![The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers . 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/quotingparaphrasingandsummarizing-091014181255-phpapp02/85/Quoting-Paraphrasing-And-Summarizing-11-320.jpg)
Quoting, Paraphrasing, And Summarizing
- 2. must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.
- 3. involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.
- 4. involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.
- 5. Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing Give examples of several points of view on a subject Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own Expand the breadth or depth of your writing
- 6. In his famous and influential work On the Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #s).
- 7. Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.
- 8. Your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. One legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. A more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
- 9. It is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. It helps you control the temptation to quote too much. The mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.
- 10. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.
- 11. The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers . 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
- 12. In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).
- 13. Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
- 14. Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.
- 16. 1. Word-for-word Plagiarism The linguistic criticism of Nineteen Eighty-Four focuses mostly on Newspeak as a language and on Orwell's ideas about language and thought . The few critical remarks about Orwell's use of language have been bad, claiming that his poor writing style was due to Orwell's career as a journalist or the topic of his novel . Only the critic Irving Howe felt that Orwell's style appreciated by someone like Defoe . Kies believes all those critics are wrong.
- 17. 2. Cut-and-paste Plagiarism Most critics who discuss the language of 1984 either focus primarily on Newspeak as a language or Orwell's ideas about the relationship between language and thought . The few who describe the novel's writing style have a negative reaction. They argue that its dreary style is a product of Orwell's career as a journalist or the phlegmatic topic of his novel . Even one critic's defense of Orwell's style seems wrong.
- 18. An Example of a Good Paraphrase In "The Uses of Passivity," Kies argues that the critic's reactions to Orwell's writing style in 1984 is wrong. Most critics charge that the novel's style is dry and lifeless, attributing this either to Orwell's career as a journalist or to the novel's dreary topic. Even one critic's modest defense of Orwell's style strikes Kies as weak (229).
- 19. “ When we cannot bear to be alone, it means we do not properly value the only companion we will have from birth to death- ourselves” (Eda Leshan)