Radiation Hazards to ESA's Space Programme
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The document discusses radiation hazards faced by the European Space Agency's (ESA) space programs and outlines various mitigation strategies. It emphasizes the importance of radiation hardness assurance, particularly for missions involving human spaceflight and high-radiation environments like Jupiter. The document also details ongoing research and development in shielding materials and technologies to protect electronic components and human crew from space radiation effects.
Radiation Hazards to ESA's Space Programme
- 1. Radiation Hazards to ESA’s Space Programmes and Mitigation Approaches Eamonn Daly, Alessandra Menicucci, Giovanni Santin, Petteri Nieminen European Space Agency Space Environments and Effects Section ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands eamonn.daly@esa.int first.last@esa.int www.space-env.esa.int
- 2. Content • Context • Radiation hazards • What ESA is doing
- 3. ESA Programmes Launchers Earth Observation Telecommunications Navigation Science and Robotic Exploration Human Spaceflight Electra All space systems have radiation issues; radiation hardness assurance, including environment and shielding analyses is mandatory MPCV
- 4. Overview of Space Environments
- 5. Elements of the environment Low altitude protons High (MEO, GEO) altitude electrons SPEs Jupiter electrons Cosmic rays • EO missions / ISS • Galileo, Telecoms, Meteo • Generally not an difficult issue • Serious concern for JUICE • A general problem (SEE/humans)
- 6. • A well developed process agreed between agencies and industry • Results in reliable space systems • Quantitative evaluation of risks; designs to worst case; margin policies Radiation hardness assurance
- 7. Largest efforts presently are related to JUICE, Galileo and (commercial) Telecom sats – Electron-rich environments (>20MeV @ Jupiter) – Mitigation by high-Z materials – JUICE: highly coordinated analyses (industry, ESA, instrument teams (11)) – Shielding tool developments • G4 based (incl. “adjoint”); • framework for collaborative analyses, • data exchange, • industry usability, etc… – Experimental validation Radiation shielding efforts in ESA
- 8. Shielding studies for human spaceflight Ersmark Chavy-Macdonald
- 9. Human spaceflight shielding • Emphasis is currently on passive shielding – The issue is ions – Low-Z materials – R&D on shielding materials… (GSI, Brookhaven) – R&D “road-mapping”: shielding; warning; countermeasures; etc. – Some studies about active shielding…
- 10. Accelerator Studies - activities with GSI Activities to exploit the very high energies available at GSI for investigating key problems in space radiation effects •IBER •Investigations and analysis of very high energy accelerators for radiation simulation (by Fraunhofer Inst. (prime), GSI, MapRAD (I) and SpaceIT (CH) •Radiation Shielding by ISRU and Innovative Materials for EVA, Vehicle and Habitat (“ROSSINI”; recently completed) •Study of radiation energy effects on electronic components with high energy heavy ion beams (planned) •“ROSSINI-2” (planned)
- 11. Electronic Components Experiments • Medical facility • In air • GSI provides: • Video systems with remote control • Laser and optical alignment systems (3-D) • Linear tables remote controlled (belt conveyor) • Robotic arm • Devices studied: – DDR2 – SDRAM, – Power MOSFETs, – SEU monitor Source: GSI
- 12. Cosmic Ray Shielding: Fragmentation cross-section experiments
- 13. Partial Fragments Total Cross Section (elemental targets) Results • Successful acquisition of high quality validation data
- 14. ROSSINI: Radiation Shielding by ISRU* & Innovative Materials for EVA, Vehicles and Habitats • 2-year ESA technology project started in 2012: • Thales Alenia Space Italia (prime contractor) • GSI (test and data analysis) SpaceIT (simulations) High-level objectives: •Select innovative shielding materials & systems; •Test with 1 GeV/n Iron beam or equivalent the proposed targets to prove shielding behaviour; •Give recommendation & guidelines for design & use of surface & transfer habitat implementing the ALARA principle * in-situ resource utilisation
- 15. ROSSINI Campaign @ NSRL Lunar Regolith Lunar Concrete Mars Regolith
- 16. • Rossini continuation (2014+) – Further characterization of standard and innovative materials for passive radiation shielding for human spaceflight • Investigation of application of FAIR facility – 100(200) T.m synchrotron (c.f. 18 for GSI) – GSI ~2 GeV/u; FAIR >30 GeV/u • Interplanetary & Planetary Radiation Model for Human Spaceflight (IPRAM) – Also studies mission scenarios – Part of follow-on to CDF NEMS system study • SSA Space Weather System {< can we warn of SPEs?} • IBER follow-on research {< what is really the risk?} • Ariadne call for ideas Other complementary actions
- 17. • General points – We must address the real problem (GCRs, not SEPs) – Active systems are complex; we will need to trade benefit vs. complexity (= risk, reliability, safety, cost), alongside alternatives (e.g. CDFs) • Magnetic – Recent high quality ESA-sponsored study (4200023087) – Battiston et al. arXiv:1209.1907: Superconductive Magnet for Radiation Shielding of Human Spacecraft – High mass, ~50 Tons (SLS can get 28 Tons to “escape”) • Plasma shielding: – (e.g.) Bamford et al., but yet to demonstrate deflection of high energy particles • Electrostatic: – extreme high voltages – problems of bremsstrahlung and plasma interactions – Metzger (2004) proposes multipole solutions Active shielding
- 18. 48 roadmaps covering 9 Technology Areas
- 19. • Space weather systems (monitoring, warning) • Shielding & design investigations (nominal; shelters) • Pharmacology • Active shielding is currently not considered • Roadmapping is iterative “Technology for exploration” 2012 roadmaps
- 20. • ESA has many activities related to radiation shielding • Emphasis is passive shielding • Much work on unmanned systems • We can expect growth in human spaceflight issues through association in the near term in the NASA-ESA MPCV (lunar?) • Expected re-visiting of the roadmaps depending on HSF direction decisions Conclusions
- 21. Thank you
- 22. Back-ups
- 23. 20202014
- 24. Radbelt e Radbelt p SPE peak