Quantum Theory II Aggregates of Particles D. R. Bates (Editor)
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- 5. Quantum Theory II Aggregates of Particles D. R. Bates (Editor) Digital Instant Download Author(s): D. R. Bates (editor) ISBN(s): 9781483250663, 1483250660 Edition: Reprint File Details: PDF, 48.67 MB Year: 2013 Language: english
- 7. QUANTUM THEORY 77. Aggregates of Particles
- 8. PURE AND APPLIED PHYSICS A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS AND TEXTBOOKS CONSULTING EDITOR H. S. W. MASSEY University College, London, England Volume 1. F. H. FIELD and J. L. FRANKLIN, Electron Impact Phenomena and the Properties of Gaseous Ions. 1957 Volume 2. H. KOPFERMANN, Nuclear Moments. English Version Prepared from the Second German Edition by E. E. SCHNEIDER. 1958 Volume 3. WALTER E. THIRRING, Principles of Quantum Electrodynamics. Translated from the German by J. BERNSTEIN. With Corrections and Additions by WALTER E. THIRRING. 1958 Volume 4. U. FANO and G. RACAH, Irreducible Tensorial Sets. 1959 Volume 5. E. P. WIGNER, Group Theory and Its Application to the Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra. Expanded and Improved Edition. Translated from the German by J. J. GRIFFIN. 1959 Volume 6. J. IRVING and N. MULLINEUX, Mathematics in Physics and Engineer ing. 1959 Volume 7. KARL F. HERZFELD and THEODORE A. LITOVITZ, Absorption and Dis persion of Ultrasonic Waves. 1959 Volume 8. LEON BRILLOUIN, Wave Propagation and Group Velocity. 1960 Volume 9. FAY AJZENBERG-SELOVE (ed.), Nuclear Spectroscopy. Parts A and B. 1960 Volume 10. D. R. BATES (ed.), Quantum Theory. In three volumes. 1961-62 Volume 11. D. J. THOULESS, The Quantum Mechanics of Many-Body Systems. 1961 Volume 12. W. S. C. WILLIAMS, An Introduction to Elementary Particles. 1961 ACADEMIC PRESS · New York and London
- 9. QUANTUM THEORY Edited by D. R. BATES Department of Applied Mathematics The Queen's University of Belfast Belfast, North Ireland Aggregates of Particles 1962 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London
- 10. COPYRIGHT © 1962, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. Ill FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 3, N. Y. United Kingdom Edition Published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 17 OLD QUEEN STREET, LONDON S.W. 1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 59-15762 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
- 11. Contributors to Volume 10-11 S. L. ALTMANN, Department of Metallurgy, University of Oxford, Oxford, England C. A. COULSON, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England D. M. DENNISON, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan K. T. HECHT, Harrison M. Randall Laboratory of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan J. T. LEWIS, Brasenose College, University of Oxford, Oxford, England M. J. SEATON, Department of Physics, University College, London, England H. N. V. TEMPERLEY, Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, Alder- maston, Berkshire, England D. TER HAAR, The Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, England R. M. THOMSON, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois v
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- 13. Preface Quantum Theory, comprising the three volumes, Elements, Aggregates, and Radiation and High Energy Physics is intended as an advanced text and reference on the fundamentals and applications of quantum theory. It is primarily designed to meet the needs of postgraduate students. The hope is that it will enable them to refresh and deepen their understanding of the elementary parts of the subject, that it will provide them with surveys of the more important areas of interest, and that it will guide them to the main frontiers on which advances are being made. In addition, teachers at universities and institutes of technology may find the compilation, which is unusually wide in scope, useful when preparing lectures. A knowledge is naturally assumed of classical mechanics, of electro magnetic theory, of atomic physics, and (in Volume III) of the special theory oi relativity. Familiarity with the ordinary techniques of mathematical analysis is also assumed. However, the relevant properties of some of the higher transcendental functions are summarized and accounts are given of operator algebra and matrices (Volume I) and of group theory (Volume II). In Volume I non-relativistic wave mechanics and matrix mechanics are introduced; an extensive survey of the exactly soluble problems of the point and of the continuous spectrum is presented ; the approximate methods which are available for treating other stationary and time-dependent problems are then developed in considerable detail ; and finally a very lengthy chapter is devoted to scattering theory, the needs of both ionic and nuclear physicists being met. To make this volume useful as a reference the treatment of many of the topics is more comprehensive than is customary; in order that it should nevertheless remain useful as a text the sections containing the essentials are indicated at the beginning of certain of the chapters. Volume II is concerned with the quantal treatment of systems of particles — complex atoms, molecules, solids, and liquids. A chapter on quantum statistics is included. It is hoped that theoretical chemists, as well as theoretical physicists, will find the volume of value. Like the other volumes, it is effectively complete in itself. vii
- 14. viii PREFACE In Volume III the compilation returns to the fundamentals of quantum theory. The relativistic equations describing a single particle in an external field of force are developed ; starting with the semiclassical theory a detailed exposition is given of both the noncovariant and the covariant theory of radiation ; the theory of the meson field is described ; and nuclear structure is then discussed. The volume ends with a chapter on the question of whether there are hidden variables underlying quantum theory. It is recognized that the views expressed in this chapter are not widely accepted; but they are undoubtedly stimulating. A treatise by a group of authors is likely to have defects which would be avoided in a text by a single author. The Editor believes that a compen satory advantage is gained by having research workers writing on parts of the subject in which they are particularly interested. D. R. B. The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland February, 1961
- 15. Contents CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME v PREFACE vii CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 10-1 AND 10-III xi 1. Complex Atoms 1 M. J. Seaton 1. Introductory Survey 3 2. The Central Field Model 9 3. Spectra of Alkali Atoms 14 4. The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table 23 5. Symmetry Properties of Atomic Wave Functions 25 6. Perturbation Procedures 28 7. The Quantum Theory of Angular Momentum 30 8. Coupling Schemes for Electron Wave Functions 37 9. The Helium Atom 40 10. Closed Shells and One Electron Outside of Closed Shells 48 11. Two Electrons Outside of Closed Shells 55 12. Three Electrons Outside of Closed Shells 65 13. The Calculation of Atomic Wave Functions 68 14. Radiative Transition Probabilities 75 References 84 2. Group Theory 87 S. L. Altmann 1. Symmetry Operators and their Representation 90 2. Elements of Group Theory 108 3. Representations 116 4. The Direct Product 134 5. Symmetry Properties of Functions 143 6. Some Important Groups 155 7. Tables of Characters for the Point Groups 171 References 182 ix
- 16. X CONTENTS 3. Chemical Binding 185 C. A. Coulson and J. T. Lewis 1. General Principles 186 2. Applications 205 References 246 4. Molecular Spectra 247 D. M. Dennison and K. T. Hecht 1. General Considerations 248 2. Diatomic Molecules 250 3. Polyatomic Molecules 269 References 322 5. Elements of Quantum Statistics 323 D. ter Haar 1. Introduction 323 2. Systems of Bosons 338 3. Systems of Fermions 346 References 350 6. Theory of Solids 351 R. M. Thomsorf 1. Free Electrons in a Box 354 2. The One-Electron Approximation 355 3. Band Approximation 364 4. Correlation Problems 381 5. Lattice Vibrations 388 6. Electron-Lattice Interactions 398 7. Imperfections 409 References 416 7. The Quantum Mechanics of Liquids 417 H. N. V. Temperley 1. de Boer's Extension of the Principle of Corresponding States 419 2. Some Simple Liquid Models » 423 3. The Properties of Liquid Helium 446 References 460 Author Index , 462 Subject Index 464
- 17. Contents of Volu io-/ Elements Preliminaries H. M ARGENAU Fundamental Principles of Quantum Mechanics H. M ARGENAU Exactly Soluble Bound State Problems R. A. BUCKINGHAM The Continuum R. A. BUCKINGHAM Stationary Perturbation Theory A. DALGARNO The Variational Method B. L. MOISEIWITSCH The Asymptotic Approximation (AA) Method BERTHA SWIRLES JEFFREYS Transitions D. R. BATES Theory of Collisions E. H. S. BURHOP es 10-1 and 10-111 70-/// Radiation and High Energy Physics Relativistic Wave Equations L. L. FOLDY Noncovariant Quantum Theory of Radiation G. N. FOWLER Covariant Theory of Radiation G. N. FOWLER Meson Theory and Nuclear Forces J. C. GUNN Nuclear Structure K. A. BRUECKNER Hidden Variables in the Quantum Theory DAVID BÖHM xi
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- 19. QUANTUM THEORY A TREATISE IN THREE VOLUMES /. Elements //. Aggregates of Particles ///. Radiation and High Energy Physics
- 20. M. J. Seaton 1. Introductory Survey 3 1.1 Lines and Levels 3 1.2 Selection Rules 4 1.3 The Bohr Theory 4 1.4 Atomic Units 5 1.5 Relativistic Effects 5 1.6 Magnetic Moments and Spin-Orbit Energy 5 1.7 Nuclear Charge 7 1.8 Schrödinger Equation 7 1.9 Procedure and References 8 2. The Central Field Model 9 2.1 The Physical Idea 9 2.2 Self-Consistent Field 10 2.3 The Central Field Equation 10 2.4 Spherical Harmonics - 11 2.5 Spin Functions 12 2.6 One-Electron Orbitals . . . 12 2.7 Radial Functions 13 2.8 One-Electron Energies 13 2.9 Central Field Quantum Numbers 14 3. Spectra of Alkali Atoms 14 3.1 The Li Absorption Spectrum 15 3.2 The Li Emission Spectrum 15 3.3 Ground State Quantum Numbers in the Li Iso-Electronic Sequence . 17 3.4 Other Alkali Atoms 18 3.5 Alkali Fine Structure 18 3.6 The Zeeman Effect 20 3.7 The Paschen-Back Effect 22 4. The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table 23 4.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 23 4.2 The Periodic Table 24 1 1. Complex Atoms
- 21. 2 M. J. SEATON 5. Symmetry Properties of Atomic Wave Functions 25 5.1 Exchange Symmetry 25 5.2 Antisymmetrical Functions for N Electrons 26 5.3 Parity 27 6. Perturbation Procedures 28 6.1 The Central Field Model and the Exact Electrostatic Hamiltonian . . 28 6.2 Commuting Operators 29 7. The Quantum Theory of Angular Momentum 30 7.1 Angular Momentum Operators 30 7.2 The Operator / _ 31 7.3 Angular Momentum Coupling 32 7.4 Calculation of Vector-Coupling Coefficients for jx = j2 = 1 33 7.5 Coupling Coefficients for jx = ;2 = £ 35 7.6 Properties of the Coupling Coefficients 35 7.7 Symmetry Properties of Coupled Eigenfunctions for jx = j2 36 7.8 Scalar Operators 36 8. Coupling Schemes for Electron Wave Functions 37 8.1 Coupling Schemes for One-Electron Problems 37 8.2 Many-Electron Systems: LS and ;'; Coupling 39 9. The Helium Atom 40 9.1 Separation of Space and Spin Coordinates 40 9.2 The He Ground State 41 9.3 He Excited States 41 9.4 The He Energy Level Diagram 43 9.5 Reduction of Integrals 44 9.6 Calculation of E(ls2p) 47 10. Closed Shells and One Electron Outside of Closed Shells 48 10.1 States Which May Be Represented in Terms of Single D Functions . . 48 10.2 The Normalization of D Functions 49 10.3 Energies of States Represented by Single D Functions 49 10.4 Interaction Between an Electron and a Closed Shell 51 10.5 Interaction Between Two Closed Shells 54 10.6 The Energy of a Closed Shell 54 10.7 Energy Expressions for Na+ and Na 54 11. Two Electrons Outside of Closed Shells 55 11.1 Allowed Values of SL 55 11.2 Interactions With Closed Shells 55 11.3 Two-Electron Wave Functions 56 11.4 The Electrostatic Energies: Theory 57 11.5 The Electrostatic Energies: Comparison with Experiment . . . . . 59 11.6 The Spin-Orbit Energy in LS Coupling: Theory 60 11.7 The Spin-Orbit Energy in LS Coupling: Comparison with Experiment . 62 11.8 Intermediate and ;';' Coupling 63 11.9 Configuration Interaction 65 12. Three Electrons Outside of Closed Shells 65 12.1 Parent Terms 65 12.2 Three Equivalent Electrons: Fractional Parentage Coefficients . . . . 66
- 22. 1. COMPLEX ATOMS 3 13. The Calculation of Atomic Wave Functions 68 13.1 Variational Methods 68 13.2 Simple Analytic Functions for He 70 13.3 The Hartree-Fock Method: General Theory 71 13.4 The Hartree Self-Consistent Field 73 13.5 The Hartree-Fock Radial Equations 73 14. Radiative Transition Probabilities 75 14.1 Electric Dipole Radiation 75 14.2 The Dipole Moment 76 14.3 Electric Quadrupole Radiation and Magnetic Dipole Radiation . . . . 76 14.4 Spin, Parity, and Configuration Selection Rules 77 14.5 The One-Electron Electric Dipole Moment 78 14.6 Selection Rules for 5, L and / 79 14.7 Relative Intensities 79 14.8 The Matrix Elements of the Dipole Length and of the Dipole Momentum 81 14.9 The /-Sum Rule 81 14.10 The Calculation of Absolute Transition Probabilities 83 14.11 Forbidden Lines 83 References 84 1. Introductory Survey 1.1 Lines and Levels The most detailed information concerning the structure of complex atoms is obtained from spectroscopic observations. One may explain a large number of lines in an atomic spectrum by postulating the existence of a smaller number of energy levels. With energies Ea the line frequencies are given by hv^ = Ea — Ea,. An atom with energy Eg, where Eg is the smallest of the Eat is said to be in the ground state. In many spectra one observes spectral series in which the separation of successive lines decreases uniformly with increasing frequency and tends to zero at a definite spectral limit corresponding to an energy E^ ; beyond this limit a continuous spectrum may be observed. The reality of energy levels is confirmed by electron impact studies; with electrons of kinetic energy %mv2 incident on ground state atoms a line of frequency v^ is observed only when mv% is at least as great as (Ea — Eg). As soon as the kinetic energy exceeds (E^ — Eg) it is found that collisional ionization can occur; the spectral limit E^ therefore corresponds to an ionization limit.
- 23. 4 M. J. SEATON 1.2 Selection Rules Once the energy level scheme has been obtained it is found that many transitions between levels are not observed as spectral lines. One may therefore suppose radiative transitions to be governed by certain selection rules. The theory of atomic structure must explain, not only the existence of energy levels, but also the selection rules governing transitions between levels and the great variations of intensity of the observed lines. 1.3 The Bohr Theory From a classical standpoint atomic spectra remained largely inexplicable ; many of the problems presented are of an essentially quantum mechanical nature. Bohr, in the first major theoretical advance, postulated that electron angular momentum was quantized according to the rule L = nh with n integer. He supposed a hydrogenic atom to be composed of a massive nucleus of charge Ze and an electron of charge — e. Assuming the laws of non- relativistic classical mechanics, with electrostatic interactions the only forces between the particles, the energy levels were found to be given by 1 Z2 e2 2 n2 a0 and the radii of circular orbits by n2 rn = —x a0. (2) In place of energies it is often convenient to use term values defined by Γ. — § . (3) The Tn will then be positive numbers and, with En in cgs units, Tn will be in units of cm-1 . From (1), 72 Tn=R-ï (4) n2 with R = ^-X — x 4 - = 109737 cm-1 . (5) 2 a0 he Introducing the fine-structure constant a = e2 jc% we may put R = α/4π#0.
- 24. 1. COMPLEX ATOMS 5 For the wave number (reciprocal of the wavelength) of a hydrogen line n ->ri we obtain The above formulas apply in the limit of an infinitely massive nucleus. With a nucleus of mass M we must use the reduced mass mMj(m + M) in place of the electron mass m. This means that R must be replaced by 7? - R M " 1 + (mjM) ' The Bohr theory, with Z = 1 and M equal to the proton mass, is then in good agreement with observed hydrogen wave numbers so long as fine structure, observed at very high resolution, is not considered. 1.4 Atomic Units We define the atomic units of mass, length, and time on putting m = e = h = 1 ; in these units En = — Z2 /2n2 and rn = n2 Z. The atomic length unit is a0 = 0.5292 x 10~8 cm and the atomic energy unit is e2 /a0 which is equal to 27.20 eV or twice the ionization energy of the hydrogen ground state. The fine structure constant, a = e2 jc%) is a dimensionless number approximately equal to 1/137. In atomic units the velocity of light is therefore c ^ 137. 1.5 Relativistic Effects In atomic units the Bohr angular momentum condition for circular orbits is L = vnrn= n. Therefore vn = Zjn and (vjc)2 ^ (Zj'137n)2 . It follows that (vjc)2 will be small for Z small and, in consequence, a non- relativistic theory should provide a good approximation. 1.6 Magnetic Moments and Spin-Orbit Energy A circulating current i produces a magnetic moment μ = iA/c where A is the area of the current circuit described in the usual vector sense (Fig. 1). For an electron of charge — e circulating with velocity v in an orbit of radius r the mean current is i = — evfinr and the area is A = nr2 . The magnetic moment is therefore μ = — ex X v/2c. Introducing the momentum p = ms and the angular momentum L = r x p we obtain ^ = - 2 ^ · (6)
- 25. 6 M. J. SEATON This is the magnetic moment associated with an electron orbital angular momentum L. An electron also has a spin angular momentum S and an associated spin magnetic moment FIG. 1. Ps=- 2mc 28. (?) The spin magnetic moment is said to be anomalous because (/JS/S) is twice (μχ,/£). The interaction energy between a magnet of moment μ and a magnetic field H will be — μ · H. Consider a magnet moving with momentum p in an electric field E. In a frame of reference fixed relative to the magnet there will be a magnetic field* H = ( E x p)/wc and the classical interaction energy will be — μ · H. If the magnetic moment is due to electron spin a relativistic treatment2 shows that the interaction energy is — μ5 · H. Consider an electron moving in a central field with potential energy V(r). The electrostatic potential per unit charge will be — Vje and the electric field will be E = — - grad (— Vje) from which we obtain E = — —-r. er dr The magnetic field which interacts with the spin magnetic moment is there fore H = — E x p = — L, mc emc r dr L being r x p , and the interaction energy is S L. (8) This is known as the spin-orbit interaction. The expression (8) may be obtainedf using Dirac's theory of the electron. For hydrogenic ions 1 dV _ Ze2 r dr rz * The transformation required to obtain this result is discussed by Heitler. f See Condon and Shortley,3 p. 130.
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- 27. Athana human 55 & 6 165. 121. Strabo 16. J. Wie The fift Chapter. The judgments of the ancient fathers touching oracles, and their abolishment, and that they be now transferred from Delphos to Rome. HE opinions of the fathers, that oracles are ceased by the cōming of Christ, you shall find in these places following, to wit: Justinus In dialogis adversus Judæos, Athanasius De humanitate verbi, Augustine De civitate Dei, Eusebius Lib. 7. cap. 6, Item lib. 5. cap. 1. 8. Rupertus In Joan. lib. 10. 12. Plutarch De abolitione oraculorum, Plinie lib. 30. natural. historiæ. Finallie, Athanasius concludes, that in times past there were oracles in Delphos, Bœotia, Lycia, and other places: but now since Christ is preached to all men, this madnesse is ceased. So as you see, that whatsoever estimation in times past, the ancient fathers conceived (by heeresaie) of those miraculous matters of idols and oracles, &c: they themselves refuse now, not onelie to beare witnesse of; but also affirme, that ever/ since Christs comming their mouthes have beene stopped./ For the ceasing of the knaveries and cousening devises of preests, I see no authoritie of scripture or ancient father, but rather the contrarie; to wit, that there shall be strange illusions shewed by them, even till the end. And truelie, whosoever knoweth and noteth the order and devises of and in popish pilgrimages, shall see both the oracles & their conclusions remaining, and as it were transferred from Delphos to Rome, where that adulterous generation continuallie seeketh a signe, though they have Moses & the prophets, yea even Christ & his apostles also, &c. The sixt Chapter. Where and wherein couseners, witches, and preests were woont to give oracles, and to worke their feats. HESE cousening oracles, or rather oraclers used (I saie) to exercise their feats and to doo their miracles most commonly in maids, in beasts, in images, in dens, in cloisters, in darke holes, in trees, in churches or churchyards, &c: where preests, moonks, and friers had laid their plots, and made their confederacies aforehand, to beguile the world, to gaine monie, and to adde credit to their profession. This practise began in the okes of Dodona, in the which was a wood, the trees thereof (they saie) could speake. And this was doone by a knave in
- 28. præs. 12. 166. * H. H defens agains prophe 122. In who oracles Englan a hollowe tree, that seemed sound unto the simple people. This wood was in Molossus a part of Greece, called Epyrus, and it was named Dodonas oracles. There were manie oracles in Aegypt; namelie, of Hercules, of Apollo, of Minerva, of Diana, of Mars, of Jupiter, and of the oxe Apys, who was the sonne of Jupiter, but his image was worshipped in the likenesse of an oxe. Latona, who was the mother of Apollo, was an oracle in the citie of Bute. The preests of Apollo, who alwaies counterfaited furie and madnesse, gave oracles in the temple called Clarius, within the citie of Colophon in Greece. At Thebes in Bœotia and also in Læbadia, Trophonius was the cheefe oracle. At Memphis a cow, at Corinth an oxe called Mineus, in Arsinoe a crocodile, in Athens a prophet called Amphiaraus, who/ indeed died at Thebes, where they saie the earth opened, & swallowed him up quicke. At Delphos was the great temple of Apollo, where divels gave oracles by maides (as some saie) though indeed it was doone by preests. It was built upon Parnassus hill in Greece. And the defenders of oracles saie, that even as rivers oftentimes are diverted to another course; so likewise the spirit, which inspired the cheefe prophets, may for a time be silent, and revive againe by revolution. Demetrius saith, that the spirits, which attended on oracles, waxed wearie of the peoples curiositie and importunitie, and for shame forsooke the temple. But as *one that of late hath written against prophesies saith; It is no marvell, that when the familiars that speake in trunks were repelled from their harbour for feare of discoverie, the blocks almightie lost their senses. For these are all gone now, and their knaverie is espied; so as they can no longer abuse the world with such bables. But whereas/ these great doctors suppose, that the cause of their dispatch was the comming of Christ; if they meane that the divell died, so soone as he was borne, or that then he gave over his occupation: they are deceived. For the popish church hath made a continuall practise hereof, partlie for their owne private profit, lucre, and gaine; and partly to be had in estimation of the world, and in admiration among the simple. But indeed, men that have learned Christ, and beene conversant in his word, have discovered and shaken off the vanitie and abhomination heereof. But if those doctors had lived till this daie, they would have said and written, that oracles had ceased, or rather beene driven out of England in the time of K. Henrie the eight, and of Queene Elizabeth his daughter; who have doone so much in that behalfe, as at this houre they are not onlie all gone, but forgotten here in this English nation, where they swarmed as thicke as they did in Bœotia, or in any other place in the
- 29. Zach. Isai. 4 world. But the credit they had, depended not upon their desart, but upon the credulitie of others. Now there- fore I will conclude and make an end of this matter, with the opinion and saieng of the prophet; Vaine is the answer of idols. For they have eies and see not, eares and heare not, mouthes and speake not, &c: and let them shew what is to come, and I will saie they are gods indeed.//
- 32. 167. 1 J. Wie præst. All div not co 168. Colebr erronio impiou ¶ The ninth Booke. The first Chapter. The Hebrue word Kasam expounded, and how farre a Christian may conjecture of things to come. ASAM (as John Wierus upon his owne knowledge affirmeth, and upon the word of Andræas Masius reporteth) differeth little in signification from the former word Ob: betokening Vaticinari, which is, To prophesie, and is most commonlie taken in evill part; as in Deut. 18. Jerem. 27. &c: howbeit, sometime in good part, as in Esaie 3. verse. 2. To foretell things to come upon probable conjectures, so as therein we reach no further than becommeth humane capacitie, is not (in mine opinion) unlawfull, but rather a commendable manifestation of wisedome and judgment, the good gifts and notable blessings of GOD, for the which we ought to be thankfull; as also to yeeld due honour and praise unto him, for the noble order which he hath appointed in nature: praieng him to lighten our hearts with the beames of his wisedome, that we may more and more profit in the true knowledge of the workemanship of his hands. But some are so nise, that they condemne generallie all sorts of divinations, denieng those things that in nature have manifest causes, and are so framed, as they forshew things to come, and in that shew admonish us of things after to insue, exhibiting signes of unknowne and future matters to be judged upon, by the order, lawe, and course of nature/ proposed unto us by God. And some on the other side are so bewitched with follie, as they attribute to creatures that estimation, which rightlie and truelie apperteineth to God the creator of all things; affirming that the publike and private destinies of all humane matters, and whatsoever a man would knowe of things come or gone, is manifested to us in the heavens: so as by the starres and planets all things might be knowne. These would also, that nothing should be taken in hand or gone about, without the favourable aspect of the planets. By which, and other the like devises they deprave and prophane the ancient and commendable observations of our forfathers: as did Colebrasus, who taught, that all mans life was governed by the seven planets; and yet a christian, and condemned for heresie. But let us so farre foorth imbrace and allow this
- 33. 124. Psalm Jerem Gen. 1 Ezech. Gen. 9 Ecclus Ps. 19 Ecclus Baruch 169. Luk. 1 [* Mis Matt. Lactan astrolo Peucer pag. 3 philosophie and prophesieng, as the word of God giveth us leave, and commendeth the same unto us./ The second Chapter. Proofes by the old and new testament, that certaine observations of the weather are lawfull. HEN God by his word and wisedome had made the heavens, and placed the starres in the firmament, he said; Let them be for signes, and for seasons, and for daies, and yeares. When he created the rainebowe in the clouds, he said it should be for a signe and token unto us. Which we find true, not onelie of the floud past, but also of shewers to come. And therefore according to Jesus Sirachs advise, let us behold it, and praise him that made it. The prophet David saith; The heavens declare the glorie of God, and the firmament sheweth his handie worke: daie unto daie uttereth the same, and night unto night teacheth knowledge. It is also written that by the commandement of the holie one the starres are placed, and continue in their order, & faile not in their watch. It should appeare, that Christ himselfe did not altogither neglect the course & order of the heavens, in that he said; When you see a/ cloud rise out of the west, streight waie you saie a shewer commeth: and so it is. And when you see the southwind blowe; you saie it will be hot, and so it commeth to passe. Againe, when it is evening, you saie faire* weather, for the skie is red: and in the morning you saie, to daie shalbe a tempest, for the skie is red and lowring. Wherein as he noteth that these things doo trulie come to passe, according to ancient observation, and to the rule astronomicall: so doth he also by other words following admonish us, that in attending too much to those obsevations, we neglect not speciallie to follow our christian vocation. The physician is commended unto us, and allowed in the scriptures: but so to put trust in him, as to neglect & distrust God, is severelie forbidden and reproved. Surelie it is most necessarie for us to know and observe diverse rules astrologicall; otherwise we could not with oportunitie dispatch our ordinarie affaires. And yet Lactantius condemneth and recounteth it among the number of witchcrafts: from whose censure Calvine doth not much varie. The poore husbandman perceiveth that the increase of the moone maketh plants and living creatures frutefull: so as in the full moone they are in best strength, decaieng in the wane, and in the conjunction doo utterlie wither and vade. Which when by observation, use and practise they have once
- 34. 125. The rid of nati casting 170. Julius his mo opinio Bodinu Danæ Erastu Hemin Mal. m Thom. &c. learned, they distribute their businesse accordinglie; as their times and seasons to sowe, to plant, to proine, to let their cattell bloud, to cut, &c./ The third Chapter. That certeine observations are indifferent, certeine ridiculous, and certeine impious, whence that cunning is derived of Apollo, and of Aruspices. KNOW not whether to disallow or discommend the curious observation used by our elders, who conjectured upon nativities: so as, if Saturne and Mercurie were opposite in anie brute signe, a man then borne should be dumbe or stammer much; whereas it is dailie seene, that children naturallie imitate their parents/ conditions in that behalfe. Also they have noted, that one borne in the spring of the moone, shalbe healthie; in that time of the wane, when the moone is utterlie decaied, the child then borne cannot live; and in the conjunction, it cannot long continue. But I am sure the opinion of Julius Maternus is most impious, who writeth, that he which is borne when Saturne is in Leone, shall live long, and after his death shall go to heaven presentlie. And so is this of Albumazar, who saith, that whosoever praieth to God, when the moone is in Capite draconis, shalbe heard, and obteine his praier. Furthermore, to plaie the cold prophet, as to recount it good or bad lucke, when salt or wine falleth on the table, or is shed, &c: or to prognosticate that ghests approch to your house, upon the chattering of pies or haggisters, wherof there can be yeelded no probable reason, is altogither vanitie and superstition: as hereafter shalbe more largelie shewed. But to make simple people beleeve, that a man or woman can foretell good or evill fortune, is meere witchcraft or cousenage. For God is the onlie searcher of the heart, and delivereth not his counsell to so lewd reprobates. I know diverse writers affirme, that witches foretell things, as prompted by a reall divell; and that he againe learneth it out of the prophesies written in the scriptures, and by other nimble sleights, wherein he passeth anie other creature earthlie; and that the same divell, or some of his fellowes runnes or flies as farre as Rochester, to mother Bungie; or to Canturburie to M. T; or to Delphos, to Apollo; or to Aesculapius, in Pargamo; or to some other idoll or witch, and there by waie of oracle answers all questions, through his understanding of the prophesies conteined in the old testament, especiallie in Daniel and Esaie: whereby the divell knew of the translation of the monarchie from Babylon to
- 35. 171. 126. Apollo What allowa J. Bod dæm. 4. Græcia, &c. But either they have learned this of some oracle or witch; or else I know not where the divell they find it. Marrie certeine it is, that herein they shew themselves to be witches and fond divinors: for they find no such thing written in Gods word. Of the idoll called Apollo, I have somewhat alreadie spoken in the former title of Ob or Pytho; and some occasion I shall have to speake thereof hereafter: and therfore at this time it shall suffice to tell you, that the credit gained thereunto, was by the craft/ and cunning of the priests, which tended thereupon; who with their counterfeit miracles so/ bewitched the people, as they thought such vertue to have beene conteined in the bodies of those idols, as God hath not promised to anie of his angels, or elect people. For it is said, that if Apollo were in a chafe, he would sweat: if he had remorse to the afflicted, and could not help them, he would shed teares, which I beleeve might have beene wiped awaie with that handkerchiefe, that wiped and dried the Rood of graces face, being in like perplexities. Even as another sort of witching priests called Aruspices, prophesied victorie to Alexander, bicause an eagle lighted on his head: which eagle might (I beleeve) be cooped or caged with Mahomets dove, that picked peason out of his eare. The fourth Chapter. The predictions of soothsaiers and lewd priests, the prognostications of astronomers and physicians allowable, divine prophesies holie and good. HE cousening tricks of oracling priests and monkes, are and have beene speciallie most abhominable. The superstitious observations of sensles augurors and soothsaiers (contrarie to philosophie, and without authoritie of scripture) are verie ungodlie and ridiculous. Howbeit, I reject not the prognostications of astronomers, nor the conjectures or forewarnings of physicians, nor yet the interpretations of philosophers; although in respect of the divine prophesies conteined in holie scriptures, they are not to be weighed or regarded. For the end of these and the other is not onlie farre differing; but whereas these conteine onlie the word and will of God, with the other are mingled most horrible lies and cousenages. For though there may be many of them learned and godlie, yet lurke there in corners of the same profession, a great number of counterfets and couseners. J. Bodin putteth this difference betweene divine prophets and inchantors;/ to wit, the one saith alwaies true, the others words (proceeding from the divell) are
- 36. 172. Divers of pro 127. 2. Reg J. Bod 173. Joseph antiqu Josue Levi. li alwaies false; or for one truth they tell a hundred lies. And then why maie not everie witch be thought as cunning as Apollo? And why not everie counterfet cousener as good a witch as mother Bungie? For it is ods, but they will hit the truth once in a hundred divinations as well as the best. The fift Chapter. The diversitie of true prophets, of Urim, and of the propheticall use of the twelve precious stones conteined therein, of the divine voice called Eccho. T should appeare, that even of holie prophets there were diverse sorts. For David and Salomon, although in their psalmes and parables are conteined most excellent mysteries, and notable allegories: yet they were not indued with that degree of prophesie, that Elie and Elisha were, &c./ For as often as it is said, that God spake to David or Salomon, it is meant to be done by the prophets. For Nathan or Gad were the messengers and prophets to reveale Gods will to David. And Ahiam the Silonite was sent from God to Salomon. Item, the spirit of prophesie, which Elias had, was doubled upon Elisha. Also some prophets prophesied all their lives, some had but one vision, and some had more, according to Gods pleasure; yea some prophesied unto the people of such things as came not to passe, and that was where Gods wrath was pacified by repentance. But these prophets were alwaies reputed among the people to be wise and godlie; whereas the heathen prophets were evermore knowne and said to be mad and foolish: as it is written both of the prophets of Sibylla, and also of Apollo; and at this daie also in the Indies, &c. But that anie of these extraordinarie gifts remaine at this daie, Bodin, nor anie witchmonger in the world shall never be able to proove: though he in his booke of divelish madnesse would make men beleeve it. For these were miraculouslie mainteined/ by God among the Jewes, who were instructed by them of all such things as should come to passe; or else informed by Urim: so as the preests by the brightnes of the twelve pretious stones conteined therein, could prognosticate or expound anie thing. Which brightnes and vertue ceased (as Josephus reporteth) two hundred yeares before he was borne. So as since that time, no answers were yelded thereby of Gods will and pleasure. Nevertheles, the Hebrues write, that there hath beene ever since that time, a divine voice heard
- 37. Pirkea Prophe condit 174. 128. The su the pro the old testam among them, which in Latine is called Filia vocis, in Greeke ἡχὼ, in English The daughter of speech. The sixt Chapter. Of prophesies conditionall: whereof the prophesies in the old testament doo intreate, and by whom they were published; witchmongers aunswers to the objections against witches supernaturall actions. HRIST and his apostles prophesied of the calamities and afflictions, which shall greeve and disturbe the church of God in this life: also of the last daie, and of the signes and tokens that shall be shewed before that daie: and finallie of all things, which are requisite for us to foreknowe. Howbeit, such is the mercie of God, that all prophesies, threatnings, plagues, and punishments are annexed to conditions of repentance: as on the other side, corporall blessings are tied under the condition of the crosse and castigation. So as by them the mysteries of our salvation being discovered unto us, we are not to seeke new signes and miracles; but to attend to the doctrine of the apostles, who preached Christ exhibited and crucified for our sinnes, his resurrection, ascension, and thereby the redemption of as manie as beleeve, &c. The prophesies in the old testament treat of the continuance, the governement, and the difference of estates: of the distinction of the foure monarchies, of their order, decaie, and instauration;/ of the changes and/ ruines of the kingdomes of Juda, Israel, Aegypt, Persia, Græcia, &c: and speciallie of the comming of our Saviour Jesus Christ; and how he should be borne of a virgine, and where, of his tribe, passion, resurrection, &c. These prophesies were published by Gods speciall and peculiar prophets, endued with his particular and excellent gifts, according to his promise; I will raise them up a prophet out of the midst of their brethren, I will put my words in his mouth, &c. Which though it were speciallie spoken of Christ, yet was it also spoken of those particular prophets, which were placed among them by God to declare his will; which were also figures of Christ the prophet himselfe. Now, if prophesie be an extraordinarie gift of God, and a thing peculiar to himselfe, as without whose speciall assistance no creature can be a prophet, or shew what is to come; whie should we beleeve, that those lewd persons can performe by divinations and miracles that which is not in humane but in divine power to accomplish?
- 38. 2. Reg Eccles 1. Sam 175. Gen. 1 Gen. 2 Dan. 1 129. Howbeit, when I denie that witches can ride in the aire, and the miraculous circumstance thereof: by and by it is objected unto me, that Enoch and Elie were rapt into heaven bodilie; and that Abacuke was carried in the aire, to feed Daniel: and so falselie oppose a divels or a witches power against the vertue of the Holy-ghost. If I deride the poets opinions, saieng, that witches cannot Cœlo deducere lunam, fetch the moone from heaven, &c: they tell me that at Joshuas battell the sunne staied, and at the passion of Christ there was palpable darknes. If I denie their cunning in the exposition of dreames, advising them to remember Jeremies counsell, not to followe or credit the expositors of dreames; they hit me in the teeth with Daniel and Joseph: for that the one of them expounded Pharao the Persian kings, the other Nabuchadnez-zar the Aegyptian kings dreame. If I saie with Salomon, that the dead knowe nothing, and that the dead knowe us not, neither are remooveable out of Abrahams bosome, &c: they produce the storie of Samuel: wherein, I saie, they set the power of a creature as high as the creator. If I saie, that these witches cannot transubstantiate themselves, nor others into beasts, &c. they cite the storie of Nabuchadnez-zar; as though indeed he were made a materiall beast, and that also by witch/craft; and strengthen that their assertion with the fables of Circe and Ulysses his companions, &c. The seventh Chapter. What were the miracles expressed in the old testament, and what are they in the new testament: and that we are not now to looke for anie more miracles. HE miracles expressed in the old testament were manie, but the end of them all was one, though they were divers and differing in shew: as where the sacrifices of Moses, Elias, and Salomon, being abundantlie wet were burnt with fier from heaven, &c. The varietie of toongs at the building of Babylon, Isaachs birth of Sarah being by nature past children,/ the passage through the red sea, Daniels foretelling of the foure monarchies, in the fourth whereof he apparantlie foresheweth the comming of the Lord. All these, and manie other, which are expressed in the old testament, were mercifull instructions and notable miracles to strengthen the faith of Gods people in their Messias. If you had gone to Delphos, Apollo would have made you beleeve with his amphibologicall answers, that he could have foretold you all these things.
- 39. A sum Christs Matt. 176. Luk. 1 The miracles wrought by Christ were the raising up of the dead (which manie would impute to the woman of Endor, and also to our witches and conjurors) the restoring of the lame to lims, the blind to sight, the dumbe to speach, and finallie the healing of all diseases; which manie beleeve our witches can doo; yea, and as they themselves will take it upon them. As for casting out of divels (which was another kind of miracles usuall with Christ) witches and conjurors are said to be as good thereat as ever he was: and yet, if you will beleeve Christs words, it cannot be so. For he saith; Everie kingdome divided against it selfe, shall be brought to naught, &c. If sathan cast out sathan, he is divided, &c: and his kingdome shall not endure, &c./ Peters chaines fell off in prison, so did Richard Gallisies fetters at Windsor: marrie the prison doores opened not to Richard, as they did to Peter. Helias by speciall grace obtained raine, our witches can make it raine, when they list, &c. But sithens Christ did these miracles, and manie more, and all to confirme his truth, and strengthen our faith, and finallie for the conversion of the people (as appeareth in John. 6. 7, and 12: in so much as he vehementlie reprooved such, as upon the sight of them would not beleeve, saieng; Wo be to thee Chorazin, we be to thee Bethsaida. If the miracles had beene doone in Tyre and Sidon, which have beene doone in you, they had a great while ago repented, &c. Let us settle and acquiet our faith in Christ, and beleeving all his wonderous works, let us reject these old wives fables, as lieng vanities: whereof you may find in the golden legend, M. Mal. and speciallie in Bodin miraculous stuffe, enough to checke all the miracles expressed in the old and new testament; which are of more credit with manie bewitched people, than the true miracles of Christ himselfe. Insomuch as they stand in more awe of the manacies of a witch, than of all the threatnings and cursses pronounced by God, and expressed in his word. And thus much touching the word Kasam.//
- 42. 177. 1 Ecclus Jerem Eccle. Jerem 26. 27 Read t 178. Peucer ex som Joel. 2 Matth. Matth. Gen. 3 41. ¶ The tenth Booke. The first Chapter. The interpretation of this Hebrue word Onen, of the vanitie of dreames, and divinations thereupon. NEN differeth not much from Kasam, but that it is extended to the interpretation of dreames. And as for dreames, whatsoever credit is attributed unto them, proceedeth of follie: and they are fooles that trust in them, for whie they have deceived many. In which respect the Prophet giveth us good warning, not to followe nor hearken to the expositors of dreames, for they come through the multitude of busines. And therefore those witches, that make men beleeve they can prophesie upon dreames, as knowing the interpretation of them, and either for monie or glorie abuse men & women therby, are meere couseners, and worthie of great punishment: as are such witchmongers, as beleeving them, attribute unto them such divine power as onelie belongeth to God: as appeereth in Jeremie the Prophet./ The second Chapter. Of divine, naturall, and casuall dreames, with their differing causes and effects. ACROBIUS recounteth five differences of images, or rather imaginations exhibited unto them that sleepe, which for the most part doo signifie somewhat in admonition. There be also many subdivisions made hereof, which I thinke needlesse to reherse. In Jasper Peucer they are to be seene, with the causes and occasions of dreames. There were woont to be delivered from God himselfe or his angels, certeine dreames and visions unto the prophets and holie fathers: according to the saieng of Joel; I will powre my spirit upon all flesh, your yoong men shall dreame dreames, and your old men shall see visions. These kind of dreames (I say) were the admonishments and forewarnings of God to his people: as that of Joseph, to abide with Marie his wife, after she was conceived by the Holie-ghost, as also to conveie our Saviour Christ into Aegypt, &c: the interpretation whereof are the peculiar gifts of God, which Joseph the patriarch, and Daniel the prophet had most speciallie.
- 43. Dani. 2 [* ? re 131. Eccles 179. Englishe Abraham Fleming A disso opinio dream As for physicall conjectures upon dreames, the scriptures *improove them not: for by them the physicians manie times doo understand the state of their patients bodies. For some of them come by meanes of choler, flegme, melancholie, or bloud; and some by love, surfet, hunger, thirst, &c. Gallen and Boetius were said to deale with divels, bicause they/ told so justlie their patients dreames, or rather by their dreames their speciall diseases. Howbeit, physicall dreames are naturall, and the cause of them dwelleth in the nature of man. For they are the inward actions of the mind in the spirits of the braine, whilest the bodie is occupied with sleepe: for as touching the mind it selfe, it never sleepeth. These dreames varie, according to the difference of humors and vapors. There are also casuall dreames, which (as Salomon saith)/ come through the multitude of businesse. For as a looking glasse sheweth the image or figure thereunto opposite: so in dreames, the phantasie & imagination informes the understanding of such things as haunt the outward sense. Whereupon the poet saith: Somnia ne cures, nam mens humana quod optat, Dum vigilat sperans, per somnum cernit id ipsum: Regard no dreames, for why the mind Of that in sleepe a view dooth take, Which it dooth wish and hope to find, At such time as it is awake. The third Chapter. The opinion of divers old writers touching dreames, and how they varie in noting the causes thereof. YNESIUS, Themistius, Democritus, and others grounding themselves upon examples that chance hath sometimes verified, persuade men, that nothing is dreamed in vaine: affirming that the hevenlie influencies doo bring foorth divers formes in corporall matters; and of the same influencies, visions and dreames are printed in the fantasticall power, which is instrumentall, with a celestiall disposition meete to bring foorth some effect, especiallie in sleepe, when the mind (being free from bodilie cares) may more liberallie receive the heavenlie influencies, wherby many things are knowne to them sleeping in dreames, which they that wake cannot see. Plato attributeth them to the formes and ingendred knowledges of the soule; Avicen to the last intelligence that moveth the moone, through the light that lighteneth the
- 44. 180. 1 The pl of the interpr dream N. Hem admon supers magici 181. The en prophe interpr dream fantasie in sleepe; Aristotle to the phantasticall sense; Averroës to the imaginative; Albert to the influence of superior bodies.// The fourth Chapter. Against interpreters of dreames, of the ordinarie cause of dreames, Hemingius his opinion of diabolicall dreames, the interpretation of dreames ceased. HERE are bookes carried about concerning this matter, under the name of Abraham, who (as Philo In lib. gigantum saith) was the first inventor of the exposition of dreames: and so likewise of Salomon and Daniel. But Cicero In lib. de diviniatione confuteth the vanitie and follie of them that give credit to dreames. And as for the interpretors of dreames, as they knowe not before the dreame, nor yet after, any certeintie; yet when any thing afterwards happeneth, then they applie the dreame to that which hath chanced. Certeinlie men never lightlie faile to dreame by night, of that which they meditate by daie: and by daie they see divers and sundrie things, and conceive them severallie in their minds. Then those mixed conceits being laid up in the closset of the memorie, strive togither; which, bicause the phantasie cannot discerne nor discusse, some certeine thing gathered of manie conceits is bred and contrived in one togither. And therefore in mine opinion, it is time vainelie emploied, to studie about the interpretation of dreames. He that list to see the follie and vanitie thereof, maie read a vaine treatise, set out by Thomas Hill Londoner, 1568. Lastlie, there are diabolicall dreames, which Nicolaus Hemingius divideth into three sortes. The first is, when the divell immediatlie of himselfe (he meaneth corporallie) offereth anie matter of dreame. Secondlie, when the divell sheweth revelations to them that have made request unto him therefore. Thirdlie, when magicians by art bring to passe, that other men dreame what they will. Assuredlie these, and so all the rest (as they maie be used) are verie magicall and divelish dreames. For although we maie receive comfort of mind by those, which are called divine/ dreames, and health of bodie through physicall dreames: yet if we take upon us to use the office of God in the revelation or rather the interpretation of them; or if we attribute unto them miraculous effects (now when we see the gifts of prophesie, and of interpretation of dreames, and also the operation of miracles are ceased,
- 45. operat miracle 133. Seeke stuffe booke Hartum Dan. 2 182. Gen. 1 Gen. 3 Isai. 1 Dan. 2 Aristot somnio which were speciall and peculiar gifts of God, to confirme the truth of the word, and to establish his people in the faith of the Messias, who is now exhibited unto us both in the testament, and also in the bloud of our Saviour Jesus Christ) we are bewitched, and both abuse and offend the majestie of God, and also seduce, delude and cousen all such as by our persuasion, and their owne light beleefe, give us credit. The fift Chapter. That neither witches, nor anie other, can either by words or hearbs, thrust into the mind of a sleeping man, what cogitations or dreames they list; and whence magicall dreames come. GRANT there maie be hearbs and stones found and knowne to the physicians, which maie procure dreames; and other hearbs and stones, &c: to make one bewraie all the secrets of his mind, when his bodie sleepeth, or at least wise to procure speech in sleepe. But that witches or magicians have power by words, herbs, or imprecations to thrust into the mind or conscience of man, what it shall please them, by vertue of their charmes, hearbs, stones, or familiars, &c: according to the opinion of Hemingius, I denie: though therewithall I confesse, that the divell both by daie and also by night, travelleth to seduce man, and to lead him from God; yea and that no waie more than this, where he placeth himselfe as God in the minds of them that are so credulous, to attribute unto him, or unto witches, that which is onlie in the office, nature, and power of God to accomplish. Doth not Daniel the prophet saie, even in this case; It is the/ Lord onelie that knoweth such secrets, as in the exposition of dreames is required? And doth not Joseph repeat those verie words to Pharaos officers, who consulted with him therein? Examples of divine dreames you maie find a great number in the scripture, such (I meane) as it pleased God to reveale his pleasure by. Of physicall dreames we maie both read in authors, and see in our owne experience dailie, or rather nightly. Such dreams also as are casuall, they are likewise usuall, and come (as hath beene said) through the multitude of affaires and businesse. Those which in these daies are called magicall or diabolicall dreames, maie rather be called melancholicall. For out of that blacke vapor in sleepe, through dreames, appeareth (as Aristotle saith) some horrible thing; and as it were the image of an ouglie divell: sometimes also other terrible visions, imaginations, counsels, and practises. As where we read of a certeine man, that dreamed there appeared one
- 46. 134. Such w imbark ship of 183. An eng prover Note t supers dotage unto him that required him to throwe himselfe into a deepe pit, and that he should reape great benefit thereby at Gods hands. So as the miserable wretch giving credit thereunto, performed the matter, and killed himselfe. Now I confesse, that the interpretation or execution of that dreame was indeed diabolicall: but the dreame was casuall, derived from the heavie and blacke humor of melancholie./ The sixt Chapter. How men have beene bewitched, cousened or abused by dreames to dig and search for monie. OW manie have beene bewitched with dreames, and thereby made to consume themselves with digging and searching for monie, &c: whereof they, or some other have drempt? I my selfe could manifest, as having knowne how wise men have beene that waie abused by verie simple persons, even where no dreame hath beene met withall, but waking dreames. And this hath beene used heretofore, as one of the finest cousening feates: in so much/ as there is a verie formall art thereof devised, with manie excellent superstitions and ceremonies thereunto belonging, which I will set downe as breeflie as maie be. Albeit that here in England, this proverbe hath beene current; to wit, Dreames proove contrarie: according to the answer of the priests boy to his master, who told his said boy that he drempt he kissed his taile: Yea maister (saith he) but dreames proove contrarie, you must kisse mine. The seventh Chapter. The art and order to be used in digging for monie, revealed by dreames, how to procure pleasant dreames, of morning and midnight dreames. HERE must be made upon a hazell wand three crosses, and certeine words both blasphemous and impious must be said over it, and hereunto must be added certeine characters, & barbarous names. And whilest the treasure is a digging, there must be read the psalmes, De profundis, Missa, Misereatur nostri, Requiem, Pater noster, Ave Maria, Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos à malo, Amen. A porta inferi credo videre bona, &c. Expectate Dominum, Requiem æternam. And then a certeine praier. And if the time of digging be neglected, the divell will carie all the treasure awaie. See other more absolute conjurations for this purpose, in the word Iidoni following.
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