R language
- 1. BASIC, R, UNIX and LINUX DR.VMS
- 2. BASIC With a long history in the field of computer science, BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) programming has been used to simplify communication between the programer and the computer. It was developed in 1963 as a teaching language at Dartmouth by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz and has since been widely imitated and altered.
- 3. Problem solving BASIC programming was originally designed as a programming language used to teach people how to program, which makes it the perfect starting point for computer science education. Once the fundamentals mastered, expanding into Visual Basic programming (developed by Microsoft), one of the most widely used programming systems in the history of computer software can be made easy. Computational thinking is the ability to logically communicate one’s thoughts in a structured manner. This type of thought process trains problem solving skills that are replicated later in life, much like the memory of a computer.
- 4. Computer literacy Computer literacy would be an essential skill in the upcoming years, and designed the language to be as accessible and understandable as possible. BASIC has dramatically influenced the computer science field, raising the need for coding knowledge in pretty much every area of our modern lives. Programming is an international language, with various computer codes being implemented around the world in relation to a variety of applications and companies.
- 5. BASIC programming BASIC originally used numbers at the beginning of each instruction (or line) to tell the computer what order to process the instructions. Lines would be numbered as 10, 20, 30, etc., which would allow additional instructions to be placed between commands later on if needed. "GOTO" statements enabled programs to loop back to earlier instructions during execution. For example, line 230 of a BASIC program may have an "if" clause that tells the computer to jump back to line 50 if a variable is less than 10. This instruction might look something like this: 230 IF (N < 10) THEN GOTO 50
- 6. R language R is a system for statistical analyses and graphics created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman. R is both a software and a language considered as a dialect of the S language created by the AT&T Bell Laboratory. R is freely distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence, its development and distribution are carried out by several statisticians known as the R Development Core Teams.
- 7. R R possesses an extensive catalog of statistical and graphical methods. It includes machine learning algorithms, linear regression, time series, statistical inference to name a few. Most of the R libraries are written in R, but for heavy computational tasks, C, C++ and Fortran codes are preferred. R is not only entrusted by academic, but many large companies also use R programming language, including Uber, Google, Airbnb, Facebook and so on.
- 8. What is R It is a free and open-source programming language issued under GNU (General Public License). It has cross-platform interoperability which means that it has distributions running on Windows, Linux, and Mac. R code can easily be ported from one platform to another. It uses an interpreter instead of a compiler, which makes the development of code easier. It effectively associates different databases, and it does well in bringing in information from Microsoft Excel, as well as, Microsoft Access, MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, etc. It is a flexible language that bridges the gap between Software Development and Data Analysis. It provides a wide variety of packages with the diversity of codes, functions, and features tailored for data analysis, statistical modeling, visualization, Machine Learning, and importing and manipulating data. It integrates various powerful tools to communicate reports in different forms like CSV, XML, HTML, and pdf, and also through interactive websites, with the help of R packages.
- 9. Data Analysis in R Import: The first step is to import data into the R environment. It means that the users take the data stored in files, databases, HTML tables, etc., and load it into an R data frame to perform data analysis on it. Transform: In this step, first, user need to make the data tidy by making each column a variable, and each row an observation. Once data is made tidy, and it can be narrow down on it to find observations of users interest, create new variables that are functions of existing variables, and find summary statistics of the observations.
- 10. Understanding R program Program: R is a clear and accessible programming tool Transform: R is made up of a collection of libraries designed specifically for data science Discover: Investigate the data, refine one’s hypothesis and analyze them Model: R provides a wide array of tools to capture the right model for users data Communication: Integrate codes, graphs, and outputs to a report with R Markdown or build Shiny apps to share with the world
- 11. R combinations R is available in several forms: the sources (written mainly in C and some routines in Fortran), essentially for Unix and Linux machines, or some pre-compiled binaries for Windows, Linux, and Macintosh. The R language allows the user, for instance, to program loops to successively analyse several data sets. It is also possible to combine in a single program different statistical functions to perform more complex analyses. R users may benefit from a large number of programs written for S and available on the internet , most of these programs can be used directly with R.
- 12. R and other programs R is an interpreted language, not a compiled one, meaning that all commands typed on the key- board are directly executed without requiring to build a complete program like in most computer languages (C, Fortran, Pascal, . . . ).
- 13. R and others Data science is shaping the way companies run their businesses. Without a doubt, staying away from Artificial Intelligence and Machine will lead the company to fail. They are plenty of tools available in the market to perform data analysis.
- 14. R Studio RStudio is a free and open-source IDE (integrated development environment) for programming in R. It makes it easier to write scripts, interact with objects in the R environment, access files, and make graphics more accessible to a casual user. It is available in two versions: RStudio Desktop edition, where a program runs locally as a regular desktop application. RStudio Server edition, which allows a user to access RStudio using a web browser while it runs on a remote server. Prepackaged distributions of RStudio Desktop are available for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
- 15. comparison of the learning curve in business capability of language
- 16. Comprehensive R Archive Network(CRAN)
- 17. UNIX The UNIX OS was born in the late 1960s. AT&T Bell Labs released an operating system called Unix written in C, which allows quicker modification, acceptance, and portability. It began as a one-man project under the leadership of Ken Thompson of Bell Labs. It went on to become most widely used operating systems. Unix is a proprietary operating system. The Unix OS works on CLI (Command Line Interface), but recently, there have been developments for GUI on Unix systems. Unix is an OS which is popular in companies, universities big enterprises, etc.
- 18. Basic Commands Commands, not mouse click The Unix Shell differs from most other operating systems in that it has no graphical user interface. Instead, it has what we call a command line, i.e. the cursor is waiting for you to enter a command. Right after you have logged into your home directory you are in your home directory. To the left of the cursor there is a short text which tells you which directory you are in right now. Commands must be written in a certain way. A unix command has two mandatory parts: The command must start with the name of a program, and it is completed when you press the ENTER key. Simple command: ◦ Write date and press ENTER. ◦ In response, you should get the current date and time. Another command: ◦ Write cal and press ENTER. ◦ The answer should be a small calendar.
- 19. Features of Unix OS Multi-user, multitasking operating system It can be used as the master control program in workstations and servers. Hundreds of commercial applications are available In its heydays, UNIX was rapidly adopted and became the standard OS in universities.
- 20. Limitations of Unix The unfriendly, terse, inconsistent, and non-mnemonic user interface Unix OS is designed for a slow computer system, so you can't expect fast performance. Shell interface can be treacherous because typing mistake can destroy files. Versions on various machines are slightly different, so it lacks consistency. Unix does not provide any assured hardware interrupt response time, so it does not support real time response time systems.
- 21. Linux Linux is an operating system built by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in 1991. The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel. It is the software on a computer which enables applications and the users to access the devices on the computer to perform some specific function. The Linux OS relays instructions from an application from the computer's processor and sends the results back to the application via the Linux OS. It can be installed on a different type of computers mobile phones, tablets video game consoles, etc. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration. Today many companies and similar numbers of individuals have released their own version of OS based on the Linux Kernel.
- 22. Features of Linux Support multitasking Programs consist of one or more processes, and each process have one or more threads It can easily co-exists along with other Operating systems. It can run multiple user programs Individual accounts are protected because of appropriate authorization Linux is a replica of UNIX but does not use its code.
- 23. Limitations of Linux There's no standard edition of Linux Linux has patchier support for drivers which may result in misfunctioning of the entire system. Linux is, for new users at least, not as easy to use as Windows. Many of the programs we are using for Windows will only run on Linux only with the help of a complicated emulator. For example. Microsoft Office. Linux is best suitable for a corporate user. It's much harder to introduce in a home setting.
- 25. Thank You