Randolph1 a4 nh-ispc
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This document discusses food safety trade-offs in informal markets and smallholder livestock production. It notes that while improved regulation aims to enhance food safety, it may negatively impact livelihoods and access to food for the poor. Evidence shows informal markets often meet food safety standards and that command-and-control regulation does not work and may worsen practices. Effective solutions involve working with and legitimizing informal sectors. The document advocates for improving food safety in a way that is pro-poor and does not negatively impact livelihoods.
Randolph1 a4 nh-ispc
- 1. Food safety trade-offs Joint A4NH/ISPC Workshop on Nutrition Washington DC 22-23 September 2014 Delia Grace
- 2. Overview: The usual mindset •Consumer and public health demand for improved food safety for commodities with higher risk, esp. animal source foods •Obvious answer is to regulate and get more shifted out of risky informal channels into modern sector channels •Trade-offs? •Does this really reduce public health risk? •What is the cost in reduced livelihood benefits for poor livestock keepers (and other value chain actors)? •….and in reducing access of the poor to animal source foods?
- 3. Overview: Let’s be evidence-based •Most high value food in poor countries is produced by smallholders and sold in wet markets •These sectors provide many benefits to farmers, VC actors and consumers but are threatened by rising concern over food safety •Evidence shows: •Wet markets often no worse than supermarkets at meeting food safety standards •Control & command regulation doesn’t work and may lead to worse practices •Solutions based on working with and legitimising the informal sector are effective and feasible
- 4. Livestock sector: Opportunities & challenges One health Socio-Economic Environment Opportunities Population growth, food and nutrition security Regional and global demand for livestock products Manure, fertilizer, regenerative energies Challenges Overconsumption, food safety, (emerging) zoonoses, infectious disease Equity, gender, urbanization, transboundary livestock diseases Land/water degradation, human-wildlife conflict, pollution, emissions
- 5. Smallholder farmers have a major role in supplying food markets in poor countries •90% of animal products are produced and consumed in the same country or region •500 million smallholders produce 80% of food in poor countries. 43% of the workforce are women % production by smallholder livestock farms Beef Chicken (meat) Small ruminant (meat) Milk Pork Eggs East Africa >85 60-90 Bangladesh 65 77 78 65 77 India (< 2ha land) 75 92 92 69 71 Thailand 43 37 Vietnam 95 80
- 6. •One billion PLK depend on 19 billion livestock •4 countries have 44% of PLK •75% rural, 25% urban poor depend on livestock •Livestock contribute 2-33% income •Livestock contribute 6-36% protein Density of poor livestock keepers (PLK) Thornton et al.
- 7. Informal markets have a major role in food security and safety Benefits of wet markets Cheap food, Fresh food, Food from local breeds, Better taste (hard chicken) Accessible, Small amounts sold (kidogo) Sellers are trusted, Credit may be provided (results from PRAs with consumers in Safe Food, Fair Food project) Wet market milk Supermarket milk Most common price /litre 56 cents One dollar HH where infants consume daily 67% 65% HH which boil milk 99% 79% Survey in supermarkets and wet markets in Nairobi in 2014 >60% of consumers’ don’t trust govt. label
- 8. 8 Milk (cow) Production: men (x Nairobi) Processing: women Marketing: women (x Abidjan) Consumed: both Poultry Production: women Processing: women Marketing: women Consumed: both Milk (goat) Production: men (w milk) Processing: women Marketing: women Consumed: both Beef/goat Production: men (w assist) Processing: m Marketing: m (butcher, pub) Consumed: both Pigs Production: women Processing: men Marketing: men Consumed: both Fish, crabs Fishing: men Processing: women Marketing: women) Consumed: both Informal markets provide food for the poor and livelihoods for poor men and women
- 9. Food safety: the most important agriculture associated disease World wide per year >3 billion cases of diarrhea and 0.5 million deaths of children under 5 80% of child deaths due to diarrhea in South Asia and Africa Animal source foods are most important source of food borne disease (FBD) 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000 1,800,000 FBD Malaria Measles Cancer (all) Tuberculosis HIV Cases per year
- 10. Growing concern about food safety •Many/most reported concern over food safety (40-97%) •Willing to pay 5-10% premium for food safety •Buy 20-40% less during animal health scares •Younger, wealthier, town- residing, supermarket-shoppers willing to pay more for safety
- 11. 11 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Poor total bacteria Unacceptable total bacteria Unacceptable faecal bacteria Unaccpetable Staph Unacceptable listeria Any unacceptable Supermarket Wet market Village Compliance : Formal often worse than informal
- 12. 12 More regulation associated with worse practices Average of 17.25 risk mitigation strategies used Farmers who believed UA was legal used more strategies
- 13. Improvements are feasible, effective, affordable •Peer training, branding, innovation for Nigerian butchers led to 20% more meat samples meeting standards; cost $9 per butcher but resulted in savings $780/per butcher per year from reduced cost of human illness •Providing information on rational drug use to farmers, led to four-fold knowledge increase, two-fold improvement in practice and halving in 13
- 14. •Branding & certification of milk vendors in Kenya & Guwahti, Assam led to improved milk safety. •It benefited the national economy by $33 million per year in Kenyan and $6 million in Assam •70% of traders in Assam and 24% in Kenya are currently registered •6 milllion consumers in Kenya and 1.5 million in Assam are benefiting from safer milk
- 15. Efforts in managing food safety in informal markets must be pro-poor •The poor are more prone to food-borne disease but cannot afford to fall ill •Risk management needs training, skills development and prerequisites •Gradual “formalisation” of wet markets can improve safety & decrease poverty •More impact assessment on economic losses and gains of food safety risks is needed
- 16. The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI. better lives through livestock ilri.org