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The document discusses strategies for conservation of biodiversity, with a focus on a case study from Surrey, Canada. It outlines several key strategies for Surrey's biodiversity conservation plan, including identifying priority areas through habitat suitability mapping to create a green infrastructure network. It discusses implementing biodiversity management policies, ongoing monitoring, and integrating the conservation strategies into city policies. The document also provides several case studies on biodiversity conservation efforts from different regions of the world.
Rangeet mitra iiswbm_class test
- 1. Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity : A Case Study Rangeet Mitra
- 2. Index Name Page Section 1: Biodiversity 3 Section 2: Components of biodiversity 6 Section 3: Threats to biodiversity 10 Section 4: Why should we worry about conservation? 17 Section 5: Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity 23 Section 6: Case Studies 30 Section 7: END 36
- 4. Biodiversity The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Tasman,1968 in a book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term biodiversity is of relatively recent origin, becoming widespread in usage only after the American National Forum on Biodiversity in 1986(Wilson, 1992). Scientific definitions therefore have largely followed Wilson (1992), who defines biodiversity as: ‘‘…all hereditarily based variation at all levels of organization, from the genes within a single local population, to the species composing all or part of a local community, and finally to the communities them- selves that compose the living parts of the multifarious ecosystems of the world.’’
- 5. India is a treasure chest of biodiversity which hosts a large variety of plants and has been identified as one of the eight important “Vavilorian” centres of origin and crop diversity. India accounts for 8% of the total global biodiversity with an estimated 49,000 species of plants of which 4900 are endemic (Kumar and Asija, 2000). The ecosystems of the Himalayas, the Khasi and Mizo hills of north eastern India, the Vindhya and Satpura ranges of northern peninsular India, and the Western Ghats contain nearly 90 percent of the country's higher plant species and are therefore of special importance to traditional medicine. Indian Biodiversity Vavilovian mimicry (also crop mimicry or weed mimicry) is a form of mimicry in plants where a weed comes to share one or more characteristics with a domesticated plant through generations of artificial selection.
- 6. Section 2: Components of biodiversity
- 7. 1.Diversity of genes Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all the same species —but they're not the same because there is variety in their genes. Components of biodiversity Chihuahua Beagle Rottweilers
- 8. 2. Diversity of number of species For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species. Components of biodiversity (Continued) Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty
- 9. 3. Variety of ecosystems •Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers are all Freshwater Ecosystems. •Rocky coast, Sand Dune, Estuary, Salt Marsh , Coral Reef are all Marine Ecosystems. Components of biodiversity (Continued)
- 10. Section 3:Threats to biodiversity
- 11. • Habitat destruction • Pollution • Global Climate Change • Exploitation Threats to biodiversity
- 12. Threats to biodiversity (Continued)
- 13. Threats to biodiversity (Continued)
- 14. • Swidden agriculture (slash-and-burn) > 60% of deforestation > Rapid decline in soil productivity (nutrient storage?) > Can be sustainable -- (15 - 20 year rotation) > Inequitable land ownership (e.g., Brazil where only 5% of farmers own land) CAUSES
- 15. • Commercial logging 21% of deforestation creaming of the most valuable hardwoods 1-2 trees per hectare taken (widespread damage) clear-cut versus selective CAUSES
- 16. • Cattle ranching 12% of deforestation frequently aided by government subsidies 2 trees destroyed for each hamburger made from “Tropical Forest Beef” CAUSES
- 17. Section 4:Why should we worry about conservation?
- 21. Section 5: Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity
- 22. 1. The goal of the Strategy is to preserve, protect, and enhance Surrey’s biodiversity in the long-term by: - I. Preventing premature extinction of species II. Identifying and quantifying current biodiversity and habitat resources in the City; III. Prioritizing options and establishing management criteria for the Green Infrastructure Network ("GIN"); IV. Specifying management criteria and strategies for urban ecosystems and habitat elements; V. Setting conservation targets for natural areas and indicator species; VI. Recommending policy and procedures that will support the initiatives in the Strategy; and VII. Providing a long term monitoring program that builds on management objectives, criteria and indicators to measure the success of the strategy Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity
- 23. • Biodiversity Management Areas :The BCS divides into fourteen (14) Management Areas (based on geography, climate, land use, habitat quality and quantity etc.) that recognize a diversity of habitat types and ecosystems . Representative wildlife species are selected to guide management decisions in different management areas based on specific habitat requirements of these species. • Habitat Suitability Mapping : Habitat Suitability mapping is based on work completed for the Ecosystem Management Study and Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping data and incorporated information from the Environmentally Sensitive Areas ("ESA") map and other relevant data sources based on species at risk presence, species accounts and known ecosystem habitat inventories. This map identifies the most biologically diverse habitats across the City in a comparative analysis from highest value to lower values. The Habitat Suitability map also helps to direct the conservation of key biodiversity assets in the City and was used in part to derive the Green Infrastructure Network map. Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity (Continued)
- 24. Green Infrastructure Network •A Green Infrastructure Network ("GIN") is an interconnected system of natural areas and open space that conserves ecosystems and functions, while providing benefits to both wildlife and people as illustrated in the Green Infrastructure Network Map. The Surrey GIN has been developed following three core principles of biodiversity conservation. Preserving large core habitat areas. Ensuring connectivity between habitat areas. Providing a diversity of habitat features throughout the City. Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity (Continued)
- 25. • Biodiversity Management Policy The City has several tools to manage biodiversity, but there are limitations. Municipal authority is granted under the Local Government Act, which includes the ability to protect and acquire land/funds other projects or other mechanisms. In addition to the acquisition of lands, funding is required to support related biodiversity conservation strategies including development of a Farm Trust to support biodiversity, the development of specific habitat features and design elements, public education on environmental protection and restoration of GIN lands, as well as ongoing monitoring. Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity (Continued)
- 26. • Monitoring and Reporting High level progress of the BCS and GIN acquisition will be monitored annually and reported upon as part of the annual Sustainability Charter Progress Report. A more detailed BCS monitoring report will be provided to Council every 4-years which summarizes the results from the BCS monitoring strategy and how it is specifically delivering on the BCS and the Environmental Pillar Objectives of the Sustainability Charter. Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity (Continued)
- 27. • Implementation and Next Steps • Incorporate Sensitive Ecosystem Development Permit Areas (DPAs) and Guidelines within new through future amendment; • Include the Suitability Habitat map into the future amendment; • Develop Terms of Reference for the development of a Riparian Area By-law; • Develop a Financial Strategy to support the BCS; • Amendment to the Sustainable Development Checklist to include measures that support the BCS; • Bring forward housekeeping amendment to the Tree Protection By-law, Soil Conservation and Protection By-law, and Pesticide Use and Control By-law incorporating BCS mapping. Strategies for conservation of Bio-Diversity (Continued)
- 29. Case Studies Name Image Details Australia’s Farming Future Australia's Farming Future (AFF) is an Australian Government program. It aims to equip primary producers and their industries with the research, tools and information to minimize their emissions, adapt and adjust to the impacts of climate change and maintain productivity. North-East India The North-Eastern region of India is significant for biodiversity conservation because of its floristic richness and high levels of endemism. Deforestation levels are high in the region due to human population growth. Of a total of 3331 plant species, 1236 (37.11%) are endemic of Meghalaya and 133 (4%) are confined to 'sacred forests'. However, 'sacred forests' are not legally protected areas. Only 32 220 ha (1.43% of the state's geographical area) is protected under the category of National Park or Sanctuary. Although 212 species (17.15% of the state's endemic species) occur only in Meghalaya at altitudes above 1500 m, none of the forests at these altitudes are protected as National Parks or Sanctuaries.
- 30. Case Studies Name Details Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (a World Heritage Site), India Reserve authority granted compensation of livestock killed by wildlife but it was hardly 5% of the market value of killed livestock as assessed by the people. People did not appreciate much the present benefits from the reserve management in the form of wages for carrying out afforestation work, partial compensation of livestock depredation and availability of solar power devices, wool, and spinning devices. Approximately 95% respondents identified empowerment of local people in respect of realizing income from timber from dead/diseased trees in community forests, income from medicinal plants in buffer zone and opening of core zone for tourism as potential development options. Improvement in rural economy, the prime concern of local people, has not received as much attention as legal enforcement of protection by the reserve management. There is a need for developing policies and management actions that serve the economic interests of local people together with enhancement of environmental conservation goal.
- 31. Case Studies Name Details Indian Himalaya Prioritization for conservation was based on three indices: (i) use value index (UVI) indicate threats imposed by users, (ii) sensitivity index (SI) reflect conservation concerns of biologists, and (iii) importance value index (IVI) is the cumulative value of (i) and (ii) to prevent biased approach. Dependence of pharmaceutical industry on only 10% of the available stock and that too on non-native elements suggest that the potential of true Himalayan has not been harnessed as yet. However, increased dependence on exclusive wild forms (64.6%), dominance of destructive harvest trend (69%) and restricted distribution range of most used by the industry is a pointer to the intensity of threat.
- 32. Case Studies Name Details Puducherry, India Promoting students commitment to protect local biodiversity is an important goal of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in India. The main focus of this Biodiversity education was to expose the complexity of ecosystems and inter-relationships between organisms and their environment at local level. Student’s needs to understand and develop skills related to solve various biodiversity problems with reference to local context. In order to develop the Biodiversity consciousness, developing attitudes, values and skills, and promoting participation among students about their local Biodiversity activity based environmental education methods such as field trips, hands-on- activities, experiential education, debates, autobiography, games, practical and field visits is vital to achieve sustainable biodiversity at local level in future. Local environment such as lakes, ponds, vegetation, animals, water, air and soil is the richest resource base for environmental studies for students. They have developed a comprehensive framework to assess the efficacy of biodiversity education modules in enhancing teaching and training in biodiversity conservation. Since the pre-test indicated little lesser than average interest in the relevance of biodiversity, the change in post-test was increased and significant to the high starting value.
- 33. Case Studies Name Details Conservation of Sacred Groves of Meghalaya, India The tribal communities of Meghalaya in northeast India—Khasis, Garos, and Jaintias—have a tradition of environmental conservation based on various religious beliefs which have been passed on from one generation to the other. Based on these beliefs, certain patches of forests are designated as sacred groves under customary law and are protected from any product extraction by the community. Such forests are very rich in biological diversity and harbor many endangered plant species including rare herbs and medicinal plants. Seventy-nine sacred groves were located, denoted on a geographical map of Meghalaya, and studied for their biodiversity value, status, and vegetation characteristics. A baseline floristic survey revealed that at least 514 species representing 340 genera and 131 families were present in these sacred groves. The status of sacred groves was ascertained through canopy cover estimate. A little over 1.3% of total sacred grove area was undisturbed, 42.1% had relatively dense forest, 26.3% had sparse canopy cover, and 30.3% had open forest. The vegetation characteristics and species diversity of an undisturbed sacred grove were compared with that of an unprotected disturbed forest. The species diversity indices were higher for the sacred grove than for the disturbed forest.
- 34. Section 7: END
- 35. END