Plagiarism&Paraphrasing
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This document discusses plagiarism, paraphrasing, and proper citation of sources in academic writing. It begins by defining plagiarism and noting that understandings of it vary across cultures. The document emphasizes the importance of correctly citing sources to build credibility and avoid plagiarism accusations. It provides guidance on paraphrasing versus quoting, and when citations are needed. Specifically, it advises accurately conveying the core ideas of sources in one's own words, while still citing. Examples demonstrate proper paraphrasing versus unacceptable copying of text and structure. In summary, the document offers best practices for using and citing outside materials to adhere to academic standards.
![Original
Students frequently overuse direct quotations
in taking notes, and as a result they overuse
quotations in the final [research] paper.
Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the
amount of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes.
Too Close
Students often use too many direct quotations
when they take notes, resulting in too many of them
in the final research paper. In fact, probably only
about 10% of the final copy should consist of
directly quoted material. So it is important to limit
the amount of source material copied while taking
notes.
Black= Same as Original
Red= Synonyms added while maintaining
sentence structure
Blue = An Added Transition… The Only New
Material
An Unacceptable Paraphrasing Is Too Close to the Original](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/plagiarismparaphrasing-161121162445/85/Plagiarism-Paraphrasing-10-320.jpg)
![Original
Students frequently overuse direct
quotations in taking notes, and as a
result they overuse quotations in the
final [research] paper. Probably only
about 10% of your final manuscript
should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the
amount of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes.
Good
In research papers, students often quote
excessively, failing to keep quoted
material down to a desirable level. Since
the problem usually originates during note
taking, it is essential to minimize the
material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-
47).
Good rule of thumb: If it can be color-coded to show similarities,
then it is too close to the original.
Paraphrasing Examples](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/plagiarismparaphrasing-161121162445/85/Plagiarism-Paraphrasing-11-320.jpg)
Plagiarism&Paraphrasing
- 1. PLAGIARISM & PARAPHRASING-- PRACTICING CONVENTIONS OF ACADEMIC WRITING Portions of this presentation are adapted from: •The Writing Resources Center: http://wrc.uncc.edu/ •They Say/I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing, 1st ed., pp. 39-47, by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein. •DePaul University School for New Learning: Teaching Resources
- 2. 2 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM Writers need to understand current definitions of plagiarism, which have changed over time and differ from culture to culture. Plagiarism is a cultural concept: Many cultures do not recognize Western notions of plagiarism, which rest on the belief that language and ideas can be “owned” by writers. In many countries other than the U.S., using the words and ideas of others without attribution is considered a sign of respect as well as an indication of knowledge.
- 3. 3 What is “Plagiarism”? What is NOT “Plagiarism”? Most current discussions of plagiarism fail to distinguish between plagiarism and misuse of sources. A student who attempts (even if clumsily) to identify and credit a source, but who misuses a specific citation format or incorrectly uses quotation marks, has not plagiarized. In an instructional setting, plagiarism is when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source. Definition applies to print or online texts, to manuscripts, and to the work of other students.
- 4. 4 UNDERSTAND WHY TO CREDIT SOURCES…CORRECTLY BUILD ETHOS-- Show you are a knowledgeable and credible researcher. Demonstrate fairness—that you have considered multiple points of view. Provide background for your research by placing it in the context of the work of others (joining the conversation). Help readers follow your thoughts and understand how your ideas relate to those of others. Point readers where to go to find more information on your subject.
- 5. 5 Materials That Require Acknowledgement Quotations, paraphrases, summaries Facts not widely known or claims that are arguable Help provided by others Materials That Do NOT Require Acknowledgement Common knowledge Ideas available in a wide variety of sources (like news events or Wikipedia type information) Your own findings from primary or field research Note: LANGUAGE ALWAYS COUNTS. If you use exact wording of ANYTHING, even something that is found multiple places, you MUST cite it.
- 6. OUTSIDE MATERIAL = IDEAS OR WORDS FROM SOURCES Possible Review-- Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Quoting (Writing to Repeat): presenting ideas and wording of a source unchanged from the original (placed within quotation marks and cited). Paraphrasing (Writing to Translate): presenting ideas of a source unchanged but expressing them in your own writing style (doesn’t need quotation marks, but still should be cited) Summarizing (Writing to Condense): presenting important ideas of a source in briefer form and in your own writing style (doesn’t need quotation marks, but still should be cited)
- 7. WHAT MAKES A GOOD PARAPHRASE? Frequently, students unintentionally misuse sources when they attempt to paraphrase: to rephrase someone else’s ideas into your own words and sentence patterns. A good paraphrase… • Expresses someone else’s ideas in your own words and in your own style: • word choice • sentence structure • organization of ideas • Includes a citation- both in-text and bibliographic.
- 8. TIPS FOR PARAPHRASING-- 1. Review the original material until you understand it completely. 2. Put the original material away. 3. Write out what the original material said using your own words. • Avoid looking at the source! 4. Compare the original to yours to check for the same meaning. 5. Attach a citation.
- 9. Original The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam- powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farmhands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization, the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived), which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade.” Too Close The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the population were three large factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they changed farm hands into factory workers and provided jobs for the large wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of large cities like Fall River where the Bordens lived, which turned into centers of commerce and trade as well as production. An Unacceptable Paraphrasing Is Too Close to the Original
- 10. Original Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Too Close Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. Black= Same as Original Red= Synonyms added while maintaining sentence structure Blue = An Added Transition… The Only New Material An Unacceptable Paraphrasing Is Too Close to the Original
- 11. Original Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Good In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46- 47). Good rule of thumb: If it can be color-coded to show similarities, then it is too close to the original. Paraphrasing Examples
- 12. PATCHWORK PLAGIARISM Direct "patchwork" plagiarism is when a writer copies material from several writers and rearranges that material with no attempt to acknowledge the original sources. This also happens by copying material in multiple places from a source and then trying to piece them together, again without proper acknowledgement or paraphrasing appropriately.
- 15. Bad Paraphrase Sample It is a misconception that plagiarism relies on a percentage.