (794 nm). The latter is important because if quantum networks are to go intercontinental, entanglement will need to be distributed via satellites. In 2017, a team of the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei used Micius, China’s quantum satellite, to distribute entanglement between ground stations on the Tibetan Plateau and southwest China. The next best choice may be relatively inexpensive drones.
- 11. Juniper Business Use Only QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY: IS IT REAL? The horizons of Quantum Internet and Networking: To send secure messages online or encrypt the files on a computer, most modern systems employ asymmetric, or public-key, cryptography. With this technique, data are encoded with a so-called public key, which is accessible to all; decoding that information requires a private key that only one party knows. Although both parts of this system are called keys, the public key is more like a slotted lockbox: anyone can drop something in, or encode a secret message, but only the private key’s holder can unlock the box or decrypt the message. This arrangement makes such asymmetric cryptography more secure than a symmetric system—one that is more like an unlocked lockbox (security depends on keeping the box hidden because a person who can get to it to drop in a message can also access its contents). Public-key cryptography (PKC) uses a mathematical algorithm to generate much more complex keys so the code cannot be run backward in this way. Different public-key systems can utilize different algorithms, as long as they are based on mathematical problems that are easy to put into place but hard to reverse engineer. For instance, any computer can multiply two extremely large prime numbers together, yet factoring the result is nearly impossible— at least, it would be for a classical machine. Quantum computers can solve the sort of these cryptographic problems on which we built our cryptography in the 1980s exponentially faster than classical computers. There are, however, still equations that quantum algorithms have not yet managed to solve. For example, a quantum technique called Shor’s algorithm can factor large numbers exponentially faster than classical machines. That ability means a quantum computer could crack systems like RSA, a widely used method for encrypting data. However, while quantum computers can do some things better against a set of problems, there are tons of other things they just do not help with—almost at all. Because there are many of these types of problems, organizations such as NIST are trying to narrow down the potential options in order to develop a standardized method for quantum-proof encryption. In 2016 NIST put out a call for potential postquantum algorithms, and earlier in 2019 it announced it had winnowed 69 accepted submissions down to 26 leading candidates. The plan is to select the final algorithms in the next couple of years and to make them available in draft form by 2024. Quantum cryptographic devices typically employ individual photons of light and take advantage that measuring a quantum system in general disturbs it and yields incomplete information about its state before the measurement. Eavesdropping on a quantum communications channel therefore causes an unavoidable disturbance, alerting the legitimate users. Quantum cryptography exploits this effect to allow two parties who have never met and who share no secret information beforehand to communicate in absolute secrecy under the nose of an adversary. Quantum techniques also assist in the achievement of subtler cryptographic goals, important in the post-cold war world, such as enabling two mutually distrustful parties to make joint decisions based on private information, while compromising its confidentiality as little as possible.
- 12. Juniper Business Use Only QUANTUM SENSORS: REALITY IN QUANTUM REALM ? Early Quantum Sensor application : Technology improvements in both HW and SW will drive quantum system further from NISQ capabilities and fidelity of quantum circuits. However, QC supremacy applications will require large width of qubits circuits (thousands to millions), depth circuit cycles and quantum error forward correction schemes to improve efficiency, on the other side quantum sensor applications might reach interesting performances in the same NIQS range but with limited number of qubits (tenths to hundreds) and low depth for circuit. There are immediate area for practical applications as in Chemistry, Biology, Drugs, Medical, Industrial and Environmental and in long term for Robotic, IoT. The specialty of Quantum Sensors are to work in low-scale energy and be able to interpret phenomena at atomic/sub-atomic particle scales. Marletto and her colleagues argue the bacteria did more than just couple with the cavity, though. In their analysis they demonstrate the energy signature produced in the experiment could be consistent with the bacteria’s photosynthetic systems becoming entangled with the light inside the cavity. In essence, it appears certain photons were simultaneously hitting and missing photosynthetic molecules within the bacteria—a hallmark of entanglement. “Our models show that this phenomenon being recorded is a signature of entanglement between light and certain degrees of freedom inside the bacteria,” she says.
- 13. Juniper Business Use Only THANKS Q&A