R.a.no. 8293 (ip code)

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8293
AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE AND
ESTABLISHING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE, PROVIDING FOR ITS
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
PART I
The Intellectual Property Office
SECTION 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the "Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines."
SECTION 2. Declaration of State Policy. — The State recognizes that an
effective intellectual and industrial property system is vital to the
development of domestic and creative activity, facilitates transfer of
technology, attracts foreign investments, and ensures market access for our
products. It shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists,
inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and
creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such periods as
provided in this Act.
The use of intellectual property bears a social function. To this end, the State
shall promote the diffusion of knowledge and information for the promotion
of national development and progress and the common good.
It is also the policy of the State to streamline administrative procedures of
registering patents, trademarks and copyright, to liberalize the registration
on the transfer of technology, and to enhance the enforcement of intellectual
property rights in the Philippines. (n)
SECTION 3. International Conventions and Reciprocity. — Any person who is
a national or who is domiciled or has a real and effective industrial
establishment in a country which is a party to any convention, treaty or
agreement relating to intellectual property rights or the repression of unfair
competition, to which the Philippines is also a party, or extends reciprocal
rights to nationals of the Philippines by law, shall be entitled to benefits to
the extent necessary to give effect to any provision of such convention,
treaty or reciprocal law, in addition to the rights to which any owner of an
intellectual property right is otherwise entitled by this Act. (n)

SECTION 4. Definitions. —
4.1. The term "intellectual property rights" consists of:
a. Copyright and Related Rights;
b. Trademarks and Service Marks;
c. Geographic Indications;
d. Industrial Designs;
e. Patents;
f. Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits; and
g. Protection of Undisclosed Information (n, TRIPS).
4.2. The term "technology transfer arrangements" refers to contracts or
agreements involving the transfer of systematic knowledge for the
manufacture of a product, the application of a process, or rendering of
a service including management contracts; and the transfer,
assignment or licensing of all forms of intellectual property rights,
including licensing of computer software except computer software
developed for mass market.
4.3. The term "Office" refers to the Intellectual Property Office created by
this Act.
4.4. The term "IPO Gazette" refers to the gazette published by the Office
under this Act. (n)
SECTION 5. Functions of the Intellectual Property Office (IPO). —
5.1. To administer and implement the State policies declared in this Act,
there is hereby created the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) which
shall have the following functions:
a. Examine applications for grant of letters patent for inventions and
register utility models and industrial designs;
b. Examine applications for the registration of marks, geographic
indication, integrated circuits;
c. Register technology transfer arrangements and settle disputes
involving technology transfer payments covered by the provisions
of Part II, Chapter IX on Voluntary Licensing and develop and
implement strategies to promote and facilitate technology transfer;
d. Promote the use of patent information as a tool for technology
development;
e. Publish regularly in its own publication the patents, marks, utility
models and industrial designs, issued and approved, and the
technology transfer arrangements registered; cdasia
f. Administratively adjudicate contested proceedings affecting
intellectual property rights; and
g. Coordinate with other government agencies and the private sector
efforts to formulate and implement plans and policies to strengthen
the protection of intellectual property rights in the country.

5.2. The Office shall have custody of all records, books, drawings,
specifications, documents, and other papers and things relating to
intellectual property rights applications filed with the Office. (n)
SECTION 6. The Organizatioal Structure of the IPO. —
6.1. The Office shall be headed by a Director General who shall be assisted
by two (2) Deputies Director General.
6.2. The Office shall be divided into six (6) Bureaus, each of which shall be
headed by a Director and assisted by an Assistant Director. These
Bureaus are:
a. The Bureau of Patents;
b. The Bureau of Trademarks;
c. The Bureau of Legal Affairs;
d. The Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau;
e. The Management Information System and EDP Bureau; and
f. The Administrative, Financial and Personnel Services Bureau.
6.3. The Director General, Deputies Director General, Directors and
Assistant Directors shall be appointed by the President, and the other
officers and employees of the Office by the Secretary of Trade and
Industry, conformably with and under the Civil Service Law. (n)
SECTION 7. The Director General and Deputies Director General. —
7.1. Functions. — The Director General shall exercise the following powers
and functions:
a. Manage and direct all functions and activities of the Office,
including the promulgation of rules and regulations to implement
the objectives, policies, plans, programs and projects of the Office:
Provided, That in the exercise of the authority to propose policies
and standards in relation to the following: (1) the effective,
efficient, and economical operations of the Office requiring
statutory enactment; (2) coordination with other agencies of
government in relation to the enforcement of intellectual property
rights; (3) the recognition of attorneys, agents, or other persons
representing applicants or other parties before the Office; and (4)
the establishment of fees for the filing and processing of an
application for a patent, utility model or industrial design or mark
or a collective mark, geographic indication and other marks of
ownership, and for all other services performed and materials
furnished by the Office, the Director General shall be subject to the
supervision of the Secretary of Trade and Industry;

b. Exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all decisions rendered
by the Director of Legal Affairs, the Director of Patents, the Director
of Trademarks, and the Director of the Documentation, Information
and Technology Transfer Bureau. The decisions of the Director
General in the exercise of his appellate jurisdiction in respect of the
decisions of the Director of Patents, and the Director of Trademarks
shall be appealable to the Court of Appeals in accordance with the
Rules of Court; and those in respect of the decisions of the Director
of Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau
shall be appealable to the Secretary of Trade and Industry; and
c. Exercise original jurisdiction to resolve disputes relating to the
terms of a license involving the author's right to public performance
or other communication of his work. The decisions of the Director
General in these cases shall be appealable to the Secretary of
Trade and Industry.
7.2. Qualifications. — The Director General and the Deputies Director
General must be natural born citizens of the Philippines, at least thirty-
five (35) years of age on the day of their appointment, holders of a
college degree, and of proven competence, integrity, probity and
independence: Provided, That the Director General and at least one
(1) Deputy Director General shall be members of the Philippine Bar
who have engaged in the practice of law for at least ten (10) years:
Provided further, That in the selection of the Director General and the
Deputies Director General, consideration shall be given to such
qualifications as would result, as far as practicable, in the balanced
representation in the Directorate General of the various fields of
intellectual property.
7.3. Term of Office. — The Director General and the Deputies Director
General shall be appointed by the President for a term of five (5) years
and shall be eligible for reappointment only once: Provided, That the
first Director General shall have a first term of seven (7) years.
Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term of
the predecessor.
7.4. The Office of the Director General. — The Office of the Director
General shall consist of the Director General and the Deputies Director
General, their immediate staff and such Offices and Services that the
Director General will set up to support directly the Office of the
Director General. (n)
SECTION 8. The Bureau of Patents. — The Bureau of Patents shall have the
following functions:
8.1. Search and examination of patent applications and the grant of
patents;
8.2. Registration of utility models, industrial designs, and integrated
circuits; and

8.3. Conduct studies and researches in the field of patents in order to assist
the Director General in formulating policies on the administration and
examination of patents. (n)
SECTION 9. The Bureau of Trademarks. — The Bureau of Trademarks shall
have the following functions: cd
9.1. Search and examination of the applications for the registration of
marks, geographic indications and other marks of ownership and the
issuance of the certificates of registration; and
9.2. Conduct studies and researches in the field of trademarks in order to
assist the Director General in formulating policies on the
administration and examination of trademarks. (n)
SECTION 10. The Bureau of Legal Affairs. — The Bureau of Legal Affairs
10.1. Hear and decide opposition to the application for registration of marks;
cancellation of trademarks; subject to the provisions of Section 64,
cancellation of patents, utility models, and industrial designs; and
petitions for compulsory licensing of patents;
10.2.
a. Exercise original jurisdiction in administrative complaints for
violations of laws involving intellectual property rights: Provided,
That its jurisdiction is limited to complaints where the total
damages claimed are not less than Two hundred thousand pesos
(P200,000): Provided further, That availment of the provisional
remedies may be granted in accordance with the Rules of Court.
The Director of Legal Affairs shall have the power to hold and
punish for contempt all those who disregard orders or writs issued
in the course of the proceedings. (n)
b. After formal investigation, the Director for Legal Affairs may impose
one (1) or more of the following administrative penalties:
i. The issuance of a cease and desist order which shall
specify the acts that the respondent shall cease and
desist from and shall require him to submit a compliance
report within a reasonable time which shall be fixed in the
order;
ii. The acceptance of a voluntary assurance of compliance or
discontinuance as may be imposed. Such voluntary
assurance may include one or more of the following:
1. An assurance to comply with the provisions of the
intellectual property law violated;
2. An assurance to refrain from engaging in unlawful
and unfair acts and practices subject of the formal
investigation;

3. An assurance to recall, replace, repair, or refund
the money value of defective goods distributed in
commerce; and
4. An assurance to reimburse the complainant the
expenses and costs incurred in prosecuting the
case in the Bureau of Legal Affairs. The Director of
Legal Affairs may also require the respondent to
submit periodic compliance reports and file a bond
to guarantee compliance of his undertaking;
iii. The condemnation or seizure of products which are
subject of the offense. The goods seized hereunder shall
be disposed of in such manner as may be deemed
appropriate by the Director of Legal Affairs, such as by
sale, donation to distressed local governments or to
charitable or relief institutions, exportation, recycling into
other goods, or any combination thereof, under such
guidelines as he may provide;
iv. The forfeiture of paraphernalia and all real and personal
properties which have been used in the commission of the
offense;
v. The imposition of administrative fines in such amount as
deemed reasonable by the Director of Legal Affairs, which
shall in no case be less than Five thousand pesos
(P5,000) nor more than One hundred fifty thousand pesos
(P150,000). In addition, an additional fine of not more
than One thousand pesos (P1,000) shall be imposed for
each day of continuing violation;
vi. The cancellation of any permit, license, authority, or
registration which may have been granted by the Office,
or the suspension of the validity thereof for such period of
time as the Director of Legal Affairs may deem reasonable
which shall not exceed one (1) year;
vii. The withholding of any permit, license, authority, or
registration which is being secured by the respondent
from the Office;
viii. The assessment of damages;
ix. Censure; and
x. Other analogous penalties or sanctions. (Secs. 6, 7, 8,
and 9, Executive Order No. 913 [1983]a)
10.3. The Director General may by Regulations establish the procedure to
govern the implementation of this Section. (n)

SECTION 11. The Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer
Bureau. — The Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau
11.1. Support the search and examination activities of the Office through
the following activities:
a. Maintain and upkeep classification systems whether they be
national or international such as the International Patent
Classification (IPC) system;
b. Provide advisory services for the determination of search patterns;
c. Maintain search files and search rooms and reference libraries; and
d. Adapt and package industrial property information.
11.2. Establish networks or intermediaries or regional representatives;
11.3. Educate the public and build awareness on intellectual property
through the conduct of seminars and lectures, and other similar
activities;
11.4. Establish working relations with research and development institutions
as well as with local and international intellectual property professional
groups and the like;
11.5. Perform state-of-the-art searches;
11.6. Promote the use of patent information as an effective tool to facilitate
the development of technology in the country;
11.7. Provide technical, advisory, and other services relating to the licensing
and promotion of technology, and carry out an efficient and effective
program for technology transfer; and
11.8. Register technology transfer arrangements, and settle disputes
involving technology transfer payments. (n) cdta
SECTION 12. The Management Information Services and EDP Bureau. — The
Management Information Services and EDP Bureau shall:
12.1. Conduct automation planning, research and development, testing of
systems, contracts with firms, contracting, purchase and maintenance
of equipment, design and maintenance of systems, user consultation,
and the like; and
12.2. Provide management information support and service to the Office. (n)
SECTION 13. The Administrative, Financial and Human Resource
Development Service Bureau. —
13.1. 13.1. The Administrative Service shall:
a. Provide services relative to procurement and allocation of supplies
and equipment, transportation, messengerial work, cashiering,
payment of salaries and other Office's obligations, office
maintenance, proper safety and security, and other utility services;
and comply with government regulatory requirements in the areas

of performance appraisal, compensation and benefits, employment
records and reports;
b. Receive all applications filed with the Office and collect fees
therefore; and
c. Publish patent applications and grants, trademark applications, and
registration of marks, industrial designs, utility models, geographic
indication, and lay-out-designs of integrated circuits registrations.
13.2. The Patent and Trademark Administration Services shall perform the
following functions among others:
a. Maintain registers of assignments, mergings, licenses, and
bibliographic on patents and trademarks;
b. Collect maintenance fees, issue certified copies of documents in its
custody and perform similar other activities; and
c. Hold in custody all the applications filed with the office, and all
patent grants, certificate of registrations issued by the office, and
the like.
13.3. The Financial Service shall formulate and manage a financial program
to ensure availability and proper utilization of funds; provide for an
effective monitoring system of the financial operations of the Office;
and
13.4. The Human Resource Development Service shall design and
implement human resource development plans and programs for the
personnel of the Office; provide for present and future manpower
needs of the organization; maintain high morale and favorable
employee attitudes towards the organization through the continuing
design and implementation of employee development programs. (n)
SECTION 14. Use of Intellectual Property Rights Fees by the IPO. —
14.1. For a more effective and expeditious implementation of this Act, the
Director General shall be authorized to retain, without need of a
separate approval from any government agency, and subject only to
the existing accounting and auditing rules and regulations, all the fees,
fines, royalties and other charges, collected by the Office under this
Act and the other laws that the Office will be mandated to administer,
for use in its operations, like upgrading of its facilities, equipment
outlay, human resource development, and the acquisition of the
appropriate office space, among others, to improve the delivery of its
services to the public. This amount, which shall be in addition to the
Office's annual budget, shall be deposited and maintained in a
separate account or fund, which may be used or disbursed directly by
the Director General.

14.2. After five (5) years from the coming into force of this Act, the Director
General shall, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Trade and
Industry, determine if the fees and charges mentioned in Subsection
14.1 hereof that the Office shall collect are sufficient to meet its
budgetary requirements. If so, it shall retain all the fees and charges it
shall collect under the same conditions indicated in said Subsection
14.1 but shall forthwith, cease to receive any funds from the annual
budget of the National Government; if not, the provisions of said
Subsection 14.1 shall continue to apply until such time when the
Director General, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Trade and
Industry, certifies that the above-stated fees and charges the Office
shall collect are enough to fund its operations. (n) aisadc
SECTION 15. Special Technical and Scientific Assistance. — The Director
General is empowered to obtain the assistance of technical, scientific or other
qualified officers and employees of other departments, bureaus, offices,
agencies and instrumentalities of the Government, including corporations
owned, controlled or operated by the Government, when deemed necessary
in the consideration of any matter submitted to the Office relative to the
enforcement of the provisions of this Act. (Sec. 3, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 16. Seal of Office. — The Office shall have a seal, the form and
design of which shall be approved by the Director General. (Sec. 4, R.A. No.
165a)
SECTION 17. Publication of Laws and Regulations. — The Director General
shall cause to be printed and make available for distribution, pamphlet copies
of this Act, other pertinent laws, executive orders and information circulars
relating to matters within the jurisdiction of the Office. (Sec. 5, R.A. No.
165a)
SECTION 18. The IPO Gazette. — All matters required to be published under
this Act shall be published in the Office's own publication to be known as the
IPO Gazette. (n)
SECTION 19. Disqualification of Officers and Employees of the Office. — All
officers and employees of the Office shall not apply or act as an attorney or
patent agent of an application for a grant of patent, for the registration of a
utility model, industrial design or mark nor acquire, except by hereditary
succession, any patent or utility model, design registration, or mark or any
right, title or interest therein during their employment and for one (1) year
thereafter. (Sec. 77, R.A. No. 165a)

PART II
The Law on Patents
CHAPTER I
General Provisions
SECTION 20. Definition of Terms Used in Part II, The Law on Patents. — As
used in Part II, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
20.1. "Bureau" means the Bureau of Patents;
20.2. "Director" means the Director of Patents;
20.3. "Regulations" means the Rules of Practice in Patent Cases formulated
by the Director of Patents and promulgated by the Director General;
20.4. "Examiner" means the patent examiner;
20.5. "Patent application" or "application" means an application for a patent
for an invention except in Chapters XII and XIII, where "application"
means an application for a utility model and an industrial design,
respectively; and
20.6. "Priority date" means the date of filing of the foreign application for
the same invention referred to in Section 31 of this Act. (n)
CHAPTER II
Patentability
SECTION 21. Patentable Inventions. — Any technical solution of a problem
in any field of human activity which is new, involves an inventive step and is
industrially applicable shall be patentable. It may be, or may relate to, a
product, or process, or an improvement of any of the foregoing. (Sec. 7, R.A.
No. 165a)
SECTION 22. Non-Patentable Inventions. — The following shall be excluded
from patent protection:
22.1. Discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods;
22.2. Schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts, playing games
or doing business, and programs for computers;
22.3. Methods for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or
therapy and diagnostic methods practiced on the human or animal
body. This provision shall not apply to products and composition for
use in any of these methods;
22.4. Plant varieties or animal breeds or essentially biological process for the
production of plants or animals. This provision shall not apply to micro-
organisms and non-biological and microbiological processes.

Provisions under this subsection shall not preclude Congress to
consider the enactment of a law providing sui generis protection of
plant varieties and animal breeds and a system of community
intellectual rights protection:
22.5. Aesthetic creations; and
22.6. Anything which is contrary to public order or morality. (Sec. 8, R.A.
No. 165a)
SECTION 23. Novelty. — An invention shall not be considered new if it forms
part of a prior art. (Sec. 9, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 24. Prior Art. — Prior art shall consist of:
24.1. Everything which has been made available to the public anywhere in
the world, before the filing date or the priority date of the application
claiming the invention; and
24.2. The whole contents of an application for a patent, utility model, or
industrial design registration, published in accordance with this Act,
filed or effective in the Philippines, with a filing or priority date that is
earlier than the filing or priority date of the application: Provided, That
the application which has validly claimed the filing date of an earlier
application under Section 31 of this Act, shall be prior art with effect
as of the filing date of such earlier application: Provided further, That
the applicant or the inventor identified in both applications are not one
and the same. (Sec. 9, R.A. No. 165a) cdt
SECTION 25. Non-Prejudicial Disclosure. —
25.1. The disclosure of information contained in the application during the
twelve (12) months preceding the filing date or the priority date of the
application shall not prejudice the applicant on the ground of lack of
novelty if such disclosure was made by:
a. The inventor;
b. A patent office and the information was contained (a) in another
application filed by the inventor and should not have been disclosed
by the office, or (b) in an application filed without the knowledge or
consent of the inventor by a third party which obtained the
information directly or indirectly from the inventor; or
c. A third party which obtained the information directly or indirectly
from the inventor.
25.2. For the purposes of Subsection 25.1, "inventor" also means any
person who, at the filing date of application, had the right to the
patent. (n)

SECTION 26. Inventive Step. — An invention involves an inventive step if,
having regard to prior art, it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art at
the time of the filing date or priority date of the application claiming the
invention. (n)
SECTION 27. Industrial Applicability. — An invention that can be produced
and used in any industry shall be industrially applicable. (n)
CHAPTER III
Right to a Patent
SECTION 28. Right to a Patent. — The right to a patent belongs to the
inventor, his heirs, or assigns. When two (2) or more persons have jointly
made an invention, the right to a patent shall belong to them jointly. (Sec.
10, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 29. First to File Rule. — If two (2) or more persons have made the
invention separately and independently of each other, the right to the patent
shall belong to the person who filed an application for such invention, or
where two or more applications are filed for the same invention, to the
applicant who has the earliest filing date or, the earliest priority date. (3rd
sentence, Sec. 10, R.A. No. 165a.)
SECTION 30. Inventions Created Pursuant to a Commission. —
30.1. The person who commissions the work shall own the patent, unless
otherwise provided in the contract.
30.2. In case the employee made the invention in the course of his
employment contract, the patent shall belong to:
a. The employee, if the inventive activity is not a part of his regular
duties even if the employee uses the time, facilities and materials
of the employer.
b. The employer, if the invention is the result of the performance of
his regularly-assigned duties, unless there is an agreement,
express or implied, to the contrary. (n)
SECTION 31. Right of Priority. — An application for patent filed by any
person who has previously applied for the same invention in another country
which by treaty, convention, or law affords similar privileges to Filipino
citizens, shall be considered as filed as of the date of filing the foreign
application: Provided, That:

a. the local application expressly claims priority;
b. it is filed within twelve (12) months from the date the earliest
foreign application was filed; and
c. a certified copy of the foreign application together with an English
translation is filed within six (6) months from the date of filing in
the Philippines. (Sec. 15, R.A. No. 165a)
CHAPTER IV
Patent Application
SECTION 32. The Application. —
32.1. The patent application shall be in Filipino or English and shall contain
the following:
a. A request for the grant of a patent;
b. A description of the invention;
c. Drawings necessary for the understanding of the invention;
d. One or more claims; and
e. An abstract.
32.2. No patent may be granted unless the application identifies the
inventor. If the applicant is not the inventor, the Office may require
him to submit said authority. (Sec. 13, R.A. No. 165a) cdtai
SECTION 33. Appointment of Agent or Representative. — An applicant who
is not a resident of the Philippines must appoint and maintain a resident
agent or representative in the Philippines upon whom notice or process for
judicial or administrative procedure relating to the application for patent or
the patent may be served. (Sec. 11, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 34. The Request. — The request shall contain a petition for the
grant of the patent, the name and other data of the applicant, the inventor
and the agent and the title of the invention. (n)

SECTION 35. Disclosure and Description of the Invention. —
35.1. Disclosure. — The application shall disclose the invention in a manner
sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by a person
skilled in the art. Where the application concerns a microbiological
process or the product thereof and involves the use of a micro-
organism which cannot be sufficiently disclosed in the application in
such a way as to enable the invention to be carried out by a person
skilled in the art, and such material is not available to the public, the
application shall be supplemented by a deposit of such material with
an international depository institution.
35.2. Description. — The Regulations shall prescribe the contents of the
description and the order of presentation. (Sec. 14, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 36. The Claims. —
36.1. The application shall contain one (1) or more claims which shall define
the matter for which protection is sought. Each claim shall be clear
and concise, and shall be supported by the description.
36.2. The Regulations shall prescribe the manner of the presentation of
claims. (n)
SECTION 37. The Abstract. — The abstract shall consist of a concise
summary of the disclosure of the invention as contained in the description,
claims and drawings in preferably not more than one hundred fifty (150)
words. It must be drafted in a way which allows the clear understanding of
the technical problem, the gist of the solution of that problem through the
invention, and the principal use or uses of the invention. The abstract shall
merely serve for technical information. (n)
SECTION 38. Unity of Invention. —
38.1. The application shall relate to one invention only or to a group of
inventions forming a single general inventive concept.
38.2. If several independent inventions which do not form a single general
inventive concept are claimed in one application, the Director may
require that the application be restricted to a single invention. A later
application filed for an invention divided out shall be considered as
having been filed on the same day as the first application: Provided,
That the later application is filed within four (4) months after the
requirement to divide becomes final, or within such additional time,
not exceeding four (4) months, as may be granted: Provided further,
That each divisional application shall not go beyond the disclosure in
the initial application.

38.3. The fact that a patent has been granted on an application that did not
comply with the requirement of unity of invention shall not be a
ground to cancel the patent. (Sec. 17, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 39. Information Concerning Corresponding Foreign
Application for Patents. — The applicant shall, at the request of the Director,
furnish him with the date and number of any application for a patent filed by
him abroad, hereafter referred to as the "foreign application," relating to the
same or essentially the same invention as that claimed in the application filed
with the Office and other documents relating to the foreign application. (n)
CHAPTER V
Procedure for Grant of Patent
SECTION 40. Filing Date Requirements.
40.1. The filing date of a patent application shall be the date of receipt by
the Office of at least the following elements:
a. An express or implicit indication that a Philippine patent is sought;
b. Information identifying the applicant; and
c. Description of the invention and one (1) or more claims in Filipino
or English.
40.2. If any of these elements is not submitted within the period set by the
Regulations, the application shall be considered withdrawn. (n)
SECTION 41. According a Filing Date. — The Office shall examine whether
the patent application satisfies the requirements for the grant of date of filing
as provided in Section 40 hereof. If the date of filing cannot be accorded, the
applicant shall be given an opportunity to correct the deficiencies in
accordance with the implementing Regulations. If the application does not
contain all the elements indicated in Section 40, the filing date should be that
date when all the elements are received. If the deficiencies are not remedied
within the prescribed time limit, the application shall be considered
withdrawn. (n)
SECTION 42. Formality Examination. —
42.1. After the patent application has been accorded a filing date and the
required fees have been paid on time in accordance with the
Regulations, the applicant shall comply with the formal requirements
specified by Section 32 and the Regulations within the prescribed
period, otherwise the application shall be considered withdrawn.

42.2. The Regulations shall determine the procedure for the re-examination
and revival of an application as well as the appeal to the Director of
Patents from any final action by the examiner. (Sec. 16, R.A. No.
165a)
SECTION 43. Classification and Search. — An application that has complied
with the formal requirements shall be classified and a search conducted to
determine the prior art. (n)
SECTION 44. Publication of Patent Application. —
44.1. The patent application shall be published in the IPO Gazette together
with a search document established by or on behalf of the Office citing
any documents that reflect prior art, after the expiration of eighteen
(18) months from the filing date or priority date.
44.2. After publication of a patent application, any interested party may
inspect the application documents filed with the Office.
44.3. The Director General, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Trade
and Industry, may prohibit or restrict the publication of an application,
if in his opinion, to do so would be prejudicial to the national security
and interests of the Republic of the Philippines. (n)
SECTION 45. Confidentiality Before Publication. — A patent application,
which has not yet been published, and all related documents, shall not be
made available for inspection without the consent of the applicant. (n)
SECTION 46. Rights Conferred by a Patent Application After Publication. —
The applicant shall have all the rights of a patentee under Section 76 against
any person who, without his authorization, exercised any of the rights
conferred under Section 71 of this Act in relation to the invention claimed in
the published patent application, as if a patent had been granted for that
invention: Provided that the said person had:
46.1. Actual knowledge that the invention that he was using was the subject
matter of a published application; or
46.2. Received written notice that the invention that he was using was the
subject matter of a published application being identified in the said
notice by its serial number: Provided that the action may not be filed
until after the grant of a patent on the published application and within
four (4) years from the commission of the acts complained of. (n)

SECTION 47. Observation by Third Parties. — Following the publication of
the patent application, any person may present observations in writing
concerning the patentability of the invention. Such observations shall be
communicated to the applicant who may comment on them. The Office shall
acknowledge and put such observations and comment in the file of the
application to which it relates. (n)
SECTION 48. Request for Substantive Examination. —
48.1. The application shall be deemed withdrawn unless within six (6)
months from the date of publication under Section 41, a written
request to determine whether a patent application meets the
requirements of Sections 21 to 27 and Sections 32 to 39 and the fees
have been paid on time.
48.2. Withdrawal of the request for examination shall be irrevocable and
shall not authorize the refund of any fee. (n)
SECTION 49. Amendment of Application. — An applicant may amend the
patent application during examination: Provided, That such amendment shall
not include new matter outside the scope of the disclosure contained in the
application as filed. (n)
SECTION 50. Grant of Patent. —
50.1. If the application meets the requirements of this Act, the Office shall
grant the patent: Provided that all the fees are paid on time.
50.2. If the required fees for grant and printing are not paid in due time, the
application shall be deemed to be withdrawn. Cdta
50.3. A patent shall take effect on the date of the publication of the grant of
the patent in the IPO Gazette. (Sec. 18, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 51. Refusal of the Application. —
51.1. The final order of refusal of the examiner to grant the patent shall be
appealable to the Director in accordance with this Act.
51.2. The Regulations shall provide for the procedure by which an appeal
from the order of refusal from the Director shall be undertaken. (n)
SECTION 52. Publication Upon Grant of Patent. —
52.1. The grant of the patent together with other related information shall
be published in the IPO Gazette within the time prescribed by the
Regulations.

52.2. Any interested party may inspect the complete description, claims,
and drawings of the patent on file with the Office. (Sec. 18, R.A. No.
165a)
SECTION 53. Contents of Patent. — The patent shall be issued in the name
of the Republic of the Philippines under the seal of the Office and shall be
signed by the Director, and registered together with the description, claims,
and drawings, if any, in books and records of the Office. (Secs. 19 and 20,
R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 54. Term of Patent. — The term of a patent shall be twenty (20)
years from the filing date of the application. (Sec. 21, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 55. Annual Fees. —
55.1. To maintain the patent application or patent, an annual fee shall be
paid upon the expiration of four (4) years from the date the
application was published pursuant to Section 44 hereof, and on each
subsequent anniversary of such date. Payment may be made within
three (3) months before the due date. The obligation to pay the
annual fees shall terminate should the application be withdrawn,
refused, or cancelled.
55.2. If the annual fee is not paid, the patent application shall be deemed
withdrawn or the patent considered as lapsed from the day following
the expiration of the period within which the annual fees were due. A
notice that the application is deemed withdrawn or the lapse of a
patent for non-payment of any annual fee shall be published in the
IPO Gazette and the lapse shall be recorded in the Register of the
Office.
55.3. A grace period of six (6) months shall be granted for the payment of
the annual fee, upon payment of the prescribed surcharge for delayed
payment. (Sec. 22, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 56. Surrender of Patent. —
56.1. The owner of the patent, with the consent of all persons having grants
or licenses or other right, title or interest in and to the patent and the
invention covered thereby, which have been recorded in the Office,
may surrender his patent or any claim or claims forming part thereof
to the Office for cancellation.
56.2. A person may give notice to the Office of his opposition to the
surrender of a patent under this section, and if he does so, the Bureau
shall notify the proprietor of the patent and determine the question.

56.3. If the Office is satisfied that the patent may properly be surrendered,
he may accept the offer and, as from the day when notice of his
acceptance is published in the IPO Gazette, the patent shall cease to
have effect, but no action for infringement shall lie and no right
compensation shall accrue for any use of the patented invention
before that day for the services of the government. (Sec. 24, R.A. No.
165a)
SECTION 57. Correction of Mistakes of the Office. — The Director shall have
the power to correct, without fee, any mistake in a patent incurred through
the fault of the Office when clearly disclosed in the records thereof, to make
the patent conform to the records. (Sec. 25, R.A. No. 165)
SECTION 58. Correction of Mistake in the Application. — On request of any
interested person and payment of the prescribed fee, the Director is
authorized to correct any mistake in a patent of a formal and clerical nature,
not incurred through the fault of the Office. (Sec. 26, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 59. Changes in Patents. —
59.1. The owner of a patent shall have the right to request the Bureau to
make the changes in the patent in order to:
a. Limit the extent of the protection conferred by it;
b. Correct obvious mistakes or to correct clerical errors; and
c. Correct mistakes or errors, other than those referred to in letter
(b), made in good faith: Provided, That where the change would
result in a broadening of the extent of protection conferred by the
patent, no request may be made after the expiration of two (2)
years from the grant of a patent and the change shall not affect the
rights of any third party which has relied on the patent, as
published.
59.2. No change in the patent shall be permitted under this section, where
the change would result in the disclosure contained in the patent going
beyond the disclosure contained in the application filed.
59.3. If, and to the extent to which the Office changes the patent according
to this section, it shall publish the same. (n)
SECTION 60. Form and Publication of Amendment. — An amendment or
correction of a patent shall be accomplished by a certificate of such
amendment or correction, authenticated by the seal of the Office and signed
by the Director, which certificate shall be attached to the patent. Notice of
such amendment or correction shall be published in the IPO Gazette and
copies of the patent kept or furnished by the Office shall include a copy of the
certificate of amendment or correction. (Sec. 27, R.A. No. 165)

CHAPTER VI
Cancellation of Patents and Substitution of Patentee
SECTION 61. Cancellation of Patents.
61.1. Any interested person may, upon payment of the required fee, petition
to cancel the patent or any claim thereof, or parts of the claim, on any
of the following grounds:
a. That what is claimed as the invention is not new or patentable;
b. That the patent does not disclose the invention in a manner
sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by any person
skilled in the art; or
c. That the patent is contrary to public order or morality.
61.2. Where the grounds for cancellation relate to some of the claims or
parts of the claim, cancellation may be effected to such extent only.
(Secs. 28 and 29, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 62. Requirement of the Petition. — The petition for cancellation
shall be in writing, verified by the petitioner or by any person in his behalf
who knows the facts, specify the grounds upon which it is based, include a
statement of the facts to be relied upon, and filed with the Office. Copies of
printed publications or of patents of other countries, and other supporting
documents mentioned in the petition shall be attached thereto, together with
the translation thereof in English, if not in the English language. (Sec. 30,
R.A. No. 165)
SECTION 63. Notice of Hearing. — Upon filing of a petition for cancellation,
the Director of Legal Affairs shall forthwith serve notice of the filing thereof
upon the patentee and all persons having grants or licenses, or any other
right, title or interest in and to the patent and the invention covered thereby,
as appears of record in the Office, and of notice of the date of hearing
thereon on such persons and the petitioner. Notice of the filing of the petition
shall be published in the IPO Gazette. (Sec. 31, R.A. No. 165a) cd
SECTION 64. Committee of Three. — In cases involving highly technical
issues, on motion of any party, the Director of Legal Affairs may order that
the petition be heard and decided by a committee composed of the Director
of Legal Affairs as chairman and two (2) members who have the experience
or expertise in the field of technology to which the patent sought to be
cancelled relates. The decision of the committee shall be appealable to the
Director General. (n)

SECTION 65. Cancellation of the Patent. —
65.1. If the Committee finds that a case for cancellation has been proved, it
shall order the patent or any specified claim or claims thereof
cancelled.
65.2. If the Committee finds that, taking into consideration the amendment
made by the patentee during the cancellation proceedings, the patent
and the invention to which it relates meet the requirement of this Act,
it may decide to maintain the patent as amended: Provided, That the
fee for printing of a new patent is paid within the time limit prescribed
in the Regulations.
65.3. If the fee for the printing of a new patent is not paid in due time, the
patent should be revoked
65.4. If the patent is amended under Subsection 65.2 hereof, the Bureau
shall, at the same time as it publishes the mention of the cancellation
decision, publish the abstract, representative claims and drawings
indicating clearly what the amendments consist of. (n)
SECTION 66. Effect of Cancellation of Patent or Claim. — The rights
conferred by the patent or any specified claim or claims cancelled shall
terminate. Notice of the cancellation shall be published in the IPO Gazette.
Unless restrained by the Director General, the decision or order to cancel by
Director of Legal Affairs shall be immediately executory even pending appeal.
(Sec. 32, R.A. No. 165a)
CHAPTER VII
Remedies of a Person with a Right to a Patent
SECTION 67. Patent Application by Persons Not Having the Right to a
Patent. —
67.1. If a person referred to in Section 29 other than the applicant, is
declared by final court order or decision as having the right to the
patent, such person may, within three (3) months after the decision
has become final:
a. Prosecute the application as his own application in place of the
applicant;
b. File a new patent application in respect of the same invention;
c. Request that the application be refused; or
d. Seek cancellation of the patent, if one has already been issued.
67.2. The provisions of Subsection 38.2 shall apply mutatis mutandis to a
new application filed under Subsection 67.1(b). (n)

SECTION 68. Remedies of the True and Actual Inventor. — If a person, who
was deprived of the patent without his consent or through fraud is declared
by final court order or decision to be the true and actual inventor, the court
shall order for his substitution as patentee, or at the option of the true
inventor, cancel the patent, and award actual and other damages in his favor
if warranted by the circumstances. (Sec. 33, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 69. Publication of the Court Order. — The court shall furnish the
Office a copy of the order or decision referred to in Sections 67 and 68, which
shall be published in the IPO Gazette within three (3) months from the date
such order or decision became final and executory, and shall be recorded in
the register of the Office. (n)
SECTION 70. Time to File Action in Court. — The actions indicated in
Sections 67 and 68 shall be filed within one (1) year from the date of
publication made in accordance with Sections 44 and 51, respectively. (n)
CHAPTER VIII
Rights of Patentees and Infringements of Patents
SECTION 71. Rights Conferred by Patent. —
71.1. A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights:
a. Where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to restrain,
prohibit and prevent any unauthorized person or entity from
making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing that product;
b. Where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to restrain,
prevent or prohibit any unauthorized person or entity from using
the process, and from manufacturing, dealing in, using, selling or
offering for sale, or importing any product obtained directly or
indirectly from such process.
71.2. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by
succession the patent, and to conclude licensing contracts for the
same. (Sec. 37, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 72. Limitations of Patent Rights. — The owner of a patent has no
right to prevent third parties from performing, without his authorization, the
acts referred to in Section 71 hereof in the following circumstances: cdta
72.1. Using a patented product which has been put on the market in the
Philippines by the owner of the product, or with his express consent,
insofar as such use is performed after that product has been so put on
the said market;

72.2. Where the act is done privately and on a non-commercial scale or for a
non-commercial purpose: Provided, That it does not significantly
prejudice the economic interests of the owner of the patent;
72.3. Where the act consists of making or using exclusively for the purpose
of experiments that relate to the subject matter of the patented
invention;
72.4. Where the act consists of the preparation for individual cases, in a
pharmacy or by a medical professional, of a medicine in accordance
with a medical prescription or acts concerning the medicine so
prepared;
72.5. Where the invention is used in any ship, vessel, aircraft, or land
vehicle of any other country entering the territory of the Philippines
temporarily or accidentally: Provided, That such invention is used
exclusively for the needs of the ship, vessel, aircraft, or land vehicle
and not used for the manufacturing of anything to be sold within the
Philippines. (Secs. 38 and 39, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 73. Prior User. —
73.1. Notwithstanding Section 72 hereof, any prior user, who, in good faith
was using the invention or has undertaken serious preparations to use
the invention in his enterprise or business, before the filing date or
priority date of the application on which a patent is granted, shall have
the right to continue the use thereof as envisaged in such preparations
within the territory where the patent produces its effect.
73.2. The right of the prior user may only be transferred or assigned
together with his enterprise or business, or with that part of his
enterprise or business in which the use or preparations for use have
been made. (Sec. 40, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 74. Use of Invention by Government. —
74.1. A Government agency or third person authorized by the Government
may exploit the invention even without agreement of the patent owner
where:
a. The public interest, in particular, national security, nutrition, health
or the development of other sectors, as determined by the
appropriate agency of the government, so requires; or
b. A judicial or administrative body has determined that the manner of
exploitation, by the owner of the patent or his licensee is anti-
competitive.
74.2. The use by the Government, or third person authorized by the
Government shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the conditions set
forth in Sections 95 to 97 and 100 to 102. (Sec. 41, R.A. No. 165a)

SECTION 75. Extent of Protection and Interpretation of Claims. —
75.1. The extent of protection conferred by the patent shall be determined
by the claims, which are to be interpreted in the light of the
description and drawings.
75.2. For the purpose of determining the extent of protection conferred by
the patent, due account shall be taken of elements which are
equivalent to the elements expressed in the claims, so that a claim
shall be considered to cover not only all the elements as expressed
therein, but also equivalents. (n)
SECTION 76. Civil Action for Infringement. —
76.1. The making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing a patented
product or a product obtained directly or indirectly from a patented
process, or the use of a patented process without the authorization of
the patentee constitutes patent infringement.
76.2. Any patentee, or anyone possessing any right, title or interest in and
to the patented invention, whose rights have been infringed, may
bring a civil action before a court of competent jurisdiction, to recover
from the infringer such damages sustained thereby, plus attorney's
fees and other expenses of litigation, and to secure an injunction for
the protection of his rights.
76.3. If the damages are inadequate or cannot be readily ascertained with
reasonable certainty, the court may award by way of damages a sum
equivalent to reasonable royalty.
76.4. The court may, according to the circumstances of the case, award
damages in a sum above the amount found as actual damages
sustained: Provided, That the award does not exceed three (3) times
the amount of such actual damages.
76.5. The court may, in its discretion, order that the infringing goods,
materials and implements predominantly used in the infringement be
disposed of outside the channels of commerce or destroyed, without
compensation.
76.6. Anyone who actively induces the infringement of a patent or provides
the infringer with a component of a patented product or of a product
produced because of a patented process knowing it to be especially
adopted for infringing the patented invention and not suitable for
substantial non-infringing use shall be liable as a contributory infringer
and shall be jointly and severally liable with the infringer. (Sec. 42,
R.A. No. 165a)

SECTION 77. Infringement Action by a Foreign National. — Any foreign
national or juridical entity who meets the requirements of Section 3 and not
engaged in business in the Philippines, to which a patent has been granted or
assigned under this Act, may bring an action for infringement of patent,
whether or not it is licensed to do business in the Philippines under existing
law. (Sec. 41-A, R.A. No. 165a) aisadc
SECTION 78. Process Patents; Burden of Proof . — If the subject matter of a
patent is a process for obtaining a product, any identical product shall be
presumed to have been obtained through the use of the patented process if
the product is new or there is substantial likelihood that the identical product
was made by the process and the owner of the patent has been unable
despite reasonable efforts, to determine the process actually used. In
ordering the defendant to prove that the process to obtain the identical
product is different from the patented process, the court shall adopt
measures to protect, as far as practicable, his manufacturing and business
secrets. (n)
SECTION 79. Limitation of Action for Damages. — No damages can be
recovered for acts of infringement committed more than four (4) years
before the institution of the action for infringement. (Sec. 43, R.A. No. 165)
SECTION 80. Damages; Requirement of Notice. — Damages cannot be
recovered for acts of infringement committed before the infringer had known,
or had reasonable grounds to know of the patent. It is presumed that the
infringer had known of the patent if on the patented product, or on the
container or package in which the article is supplied to the public, or on the
advertising material relating to the patented product or process, are placed
the words "Philippine Patent" with the number of the patent. (Sec. 44, R.A.
No. 165a)
SECTION 81. Defenses in Action for Infringement. — In an action for
infringement, the defendant, in addition to other defenses available to him,
may show the invalidity of the patent, or any claim thereof, on any of the
grounds on which a petition of cancellation can be brought under Section 61
hereof. (Sec. 45, R.A. No. 165)
SECTION 82. Patent Found Invalid May be Cancelled. — In an action for
infringement, if the court shall find the patent or any claim to be invalid, it
shall cancel the same, and the Director of Legal Affairs upon receipt of the
final judgment of cancellation by the court, shall record that fact in the
register of the Office and shall publish a notice to that effect in the IPO
Gazette. (Sec. 46, R.A. No. 165a)

SECTION 83. Assessor in Infringement Action. —
83.1. Two (2) or more assessors may be appointed by the court. The
assessors shall be possessed of the necessary scientific and technical
knowledge required by the subject matter in litigation. Either party
may challenge the fitness of any assessor proposed for appointment.
83.2. Each assessor shall receive a compensation in an amount to be fixed
by the court and advanced by the complaining party, which shall be
awarded as part of his costs should he prevail in the action. (Sec. 47,
R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 84. Criminal Action for Repetition of Infringement. — If
infringement is repeated by the infringer or by anyone in connivance with
him after finality of the judgment of the court against the infringer, the
offenders shall, without prejudice to the institution of a civil action for
damages, be criminally liable therefor and, upon conviction, shall suffer
imprisonment for the period of not less than six (6) months but not more
than three (3) years and/or a fine of not less than One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000) but not more than Three hundred thousand pesos
(P300,000), at the discretion of the court. The criminal action herein
provided shall prescribe in three (3) years from date of the commission of
the crime. (Sec. 48, R.A. No. 165a)
CHAPTER IX
Voluntary Licensing
SECTION 85. Voluntary License Contract. — To encourage the transfer and
dissemination of technology, prevent or control practices and conditions that
may in particular cases constitute an abuse of intellectual property rights
having an adverse effect on competition and trade, all technology transfer
arrangements shall comply with the provisions of this Chapter. (n)
SECTION 86. Jurisdiction to Settle Disputes on Royalties. — The Director of
the Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau shall
exercise quasi-judicial jurisdiction in the settlement of disputes between
parties to a technology transfer arrangement arising from technology transfer
payments, including the fixing of appropriate amount or rate of royalty. (n)
SECTION 87. Prohibited Clauses. — Except in cases under Section 91, the
following provisions shall be deemed prima facie to have an adverse effect on
competition and trade:

87.1. Those which impose upon the licensee the obligation to acquire from a
specific source capital goods, intermediate products, raw materials,
and other technologies, or of permanently employing personnel
indicated by the licensor;
87.2. Those pursuant to which the licensor reserves the right to fix the sale
or resale prices of the products manufactured on the basis of the
license;
87.3. Those that contain restrictions regarding the volume and structure of
production;
87.4. Those that prohibit the use of competitive technologies in a non-
exclusive technology transfer agreement;
87.5. Those that establish a full or partial purchase option in favor of the
licensor;
87.6. Those that obligate the licensee to transfer for free to the licensor the
inventions or improvements that may be obtained through the use of
the licensed technology;
87.7. Those that require payment of royalties to the owners of patents for
patents which are not used;
87.8. Those that prohibit the licensee to export the licensed product unless
justified for the protection of the legitimate interest of the licensor
such as exports to countries where exclusive licenses to manufacture
and/or distribute the licensed product(s) have already been granted;
87.9. Those which restrict the use of the technology supplied after the
expiration of the technology transfer arrangement, except in cases of
early termination of the technology transfer arrangement due to
reason(s) attributable to the licensee;
87.10.Those which require payments for patents and other industrial
property rights after their expiration, termination arrangement;
87.11.Those which require that the technology recipient shall not contest the
validity of any of the patents of the technology supplier;
87.12.Those which restrict the research and development activities of the
licensee designed to absorb and adapt the transferred technology to
local conditions or to initiate research and development programs in
connection with new products, processes or equipment;
87.13.Those which prevent the licensee from adapting the imported
technology to local conditions, or introducing innovation to it, as long
as it does not impair the quality standards prescribed by the licensor;
87.14.Those which exempt the licensor for liability for non-fulfilment of his
responsibilities under the technology transfer arrangement and/or
liability arising from third party suits brought about by the use of the
licensed product or the licensed technology; and
87.15.Other clauses with equivalent effects. (Sec. 33-C (2), RA 165a)
SECTION 88. Mandatory Provisions. — The following provisions shall be
included in voluntary license contracts:

88.1. That the laws of the Philippines shall govern the interpretation of the
same and in the event of litigation, the venue shall be the proper court
in the place where the licensee has its principal office;
88.2. Continued access to improvements in techniques and processes
related to the technology shall be made available during the period of
the technology transfer arrangement;
88.3. In the event the technology transfer arrangement shall provide for
arbitration, the Procedure of Arbitration of the Arbitration Law of the
Philippines or the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission
on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) or the Rules of Conciliation
and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) shall
apply and the venue of arbitration shall be the Philippines or any
neutral country; and
88.4. The Philippine taxes on all payments relating to the technology
transfer arrangement shall be borne by the licensor. (n) cdt
SECTION 89. Rights of Licensor. — In the absence of any provision to the
contrary in the technology transfer arrangement, the grant of a license shall
not prevent the licensor from granting further licenses to third person nor
from exploiting the subject matter of the technology transfer arrangement
himself. (Sec. 33-B, R.A. 165a)
SECTION 90. Rights of Licensee. — The licensee shall be entitled to exploit
the subject matter of the technology transfer arrangement during the whole
term of the technology transfer arrangement. (Sec. 33-C (1), R.A. 165a)
SECTION 91. Exceptional Cases. — In exceptional or meritorious cases
where substantial benefits will accrue to the economy, such as high
technology content, increase in foreign exchange earnings, employment
generation, regional dispersal of industries and/or substitution with or use of
local raw materials, or in the case of Board of Investments, registered
companies with pioneer status, exemption from any of the above
requirements may be allowed by the Documentation, Information and
Technology Transfer Bureau after evaluation thereof on a case by case basis.
(n)

SECTION 92. Non-Registration with the Documentation, Information and
Technology Transfer Bureau. — Technology transfer arrangements that
conform with the provisions of Sections 86 and 87 need not be registered
with the Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau. Non-
conformance with any of the provisions of Sections 87 and 88, however, shall
automatically render the technology transfer arrangement unenforceable,
unless said technology transfer arrangement is approved and registered with
the Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau under the
provisions of Section 91 on exceptional cases. (n)
CHAPTER X
Compulsory Licensing
SECTION 93. Grounds for Compulsory Licensing. — The Director of Legal
Affairs may grant a license to exploit a patented invention, even without the
agreement of the patent owner, in favor of any person who has shown his
capability to exploit the invention, under any of the following circumstances:
93.1. National emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency;
93.2. Where the public interest, in particular, national security, nutrition,
health or the development of other vital sectors of the national
economy as determined by the appropriate agency of the Government,
so requires; or
93.3. Where a judicial or administrative body has determined that the
manner of exploitation by the owner of the patent or his licensee is
anti-competitive; or
93.4. In case of public non-commercial use of the patent by the patentee,
without satisfactory reason;
93.5. If the patented invention is not being worked in the Philippines on a
commercial scale, although capable of being worked, without
satisfactory reason: Provided, That the importation of the patented
article shall constitute working or using the patent. (Secs. 34, 34-A,
34-B, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 94. Period for Filing a Petition for a Compulsory License. —
94.1. A compulsory license may not be applied for on the ground stated in
Subsection 93.5 before the expiration of a period of four (4) years
from the date of filing of the application or three (3) years from the
date of the patent whichever period expires last.
94.2. A compulsory license which is applied for on any of the grounds stated
in Subsections 93.2, 93.3, and 93.4 and Section 97 may be applied for
at any time after the grant of the patent. (Sec. 34(1), R.A. No. 165)

SECTION 95. Requirement to Obtain a License on Reasonable Commercial
Terms. —
95.1. The license will only be granted after the petitioner has made efforts
to obtain authorization from the patent owner on reasonable
commercial terms and conditions but such efforts have not been
successful within a reasonable period of time.
95.2. The requirement under Subsection 95.1 shall not apply in the following
cases:
a. Where the petition for compulsory license seeks to remedy a
practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be
anti-competitive;
b. In situations of national emergency or other circumstances of
extreme urgency;
c. In cases of public non-commercial use.
95.3. In situations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme
urgency, the right holder shall be notified as soon as reasonably
practicable.
95.4. In the case of public non-commercial use, where the government or
contractor, without making a patent search, knows or has
demonstrable grounds to know that a valid patent is or will be used by
or for the government, the right holder shall be informed promptly. (n)
SECTION 96. Compulsory Licensing of Patents Involving Semi-Conductor
Technology. — In the case of compulsory licensing of patents involving semi-
conductor technology, the license may only be granted in case of public non-
commercial use or to remedy a practice determined after judicial or
administrative process to be anti-competitive. (n)
SECTION 97. Compulsory License Based on Interdependence of Patents. —
If the invention protected by a patent, hereafter referred to as the "second
patent," within the country cannot be worked without infringing another
patent, hereafter referred to as the "first patent," granted on a prior
application or benefiting from an earlier priority, a compulsory license may be
granted to the owner of the second patent to the extent necessary for the
working of his invention, subject to the following conditions:
97.1. The invention claimed in the second patent involves an important
technical advance of considerable economic significance in relation to
the first patent;
97.2. The owner of the first patent shall be entitled to a cross-license on
reasonable terms to use the invention claimed in the second patent;
97.3. The use authorized in respect of the first patent shall be non-
assignable except with the assignment of the second patent; and
cdasia

97.4. The terms and conditions of Sections 95, 96 and 98 to 100 of this Act.
(Sec. 34-C, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 98. Form and Contents of Petition. — The petition for compulsory
licensing must be in writing, verified by the petitioner and accompanied by
payment of the required filing fee. It shall contain the name and address of
the petitioner as well as those of the respondents, the number and date of
issue of the patent in connection with which compulsory license is sought,
the name of the patentee, the title of the invention, the statutory grounds
upon which compulsory license is sought, the ultimate facts constituting the
petitioner's cause of action, and the relief prayed for. (Sec. 34-D, R.A. No.
165)
SECTION 99. Notice of Hearing. —
99.1. Upon filing of a petition, the Director of Legal Affairs shall forthwith
serve notice of the filing thereof upon the patent owner and all
persons having grants or licenses, or any other right, title or interest
in and to the patent and invention covered thereby as appears of
record in the Office, and of notice of the date of hearing thereon, on
such persons and petitioner. The resident agent or representative
appointed in accordance with Section 33 hereof, shall be bound to
accept service of notice of the filing of the petition within the meaning
of this Section.
99.2. In every case, the notice shall be published by the said Office in a
newspaper of general circulation, once a week for three (3)
consecutive weeks and once in the IPO Gazette at applicant's expense.
(Sec. 34-E, R.A. No. 165)
SECTION 100. Terms and Conditions of Compulsory License. — The basic
terms and conditions including the rate of royalties of a compulsory license
shall be fixed by the Director of Legal Affairs subject to the following
conditions:
100.1. The scope and duration of such license shall be limited to the purpose
for which it was authorized;
100.2. The license shall be non-exclusive;
100.3. The license shall be non-assignable, except with that part of the
enterprise or business with which the invention is being exploited;
100.4. Use of the subject matter of the license shall be devoted
predominantly for the supply of the Philippine market: Provided, That
this limitation shall not apply where the grant of the license is based
on the ground that the patentee's manner of exploiting the patent is
determined by judicial or administrative process, to be anti-
competitive.

100.5. The license may be terminated upon proper showing that
circumstances which led to its grant have ceased to exist and are
unlikely to recur: Provided, That adequate protection shall be
afforded to the legitimate interest of the licensee; and
100.6. The patentee shall be paid adequate remuneration taking into
account the economic value of the grant or authorization, except that
in cases where the license was granted to remedy a practice which
was determined after judicial or administrative process, to be anti-
competitive, the need to correct the anti-competitive practice may be
taken into account in fixing the amount of remuneration. (Sec. 35-B,
R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 101. Amendment, Cancellation, Surrender of Compulsory License.
—
101.1. Upon the request of the patentee or the licensee, the Director of
Legal Affairs may amend the decision granting the compulsory
license, upon proper showing of new facts or circumstances justifying
such amendment.
101.2. Upon the request of the patentee, the said Director may cancel the
compulsory license:
a. If the ground for the grant of the compulsory license no longer
exists and is unlikely to recur;
b. If the licensee has neither begun to supply the domestic market
nor made serious preparation therefore;
c. If the licensee has not complied with the prescribed terms of the
license;
101.3. The licensee may surrender the license by a written declaration
submitted to the Office.
101.4. The said Director shall cause the amendment, surrender, or
cancellation in the Register, notify the patentee, and/or the licensee,
and cause notice thereof to be published in the IPO Gazette. (Sec.
35-D, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 102. Licensee's Exemption from Liability. — Any person who works
a patented product, substance and/or process under a license granted under
this Chapter, shall be free from any liability for infringement: Provided
however, That in the case of voluntary licensing, no collusion with the
licensor is proven. This is without prejudice to the right of the rightful owner
of the patent to recover from the licensor whatever he may have received as
royalties under the license. (Sec. 35-E, R.A. No. 165a)

CHAPTER XI
Assignment and Transmission of Rights
SECTION 103. Transmission of Rights. —
103.1. Patents or applications for patents and invention to which they relate,
shall be protected in the same way as the rights of other property
under the Civil Code.
103.2. Inventions and any right, title or interest in and to patents and
inventions covered thereby, may be assigned or transmitted by
inheritance or bequest or may be the subject of a license contract.
(Sec. 50, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 104. Assignment of Inventions. — An assignment may be of the
entire right, title or interest in and to the patent and the invention covered
thereby, or of an undivided share of the entire patent and invention, in which
event the parties become joint owners thereof. An assignment may be
limited to a specified territory. (Sec. 51, R.A. No. 165)
SECTION 105. Form of Assignment. — The assignment must be in writing,
acknowledged before a notary public or other officer authorized to administer
oath or perform notarial acts, and certified under the hand and official seal of
the notary or such other officer. (Sec. 52, R.A. No. 165)
SECTION 106. Recording. —
106.1. The Office shall record assignments, licenses and other instruments
relating to the transmission of any right, title or interest in and to
inventions, and patents or application for patents or inventions to
which they relate, which are presented in due form to the Office for
registration, in books and records kept for the purpose. The original
documents together with a signed duplicate thereof shall be filed,
and the contents thereof should be kept confidential. If the original is
not available, an authenticated copy thereof in duplicate may be
filed. Upon recording, the Office shall retain the duplicate, return the
original or the authenticated copy to the party who filed the same
and notice of the recording shall be published in the IPO Gazette.
106.2. Such instruments shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser
or mortgagee for valuable consideration and without notice, unless, it
is so recorded in the Office, within three (3) months from the date of
said instrument, or

SECTION 107. Rights of Joint Owners. — If two (2) or more persons jointly
own a patent and the invention covered thereby, either by the issuance of
the patent in their joint favor or by reason of the assignment of an undivided
share in the patent and invention or by reason of the succession in title to
such share, each of the joint owners shall be entitled to personally make,
use, sell, or import the invention for his own profit: Provided, however, That
neither of the joint owners shall be entitled to grant licenses or to assign his
right, title or interest or part thereof without the consent of the other owner
or owners, or without proportionally dividing the proceeds with such other
owner or owners. (Sec. 54, R.A. No. 165)
CHAPTER XII
Registration of Utility Models
SECTION 108. Applicability of Provisions Relating to Patents. —
108.1. Subject to Section 109, the provisions governing patents shall apply,
mutatis mutandis, to the registration of utility models.
108.2. Where the right to a patent conflicts with the right to a utility model
registration in the case referred to in Section 29, the said provision
shall apply as if the word "patent" were replaced by the words
"patent or utility model registration". (Sec. 55, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 109. Special Provisions Relating to Utility Models. —
109.1.
a. An invention qualifies for registration as a utility model if it is new
and industrially applicable.
b. Section 21, "Patentable Inventions", shall apply except the
reference to inventive step as a condition of protection. cdtai
109.2. Sections 43 to 49 shall not apply in the case of applications for
registration of a utility model.
109.3. A utility model registration shall expire, without any possibility of
renewal, at the end of the seventh year after the date of the filing of
the application.
109.4. In proceedings under Sections 61 to 64, the utility model registration
shall be canceled on the following grounds:
a. That the claimed invention does not qualify for registration as a
utility model and does not meet the requirements of registrability,
in particular having regard to Subsection 109.1 and Sections 22,
23, 24 and 27;
b. That the description and the claims do not comply with the
prescribed requirements;
c. That any drawing which is necessary for the understanding of the
invention has not been furnished;

d. That the owner of the utility model registration is not the inventor
or his successor in title. (Secs. 55, 56, and 57, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 110. Conversion of Patent Applications or Applications for Utility
Model Registration. —
110.1. At any time before the grant or refusal of a patent, an applicant for a
patent may, upon payment of the prescribed fee, convert his
application into an application for registration of a utility model,
which shall be accorded the filing date of the initial application. An
application may be converted only once.
110.2. At any time before the grant or refusal of a utility model registration,
an applicant for a utility model registration may, upon payment of
the prescribed fee, convert his application into a patent application,
which shall be accorded the filing date of the initial application. (Sec.
58, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 111. Prohibition against Filing of Parallel Applications. — An
applicant may not file two (2) applications for the same subject, one for
utility model registration and the other for the grant of a patent whether
simultaneously or consecutively. (Sec. 59, R.A. No. 165a)
CHAPTER XIII
Industrial Design
SECTION 112. Definition of Industrial Design. — An industrial design is any
composition of lines or colors or any three-dimensional form, whether or not
associated with lines or colors: Provided, That such composition or form
gives a special appearance to and can serve as pattern for an industrial
product or handicraft. (Sec. 55, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 113. Substantive Conditions for Protection. —
113.1. Only industrial designs that are new or original shall benefit from
protection under this Act.
113.2. Industrial designs dictated essentially by technical or functional
considerations to obtain a technical result or those that are contrary
to public order, health or morals shall not be protected. (n)

SECTION 114. Contents of the Application. —
114.1. Every application for registration of an industrial design shall contain:
a. A request for registration of the industrial design;
b. Information identifying the applicant;
c. An indication of the kind of article of manufacture or handicraft to
which the design shall be applied;
d. A representation of the article of manufacture or handicraft by
way of drawings, photographs or other adequate graphic
representation of the design as applied to the article of
manufacture or handicraft which clearly and fully discloses those
features for which design protection is claimed; and
e. The name and address of the creator, or where the applicant is
not the creator, a statement indicating the origin of the right to
the industrial design registration.
114.2. The application may be accompanied by a specimen of the article
embodying the industrial design and shall be subject to the payment
of the prescribed fee. (n)
SECTION 115. Several Industrial Designs in One Application. — Two (2) or
more industrial designs may be the subject of the same application:
Provided, That they relate to the same sub-class of the International
Classification or to the same set or composition of articles. (n)
SECTION 116. Examination. —
116.1. The Office shall accord as the filing date the date of receipt of the
application containing indications allowing the identity of the
applicant to be established and a representation of the article
embodying the industrial design or a pictorial representation thereof.
116.2. If the application does not meet these requirements the filing date
should be that date when all the elements specified in Section 105
are filed or the mistakes corrected. Otherwise if the requirements are
not complied within the prescribed period, the application shall be
considered withdrawn.
116.3. After the application has been accorded a filing date and the required
fees paid on time, the applicant shall comply with the requirements
of Section 114 within the prescribed period, otherwise the application
shall be considered withdrawn.
116.4. The Office shall examine whether the industrial design complies with
requirements of Section 112 and Subsections 113.2 and 113.3. (n)
SECTION 117. Registration. —

117.1. Where the Office finds that the conditions referred to in Section 113
are fulfilled, it shall order that registration be effected in the
industrial design register and cause the issuance of an industrial
design certificate of registration, otherwise, it shall refuse the
application.
117.2. The form and contents of an industrial design certificate shall be
established by the Regulations: Provided, That the name and address
of the creator shall be mentioned in every case.
117.3. Registration shall be published in the form and within the period fixed
by the Regulations.
117.4. The Office shall record in the register any change in the identity of
the proprietor of the industrial design or his representative, if proof
thereof is furnished to it. A fee shall be paid, with the request to
record the change in the identity of the proprietor. If the fee is not
paid, the request shall be deemed not to have been filed. In such
case, the former proprietor and the former representative shall
remain subject to the rights and obligations as provided in this Act.
Anyone may inspect the Register and the files of registered industrial
designs including the files of cancellation proceedings. (n)
SECTION 118. The Term of Industrial Design Registration. —
118.1. The registration of an industrial design shall be for a period of five
(5) years from the filing date of the application.
118.2. The registration of an industrial design may be renewed for not more
than two (2) consecutive periods of five (5) years each, by paying
the renewal fee. The renewal fee shall be paid within twelve (12)
months preceding the expiration of the period of registration.
However, a grace period of six (6) months shall be granted for
payment of the fees after such expiration, upon payment of a
surcharge
118.3. The Regulations shall fix the amount of renewal fee, the surcharge
and other requirements regarding the recording of renewals of
registration.

SECTION 119. Application of Other Sections and Chapters. —
119.1. The following provisions relating to patents shall apply mutatis
mutandis to an industrial design registration:
Section 21 — Novelty;
Section 24 — Prior art: Provided, That the disclosure is
contained in printed documents or in any tangible form;
Section 25 — Non-prejudicial Disclosure;
Section 27 — Inventions Created Pursuant to a Commission;
Section 28 — Right to a Patent;
Section 29 — First to File Rule;
Section 31 — Right of Priority: Provided, That the application
for industrial design shall be filed within six (6) months from
the earliest filing date of the corresponding foreign application;
Section 33 — Appointment of Agent or Representative;
Section 51 — Refusal of the Application;
Sections 56 to 60 — Surrender, Correction of and Changes in
Patent;
Chapter VII — Remedies of a Person with a Right to
Patent;
Chapter VIII — Rights of Patentees and Infringement of
Patents; and
Chapter XI — Assignment and Transmission of Rights.
119.2. If the essential elements of an industrial design which is the subject
of an application have been obtained from the creation of another
person without his consent, protection under this Chapter cannot be
invoked against the injured party. (n)
SECTION 120. Cancellation of Design Registration. —
120.1. At any time during the term of the industrial design registration, any
person upon payment of the required fee, may petition the Director
of Legal Affairs to cancel the industrial design on any of the following
grounds:
a. If the subject matter of the industrial design is not registrable
within the terms of Sections 112 and 113;
b. If the subject matter is not new; or
c. If the subject matter of the industrial design extends beyond the
content of the application as originally filed.
120.2. Where the grounds for cancellation relate to a part of the industrial
design, cancellation may be effected to such extent only. The
restriction may be effected in the form of an alteration of the effected
features of the design. (n)

PART III
THE LAW ON TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS AND TRADE NAMES
SECTION 121. Definitions. — As used in Part III, the following terms have
the following meanings:
121.1. "Mark" means any visible sign capable of distinguishing the goods
(trademark) or services (service mark) of an enterprise and shall
include a stamped or marked container of goods; (Sec. 38, R.A. No.
166a)
121.2. "Collective mark" means any visible sign designated as such in the
application for registration and capable of distinguishing the origin or
any other common characteristic, including the quality of goods or
services of different enterprises which use the sign under the control
of the registered owner of the collective mark; (Sec. 40, R.A. No.
166a)
121.3. "Trade name" means the name or designation identifying or
distinguishing an enterprise; (Sec. 38, R.A. No. 166a)
121.4. "Bureau" means the Bureau of Trademarks;
121.5. "Director" means the Director of Trademarks;
121.6. "Regulations" means the Rules of Practice in Trademarks and Service
Marks formulated by the Director of Trademarks and approved by the
Director General; and
121.7. "Examiner" means the trademark examiner. (Sec. 38, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 122. How Marks are Acquired. — The rights in a mark shall be
acquired through registration made validly in accordance with the provisions
of this law. (Sec. 2-A, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 123. Registrability. —
123.1. A mark cannot be registered if it:
a. Consists of immoral, deceptive or scandalous matter, or matter
which may disparage or falsely suggest a connection with
persons, living or dead, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols,
or bring them into contempt or disrepute;
b. Consists of the flag or coat of arms or other insignia of the
Philippines or any of its political subdivisions, or of any foreign
nation, or any simulation thereof;
c. Consists of a name, portrait or signature identifying a particular
living individual except by his written consent, or the name,
signature, or portrait of a deceased President of the Philippines,
during the life of his widow, if any, except by written consent of
the widow;

d. Is identical with a registered mark belonging to a different
proprietor or a mark with an earlier filing or priority date, in
respect of: cd
i. The same goods or services, or
ii. Closely related goods or services, or
iii. If it nearly resembles such a mark as to be likely to
deceive or cause confusion;
e. Is identical with, or confusingly similar to, or constitutes a
translation of a mark which is considered by the competent
authority of the Philippines to be well-known internationally and in
the Philippines, whether or not it is registered here, as being
already the mark of a person other than the applicant for
registration, and used for identical or similar goods or services:
Provided, That in determining whether a mark is well-known,
account shall be taken of the knowledge of the relevant sector of
the public, rather than of the public at large, including knowledge
in the Philippines which has been obtained as a result of the
promotion of the mark;
f. Is identical with, or confusingly similar to, or constitutes a
translation of a mark considered well-known in accordance with
the preceding paragraph, which is registered in the Philippines
with respect to goods or services which are not similar to those
with respect to which registration is applied for: Provided, That
use of the mark in relation to those goods or services would
indicate a connection between those goods or services, and the
owner of the registered mark: Provided further, That the interests
of the owner of the registered mark are likely to be damaged by
such use;
g. Is likely to mislead the public, particularly as to the nature,
quality, characteristics or geographical origin of the goods or
services;
h. Consists exclusively of signs that are generic for the goods or
services that they seek to identify;
i. Consists exclusively of signs or of indications that have become
customary or usual to designate the goods or services in
everyday language or in bona fide and established trade practice;
j. Consists exclusively of signs or of indications that may serve in
trade to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose,
value, geographical origin, time or production of the goods or
rendering of the services, or other characteristics of the goods or
services;
k. Consists of shapes that may be necessitated by technical factors
or by the nature of the goods themselves or factors that affect
their intrinsic value;
l. Consists of color alone, unless defined by a given form; or
m. Is contrary to public order or morality.

123.2. As regards signs or devices mentioned in paragraphs (j), (k), and (l),
nothing shall prevent the registration of any such sign or device
which has become distinctive in relation to the goods for which
registration is requested as a result of the use that have been made
of it in commerce in the Philippines. The Office may accept as prima
facie evidence that the mark has become distinctive, as used in
connection with the applicant's goods or services in commerce, proof
of substantially exclusive and continuous use thereof by the applicant
in commerce in the Philippines for five (5) years before the date on
which the claim of distinctiveness is made.
123.3. The nature of the goods to which the mark is applied will not
constitute an obstacle to registration. (Sec. 4, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 124. Requirements of Application. —
124.1. The application for the registration of the mark shall be in Filipino or
in English and shall contain the following:
a. A request for registration;
b. The name and address of the applicant;
c. The name of a State of which the applicant is a national or where
he has domicile; and the name of a State in which the applicant
has a real and effective industrial or commercial establishment, if
any;
d. Where the applicant is a juridical entity, the law under which it is
organized and existing;
e. The appointment of an agent or representative, if the applicant is
not domiciled in the Philippines;
f. Where the applicant claims the priority of an earlier application,
an indication of:
i. The name of the State with whose national office the
earlier application was filed or if filed with an office other
than a national office, the name of that office,
ii. The date on which the earlier application was filed, and
iii. Where available, the application number of the earlier
application;
g. Where the applicant claims color as a distinctive feature of the
mark, a statement to that effect as well as the name or names of
the color or colors claimed and an indication, in respect of each
color, of the principal parts of the mark which are in that color;
h. Where the mark is a three-dimensional mark, a statement to that
effect;
i. One or more reproductions of the mark, as prescribed in the
Regulations;
j. A transliteration or translation of the mark or of some parts of the
mark, as prescribed in the Regulations;

k. The names of the goods or services for which the registration is
sought, grouped according to the classes of the Nice
Classification, together with the number of the class of the said
Classification to which each group of goods or services belongs;
and
l. A signature by, or other self-identification of, the applicant or his
representative.
124.2. The applicant or the registrant shall file a declaration of actual use of
the mark with evidence to that effect, as prescribed by the
Regulations within three (3) years from the filing date of the
application. Otherwise, the application shall be refused or the mark
shall be removed from the Register by the Director.
124.3. One (1) application may relate to several goods and/or services,
whether they belong to one (1) class or to several classes of the Nice
Classification.
124.4. If during the examination of the application, the Office finds factual
basis to reasonably doubt the veracity of any indication or element in
the application, it may require the applicant to submit sufficient
evidence to remove the doubt. (Sec. 5, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 125. Representation; Address for Service. — If the applicant is not
domiciled or has no real and effective commercial establishment in the
Philippines, he shall designate by a written document filed in the Office, the
name and address of a Philippine resident who may be served notices or
process in proceedings affecting the mark. Such notices or services may be
served upon the person so designated by leaving a copy thereof at the
address specified in the last designation filed. If the person so designated
cannot be found at the address given in the last designation, such notice or
process may be served upon the Director. (Sec. 3, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 126. Disclaimers. — The Office may allow or require the applicant
to disclaim an unregistrable component of an otherwise registrable mark but
such disclaimer shall not prejudice or affect the applicant's or owner's rights
then existing or thereafter arising in the disclaimed matter, nor such shall
disclaimer prejudice or affect the applicant's or owner's right on another
application of later date if the disclaimed matter became distinctive of the
applicant's or owner's goods, business or services. (Sec. 13, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 127. Filing Date. —
127.1. Requirements. — The filing date of an application shall be the date on
which the Office received the following indications and elements in
English or Filipino:
a. An express or implicit indication that the registration of a mark is
sought;

b. The identity of the applicant;
c. Indications sufficient to contact the applicant or his
representative, if any;
d. A reproduction of the mark whose registration is sought; and
e. The list of the goods or services for which the registration is
sought.
127.2. No filing date shall be accorded until the required fee is paid. (n)
SECTION 128. Single Registration for Goods and/or Services. — Where
goods and/or services belonging to several classes of the Nice Classification
have been included in one (1) application, such an application shall result in
one registration. (n)
SECTION 129. Division of Application. — Any application referring to several
goods or services, hereafter referred to as the "initial application," may be
divided by the applicant into two (2) or more applications, hereafter referred
to as the "divisional applications," by distributing among the latter the goods
or services referred to in the initial application. The divisional applications
shall preserve the filing date of the initial application or the benefit of the
right of priority. (n)
SECTION 130. Signature and Other Means of Self-Identification. —
130.1. Where a signature is required, the Office shall accept:
a. A hand-written signature; or
b. The use of other forms of signature, such as a printed or stamped
signature, or the use of a seal, instead of a hand-written
signature: Provided, That where a seal is used, it should be
accompanied by an indication in letters of the name of the
signatory.
130.2. The Office shall accept communications to it by telecopier, or by
electronic means subject to the conditions or requirements that will
be prescribed by the Regulations. When communications are made
by telefacsimile, the reproduction of the signature, or the
reproduction of the seal together with, where required, the indication
in letters of the name of the natural person whose seal is used,
appears. The original communications must be received by the Office
within thirty (30) days from date of receipt of the telefacsimile.
130.3. No attestation, notarization, authentication, legalization or other
certification of any signature or other means of self-identification
referred to in the preceding paragraphs, will be required, except,
where the signature concerns the surrender of a registration. (n)

SECTION 131. Priority Right. —
131.1. An application for registration of a mark filed in the Philippines by a
person referred to in Section 3, and who previously duly filed an
application for registration of the same mark in one of those
countries, shall be considered as filed as of the day the application
was first filed in the foreign country.
131.2. No registration of a mark in the Philippines by a person described in
this section shall be granted until such mark has been registered in
the country of origin of the applicant.
131.3. Nothing in this section shall entitle the owner of a registration
granted under this section to sue for acts committed prior to the date
on which his mark was registered in this country: Provided, That,
notwithstanding the foregoing, the owner of a well-known mark as
defined in Section 123.1(e) of this Act, that is not registered in the
Philippines, may, against an identical or confusingly similar mark,
oppose its registration, or petition the cancellation of its registration
or sue for unfair competition, without prejudice to availing himself of
other remedies provided for under the law.
131.4. In like manner and subject to the same conditions and requirements,
the right provided in this section may be based upon a subsequent
regularly filed application in the same foreign country: Provided, That
any foreign application filed prior to such subsequent application has
been withdrawn, abandoned, or otherwise disposed of, without
having been laid open to public inspection and without leaving any
rights outstanding, and has not served, nor thereafter shall serve, as
a basis for claiming a right of priority. (Sec. 37, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 132. Application Number and Filing Date. —
132.1. The Office shall examine whether the application satisfies the
requirements for the grant of a filing date as provided in Section 127
and Regulations relating thereto. If the application does not satisfy
the filing requirements, the Office shall notify the applicant who shall
within a period fixed by the Regulations complete or correct the
application as required, otherwise, the application shall be considered
withdrawn.
132.2. Once an application meets the filing requirements of Section 127, it
shall be numbered in the sequential order, and the applicant shall be
informed of the application number and the filing date of the
application will be deemed to have been abandoned. (n)
SECTION 133. Examination and Publication. —
133.1. Once the application meets the filing requirements of Section 127,
the Office shall examine whether the application meets the

requirements of Section 124 and the mark as defined in Section 121
is registrable under Section 123.
133.2. Where the Office finds that the conditions referred to in Subsection
133.1 are fulfilled, it shall, upon payment of the prescribed fee,
forthwith cause the application, as filed, to be published in the
prescribed manner.
133.3. If after the examination, the applicant is not entitled to registration
for any reason, the Office shall advise the applicant thereof and the
reasons therefor. The applicant shall have a period of four (4)
months in which to reply or amend his application, which shall then
be re-examined. The Regulations shall determine the procedure for
the re-examination or revival of an application as well as the appeal
to the Director of Trademarks from any final action by the Examiner.
133.4. An abandoned application may be revived as a pending application
within three (3) months from the date of abandonment, upon good
cause shown and the payment of the required fee.
133.5. The final decision of refusal of the Director of Trademarks shall be
appealable to the Director General in accordance with the procedure
fixed by the Regulations. (Sec. 7, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 134. Opposition. — Any person who believes that he would be
damaged by the registration of a mark may, upon payment of the required
fee and within thirty (30) days after the publication referred to in Subsection
133.2, file with the Office an opposition to the application. Such opposition
shall be in writing and verified by the oppositor or by any person on his
behalf who knows the facts, and shall specify the grounds on which it is
based and include a statement of the facts relied upon. Copies of certificates
of registration of marks registered in other countries or other supporting
documents mentioned in the opposition shall be filed therewith, together with
the translation in English, if not in the English language. For good cause
shown and upon payment of the required surcharge, the time for filing an
opposition may be extended by the Director of Legal Affairs, who shall notify
the applicant of such extension. The Regulations shall fix the maximum
period of time within which to file the opposition. (Sec. 8, R.A. No. 165a)
SECTION 135. Notice and Hearing. — Upon the filing of an opposition, the
Office shall serve notice of the filing on the applicant, and of the date of the
hearing thereof upon the applicant and the oppositor and all other persons
having any right, title or interest in the mark covered by the application, as
appear of record in the Office. (Sec. 9, R.A. No. 165)

SECTION 136. Issuance and Publication of Certificate. — When the period for
filing the opposition has expired, or when the Director of Legal Affairs shall
have denied the opposition, the Office upon payment of the required fee,
shall issue the certificate of registration. Upon issuance of a certificate of
registration, notice thereof making reference to the publication of the
application shall be published in the IPO Gazette. (Sec. 10, R.A. No. 165)
SECTION 137. Registration of Mark and Issuance of a Certificate to the
Owner or his Assignee. —
137.1. The Office shall maintain a Register in which shall be registered
marks, numbered in the order of their registration, and all
transactions in respect of each mark, required to be recorded by
virtue of this law.
137.2. The registration of a mark shall include a reproduction of the mark
and shall mention: its number; the name and address of the
registered owner and, if the registered owner's address is outside the
country, his address for service within the country; the dates of
application and registration; if priority is claimed, an indication of this
fact, and the number, date and country of the application, basis of
the priority claims; the list of goods or services in respect of which
registration has been granted, with the indication of the
corresponding class or classes; and such other data as the
Regulations may prescribe from time to time. Cdasia
137.3. A certificate of registration of a mark may be issued to the assignee
of the applicant: Provided, That the assignment is recorded in the
Office. In case of a change of ownership, the Office shall at the
written request signed by the owner, or his representative, or by the
new owner, or his representative and upon a proper showing and the
payment of the prescribed fee, issue to such assignee a new
certificate of registration of the said mark in the name of such
assignee, and for the unexpired part of the original period.
137.4. The Office shall record any change of address, or address for service,
which shall be notified to it by the registered owner.
137.5. In the absence of any provision to the contrary in this Act,
communications to be made to the registered owner by virtue of this
Act shall be sent to him at his last recorded address and, at the
same, at his last recorded address for service. (Sec. 19, R.A. No.
166a)
SECTION 138. Certificates of Registration. — A certificate of registration of a
mark shall be prima facie evidence of the validity of the registration, the
registrant's ownership of the mark, and of the registrant's exclusive right to
use the same in connection with the goods or services and those that are
related thereto specified in the certificate. (Sec. 20, R.A. No. 165)

SECTION 139. Publication of Registered Marks; Inspection of Register. —
139.1. The Office shall publish, in the form and within the period fixed by
the Regulations, the marks registered, in the order of their
registration, reproducing all the particulars referred to in Subsection
137.2.
139.2. Marks registered at the Office may be inspected free of charge and
any person may obtain copies thereof at his own expense. This
provision shall also be applicable to transactions recorded in respect
of any registered mark. (n)
SECTION 140. Cancellation upon Application by Registrant; Amendment or
Disclaimer of Registration. — Upon application of the registrant, the Office
may permit any registration to be surrendered for cancellation, and upon
cancellation the appropriate entry shall be made in the records of the Office.
Upon application of the registrant and payment of the prescribed fee, the
Office for good cause may permit any registration to be amended or to be
disclaimed in part: Provided, That the amendment or disclaimer does not
alter materially the character of the mark. Appropriate entry shall be made in
the records of the Office upon the certificate of registration or, if said
certificate is lost or destroyed, upon a certified copy thereof. (Sec. 14, R.A.
No. 166)
SECTION 141. Sealed and Certified Copies as Evidence. — Copies of any
records, books, papers, or drawings belonging to the Office relating to marks,
and copies of registrations, when authenticated by the seal of the Office and
certified by the Director of the Administrative, Financial and Human Resource
Development Service Bureau or in his name by an employee of the Office
duly authorized by said Director, shall be evidence in all cases wherein the
originals would be evidence; and any person who applies and pays the
prescribed fee shall secure such copies. (n)
SECTION 142. Correction of Mistakes Made by the Office. — Whenever a
material mistake in a registration incurred through the fault of the Office is
clearly disclosed by the records of the Office, a certificate stating the fact and
nature of such mistake shall be issued without charge, recorded and a
printed copy thereof shall be attached to each printed copy of the
registration. Such corrected registration shall thereafter have the same effect
as the original certificate; or in the discretion of the Director of the
Administrative, Financial and Human Resource Development Service Bureau
a new certificate of registration may be issued without charge. All certificates
of correction heretofore issued in accordance with the Regulations and the
registration to which they are attached shall have the same force and effect
as if such certificates and their issuance had been authorized by this Act. (n)

SECTION 143. Correction of Mistakes Made by Applicant. — Whenever a
mistake is made in a registration and such mistake occurred in good faith
through the fault of the applicant, the Office may issue a certificate upon the
payment of the prescribed fee: Provided, That the correction does not involve
any change in the registration that requires republication of the mark. (n)
SECTION 144. Classification of Goods and Services. —
144.1. Each registration, and any publication of the Office which concerns an
application or registration effected by the Office shall indicate the
goods or services by their names, grouped according to the classes
of the Nice Classification, and each group shall be preceded by the
number of the class of that Classification to which that group of
goods or services belongs, presented in the order of the classes of
the said Classification.
144.2. Goods or services may not be considered as being similar or
dissimilar to each other on the ground that, in any registration or
publication by the Office, they appear in different classes of the Nice
Classification. (Sec. 6, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 145. Duration. — A certificate of registration shall remain in force
for ten (10) years: Provided, That the registrant shall file a declaration of
actual use and evidence to that effect, or shall show valid reasons based on
the existence of obstacles to such use, as prescribed by the Regulations,
within one (1) year from the fifth anniversary of the date of the registration
of the mark. Otherwise, the mark shall be removed from the Register by the
Office. (Sec. 12, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 146. Renewal. —
146.1. A certificate of registration may be renewed for periods of ten (10)
years at its expiration upon payment of the prescribed fee and upon
filing of a request. The request shall contain the following indications:
a. An indication that renewal is sought; aisadc
b. The name and address of the registrant or his successor-in-
interest, hereafter referred to as the "right holder";
c. The registration number of the registration concerned;
d. The filing date of the application which resulted in the registration
concerned to be renewed;
e. Where the right holder has a representative, the name and
address of that representative;
f. The names of the recorded goods or services for which the
renewal is requested or the names of the recorded goods or
services for which the renewal is not requested, grouped
according to the classes of the Nice Classification to which that

group of goods or services belongs and presented in the order of
the classes of the said Classification; and
g. A signature by the right holder or his representative.
146.2. Such request shall be in Filipino or English and may be made at any
time within six (6) months before the expiration of the period for
which the registration was issued or renewed, or it may be made
within six (6) months after such expiration on payment of the
additional fee herein prescribed.
146.3. If the Office refuses to renew the registration, it shall notify the
registrant of his refusal and the reasons therefore.
146.4. An applicant for renewal not domiciled in the Philippines shall be
subject to and comply with the requirements of this Act. (Sec. 15,
R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 147. Rights Conferred. —
147.1. The owner of a registered mark shall have the exclusive right to
prevent all third parties not having the owner's consent from using in
the course of trade identical or similar signs or containers for goods
or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which
the trademark is registered where such use would result in a
likelihood of confusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for
identical goods or services, a likelihood of confusion shall be
presumed.
147.2. The exclusive right of the owner of a well-known mark defined in
Subsection 123.1(e) which is registered in the Philippines, shall
extend to goods and services which are not similar to those in
respect of which the mark is registered: Provided, That use of that
mark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a
connection between those goods or services and the owner of the
registered mark: Provided further, That the interests of the owner of
the registered mark are likely to be damaged by such use. (n)
SECTION 148. Use of Indications by Third Parties for Purposes Other than
those for which the Mark is Used. — Registration of the mark shall not confer
on the registered owner the right to preclude third parties from using bona
fide their names, addresses, pseudonyms, a geographical name, or exact
indications concerning the kind, quality, quantity, destination, value, place of
origin, or time of production or of supply, of their goods or services:
Provided, That such use is confined to the purposes of mere identification or
information and cannot mislead the public as to the source of the goods or
services. (n)

SECTION 149. Assignment and Transfer of Application and Registration. —
149.1. An application for registration of a mark, or its registration, may be
assigned or transferred with or without the transfer of the business
using the mark. (n)
149.2. Such assignment or transfer shall, however, be null and void if it is
liable to mislead the public, particularly as regards the nature,
source, manufacturing process, characteristics, or suitability for their
purpose, of the goods or services to which the mark is applied.
149.3. The assignment of the application for registration of a mark, or of its
registration, shall be in writing and require the signatures of the
contracting parties. Transfers by mergers or other forms of
succession may be made by any document supporting such transfer.
149.4. Assignments and transfers of registrations of marks shall be recorded
at the Office on payment of the prescribed fee; assignment and
transfers of applications for registration shall, on payment of the
same fee, be provisionally recorded, and the mark, when registered,
shall be in the name of the assignee or transferee.
149.5. Assignments and transfers shall have no effect against third parties
until they are recorded at the Office. (Sec. 31, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 150. License Contracts. —
150.1. Any license contract concerning the registration of a mark, or an
application therefor, shall provide for effective control by the licensor
of the quality of the goods or services of the licensee in connection
with which the mark is used. If the license contract does not provide
for such quality control, or if such quality control is not effectively
carried out, the license contract shall not be valid.
150.2. A license contract shall be submitted to the Office which shall keep
its contents confidential but shall record it and publish a reference
thereto. A license contract shall have no effect against third parties
until such recording is effected. The Regulations shall fix the
procedure for the recording of the license contract. (n)
SECTION 151. Cancellation. —
151.1. A petition to cancel a registration of a mark under this Act may be
filed with the Bureau of Legal Affairs by any person who believes that
he is or will be damaged by the registration of a mark under this Act
as follows:
a. Within five (5) years from the date of the registration of the mark
under this Act.
b. At any time, if the registered mark becomes the generic name for
the goods or services, or a portion thereof, for which it is
registered, or has been abandoned, or its registration was

obtained fraudulently or contrary to the provisions of this Act, or
if the registered mark is being used by, or with the permission of,
the registrant so as to misrepresent the source of the goods or
services on or in connection with which the mark is used. If the
registered mark becomes the generic name for less than all of the
goods or services for which it is registered, a petition to cancel
the registration for only those goods or services may be filed. A
registered mark shall not be deemed to be the generic name of
goods or services solely because such mark is also used as a
name of or to identify a unique product or service. The primary
significance of the registered mark to the relevant public rather
than purchaser motivation shall be the test for determining
whether the registered mark has become the generic name of
goods or services on or in connection with which it has been used.
(n)
c. At any time, if the registered owner of the mark without
legitimate reason fails to use the mark within the Philippines, or
to cause it to be used in the Philippines by virtue of a license
during an uninterrupted period of three (3) years or longer.
151.2. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, the court or the
administrative agency vested with jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate
any action to enforce the rights to a registered mark shall likewise
exercise jurisdiction to determine whether the registration of said
mark may be cancelled in accordance with this Act. The filing of a
suit to enforce the registered mark with the proper court or agency
shall exclude any other court or agency from assuming jurisdiction
over a subsequently filed petition to cancel the same mark. On the
other hand, the earlier filing of petition to cancel the mark with the
Bureau of Legal Affairs shall not constitute a prejudicial question that
must be resolved before an action to enforce the rights to same
registered mark may be decided. (Sec. 17, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 152. Non-use of a Mark When Excused. —
152.1. Non-use of a mark may be excused if caused by circumstances
arising independently of the will of the trademark owner. Lack of
funds shall not excuse non-use of a mark.
152.2. The use of the mark in a form different from the form in which it is
registered, which does not alter its distinctive character, shall not be
ground for cancellation or removal of the mark and shall not diminish
the protection granted to the mark.
152.3. The use of a mark in connection with one or more of the goods or
services belonging to the class in respect of which the mark is
registered shall prevent its cancellation or removal in respect of all
other goods or services of the same class. Cd
152.4. The use of a mark by a company related with the registrant or
applicant shall inure to the latter's benefit, and such use shall not

affect the validity of such mark or of its registration: Provided, That
such mark is not used in such manner as to deceive the public. If use
of a mark by a person is controlled by the registrant or applicant with
respect to the nature and quality of the goods or services, such use
shall inure to the benefit of the registrant or applicant. (n)
SECTION 153. Requirements of Petition; Notice and Hearing. — Insofar as
applicable, the petition for cancellation shall be in the same form as that
provided in Section 134 hereof, and notice and hearing shall be as provided
in Section 135 hereof.
SECTION 154. Cancellation of Registration. — If the Bureau of Legal Affairs
finds that a case for cancellation has been made out, it shall order the
cancellation of the registration. When the order or judgment becomes final,
any right conferred by such registration upon the registrant or any person in
interest of record shall terminate. Notice of cancellation shall be published in
the IPO Gazette. (Sec. 19, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 155. Remedies; Infringement. — Any person who shall, without
the consent of the owner of the registered mark:
155.1. Use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable
imitation of a registered mark or the same container or a dominant
feature thereof in connection with the sale, offering for sale,
distribution, advertising of any goods or services including other
preparatory steps necessary to carry out the sale of any goods or
services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause
confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive; or
155.2. Reproduce, counterfeit, copy or colorably imitate a registered mark
or a dominant feature thereof and apply such reproduction,
counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation to labels, signs, prints,
packages, wrappers, receptacles or advertisements intended to be
used in commerce upon or in connection with the sale, offering for
sale, distribution, or advertising of goods or services on or in
connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to
cause mistake, or to deceive, shall be liable in a civil action for
infringement by the registrant for the remedies hereinafter set forth:
Provided, That the infringement takes place at the moment any of
the acts stated in Subsection 155.1 or this subsection are committed
regardless of whether there is actual sale of goods or services using
the infringing material. (Sec. 22, R.A. No 166a)
SECTION 156. Actions, and Damages and Injunction for Infringement. —

156.1. The owner of a registered mark may recover damages from any
person who infringes his rights, and the measure of the damages
suffered shall be either the reasonable profit which the complaining
party would have made, had the defendant not infringed his rights,
or the profit which the defendant actually made out of the
infringement, or in the event such measure of damages cannot be
readily ascertained with reasonable certainty, then the court may
award as damages a reasonable percentage based upon the amount
of gross sales of the defendant or the value of the services in
connection with which the mark or trade name was used in the
infringement of the rights of the complaining party. (Sec. 23, first
par., R.A. No. 166a)
156.2. On application of the complainant, the court may impound during the
pendency of the action, sales invoices and other documents
evidencing sales. (n)
156.3. In cases where actual intent to mislead the public or to defraud the
complainant is shown, in the discretion of the court, the damages
may be doubled. (Sec. 23, first par., R.A. No. 166)
156.4. The complainant, upon proper showing, may also be granted
injunction. (Sec. 23, second par., R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 157. Power of Court to Order Infringing Material Destroyed. —
157.1. In any action arising under this Act, in which a violation of any right
of the owner of the registered mark is established, the court may
order that goods found to be infringing be, without compensation of
any sort, disposed of outside the channels of commerce in such a
manner as to avoid any harm caused to the right holder, or
destroyed; and all labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers,
receptacles and advertisements in the possession of the defendant,
bearing the registered mark or trade name or any reproduction,
counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation thereof, all plates, molds,
matrices and other means of making the same, shall be delivered up
and destroyed.
157.2. In regard to counterfeit goods, the simple removal of the trademark
affixed shall not be sufficient other than in exceptional cases which
shall be determined by the Regulations, to permit the release of the
goods into the channels of commerce. (Sec. 24, R.A. No. 166a)

SECTION 158. Damages; Requirement of Notice. — In any suit for
infringement, the owner of the registered mark shall not be entitled to
recover profits or damages unless the acts have been committed with
knowledge that such imitation is likely to cause confusion, or to cause
mistake, or to deceive. Such knowledge is presumed if the registrant gives
notice that his mark is registered by displaying with the mark the words
'"Registered Mark" or the letter R within a circle or if the defendant had
otherwise actual notice of the registration. (Sec. 21, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 159. Limitations to Actions for Infringement. — Notwithstanding
any other provision of this Act, the remedies given to the owner of a right
infringed under this Act shall be limited as follows:
159.1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 155 hereof, a registered
mark shall have no effect against any person who, in good faith,
before the filing date or the priority date, was using the mark for the
purposes of his business or enterprise: Provided, That his right may
only be transferred or assigned together with his enterprise or
business or with that part of his enterprise or business in which the
mark is used.
159.2. Where an infringer who is engaged solely in the business of printing
the mark or other infringing materials for others is an innocent
infringer, the owner of the right infringed shall be entitled as against
such infringer only to an injunction against future printing.
159.3. Where the infringement complained of is contained in or is part
of paid advertisement in a newspaper, magazine, or other similar
periodical or in an electronic communication, the remedies of the
owner of the right infringed as against the publisher or distributor of
such newspaper, magazine, or other similar periodical or electronic
communication shall be limited to an injunction against the
presentation of such advertising matter in future issues of such
newspapers, magazines, or other similar periodicals or in future
transmissions of such electronic communications. The limitations of
this subparagraph shall apply only to innocent infringers: Provided,
That such injunctive relief shall not be available to the owner of the
right infringed with respect to an issue of a newspaper, magazine, or
other similar periodical or an electronic communication containing
infringing matter where restraining the dissemination of such
infringing matter in any particular issue of such periodical or in an
electronic communication would delay the delivery of such issue or
transmission of such electronic communication is customarily
conducted in accordance with the sound business practice, and not
due to any method or device adopted to evade this section or to
prevent or delay the issuance of an injunction or restraining order
with respect to such infringing matter. (n)

SECTION 160. Right of Foreign Corporation to Sue in Trademark or Service
Mark Enforcement Action. — Any foreign national or juridical person who
meets the requirements of Section 3 of this Act and does not engage in
business in the Philippines may bring a civil or administrative action
hereunder for opposition, cancellation, infringement, unfair competition, or
false designation of origin and false description, whether or not it is licensed
to do business in the Philippines under existing laws. (Sec. 21-A, R.A. No.
166a)
SECTION 161. Authority to Determine Right to Registration. — In any action
involving a registered mark, the court may determine the right to
registration, order the cancellation of a registration, in whole or in part, and
otherwise rectify the register with respect to the registration of any party to
the action in the exercise of this. Judgment and orders shall be certified by
the court to the Director, who shall make appropriate entry upon the records
of the Bureau, and shall be controlled thereby. (Sec. 25, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 162. Action for False or Fraudulent Declaration. — Any person who
shall procure registration in the Office of a mark by a false or fraudulent
declaration or representation, whether oral or in writing, or by any false
means, shall be liable in a civil action by any person injured thereby for any
damages sustained in consequence thereof (Sec. 26, R.A. No. 166)
SECTION 163. Jurisdiction of Court. — All actions under Sections 150, 155,
164, and 166 to 169 shall be brought before the proper courts with
appropriate jurisdiction under existing laws. (Sec. 27, R.A. No. 166)
SECTION 164. Notice of Filing Suit Given to the Director. — It shall be the
duty of the clerks of such courts within one (1) month after the filing of any
action, suit, or proceeding involving a mark registered under the provisions
of this Act, to notify the Director in writing setting forth: the names and
addresses of the litigants and designating the number of the registration or
registrations and within one (1) month after the judgment is entered or an
appeal is taken, the clerk of court shall give notice thereof to the Office, and
the latter shall endorse the same upon the filewrapper of the said registration
or registrations and incorporate the same as a part of the contents of said
filewrapper. (n)
SECTION 165. Trade Names or Business Names. —
165.1. A name or designation may not be used as a trade name if by its
nature or the use to which such name or designation may be put, it
is contrary to public order or morals and if, in particular, it is liable to

deceive trade circles or the public as to the nature of the enterprise
identified by that name.
165.2.
a. Notwithstanding any laws or regulations providing for any
obligation to register trade names, such names shall be
protected, even prior to or without registration, against any
unlawful act committed by third parties.
b. In particular, any subsequent use of the trade name by a third
party, whether as a trade name or a mark or collective mark, or
any such use of a similar trade name or mark, likely to mislead
the public, shall be deemed unlawful.
165.3. The remedies provided for in Sections 153 to 156 and Sections 166
and 167 shall apply mutatis mutandis.
165.4. Any change in the ownership of a trade name shall be made with the
transfer of the enterprise or part thereof identified by that name. The
provisions of Subsections 149.2 to 149.4 shall apply mutatis
mutandis.
SECTION 166. Goods Bearing Infringing Marks or Trade Names. — No article
of imported merchandise which shall copy or simulate the name of any
domestic product, or manufacturer, or dealer, or which shall copy or simulate
a mark registered in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or shall bear
a mark or trade name calculated to induce the public to believe that the
article is manufactured in the Philippines, or that it is manufactured in any
foreign country or locality other than the country or locality where it is in fact
manufactured, shall be admitted to entry at any customhouse of the
Philippines. In order to aid the officers of the customs service in enforcing
this prohibition, any person who is entitled to the benefits of this Act, may
require that his name and residence, and the name of the locality in which
his goods are manufactured, a copy of the certificate of registration of his
mark or trade name, to be recorded in books which shall be kept for this
purpose in the Bureau of Customs, under such regulations as the Collector of
Customs with the approval of the Secretary of Finance shall prescribe, and
may furnish to the said Bureau facsimiles of his name, the name of the
locality in which his goods are manufactured, or his registered mark or trade
name, and thereupon the Collector of Customs shall cause one (1) or more
copies of the same to be transmitted to each collector or to other proper
officer of the Bureau of Customs. (Sec. 35, R.A. No. 166)
SECTION 167. Collective Marks. —
167.1. Subject to Subsections 167.2 and 167.3, Sections 122 to 164 and
166 shall apply to collective marks, except that references therein to
"mark" shall be read as "collective mark".
167.2.

a. An application for registration of a collective mark shall designate
the mark as a collective mark and shall be accompanied by a copy
of the agreement, if any, governing the use of the collective
mark.
b. The registered owner of a collective mark shall notify the Director
of any changes made in respect of the agreement referred to in
paragraph (a).
167.3. In addition to the grounds provided in Section 149, the Court shall
cancel the registration of a collective mark if the person requesting
the cancellation proves that only the registered owner uses the mark,
or that he uses or permits its use in contravention of the agreements
referred to in Subsection 166.2 or that he uses or permits its use in a
manner liable to deceive trade circles or the public as to the origin or
any other common characteristics of the goods or services
concerned.
167.4. The registration of a collective mark, or an application therefor shall
not be the subject of a license contract. (Sec. 40, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 168. Unfair Competition, Rights, Regulation and Remedies. —
168.1. A person who has identified in the mind of the public the goods he
manufactures or deals in, his business or services from those of
others, whether or not a registered mark is employed, has a property
right in the goodwill of the said goods, business or services so
identified, which will be protected in the same manner as other
property rights.
168.2. Any person who shall employ deception or any other means contrary
to good faith by which he shall pass off the goods manufactured by
him or in which he deals, or his business, or services for those of the
one having established such goodwill, or who shall commit any acts
calculated to produce said result, shall be guilty of unfair
competition, and shall be subject to an action therefor.
168.3. In particular, and without in any way limiting the scope of protection
against unfair competition, the following shall be deemed guilty of
unfair competition:
a. Any person, who is selling his goods and gives them the general
appearance of goods of another manufacturer or dealer, either as
to the goods themselves or in the wrapping of the packages in
which they are contained, or the devices or words thereon, or in
any other feature of their appearance, which would be likely to
influence purchasers to believe that the goods offered are those
of a manufacturer or dealer, other than the actual manufacturer
or dealer, or who otherwise clothes the goods with such
appearance as shall deceive the public and defraud another of his
legitimate trade, or any subsequent vendor of such goods or any
agent of any vendor engaged in selling such goods with a like
purpose;

b. Any person who by any artifice, or device, or who employs any
other means calculated to induce the false belief that such person
is offering the services of another who has identified such services
in the mind of the public; or
c. Any person who shall make any false statement in the course of
trade or who shall commit any other act contrary to good faith of
a nature calculated to discredit the goods, business or services of
another.
168.4. The remedies provided by Sections 156, 157 and 161 shall apply
mutatis mutandis. (Sec. 29, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 169. False Designations of Origin; False Description or
Representation. —
169.1. Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or
any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name,
symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false
designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false
or misleading representation of fact, which:
a. Is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as
to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with
another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of
his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another
person; or
b. In commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the
nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her
or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities,
shall be liable to a civil action for damages and injunction
provided in Sections 156 and 157 of this Act by any person who
believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.
169.2. Any goods marked or labelled in contravention of the provisions of
this Section shall not be imported into the Philippines or admitted
entry at any customhouse of the Philippines. The owner, importer, or
consignee of goods refused entry at any customhouse under this
section may have any recourse under the customs revenue laws or
may have the remedy given by this Act in cases involving goods
refused entry or seized. (Sec. 30, R.A. No. 166a)
SECTION 170. Penalties. — Independent of the civil and administrative
sanctions imposed by law, a criminal penalty of imprisonment from two (2)
years to five (5) years and a fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos
(P50,000) to Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000), shall be imposed on
any person who is found guilty of committing any of the acts mentioned in
Section 155, Section 168 and Subsection 169.1. (Arts. 188 and 189, Revised
Penal Code)

PART IV
The Law on Copyright
CHAPTER I
Preliminary Provisions
SECTION 171. Definitions. — For the purpose of this Act, the following terms
have the following meaning:
171.1. "Author" is the natural person who has created the work;
171.2. A "collective work" is a work which has been created by two (2) or
more natural persons at the initiative and under the direction of
another with the understanding that it will be disclosed by the latter
under his own name and that contributing natural persons will not be
identified;
171.3. "Communication to the public" or "communicate to the public" means
the making of a work available to the public by wire or wireless
means in such a way that members of the public may access these
works from a place and time individually chosen by them;
171.4. A "computer" is an electronic or similar device having information-
processing capabilities, and a "computer program" is a set of
instructions expressed in words, codes, schemes or in any other
form, which is capable when incorporated in a medium that the
computer can read, of causing the computer to perform or achieve a
particular task or result;
171.5. "Public lending" is the transfer of possession of the original or a copy
of a work or sound recording for a limited period, for non-profit
purposes, by an institution the services of which are available to the
public, such as public library or archive;
171.6. "Public performance", in the case of a work other than an audiovisual
work, is the recitation, playing, dancing, acting or otherwise
performing the work, either directly or by means of any device or
process; in the case of an audiovisual work, the showing of its
images in sequence and the making of the sounds accompanying it
audible; and, in the case of a sound recording, making the recorded
sounds audible at a place or at places where persons outside the
normal circle of a family and that family's closest social
acquaintances are or can be present, irrespective of whether they are
or can be present at the same place and at the same time, or at
different places and/or at different times, and where the performance
can be perceived without the need for communication within the
meaning of Subsection 171.3;

171.7. "Published works" means works, which, with the consent of the
authors, are made available to the public by wire or wireless means
in such a way that members of the public may access these works
from a place and time individually chosen by them: Provided, That
availability of such copies has been such, as to satisfy the reasonable
requirements of the public, having regard to the nature of the work;
171.8. "Rental" is the transfer of the possession of the original or a copy of a
work or a sound recording for a limited period of time, for profit-
making purposes;
171.9. "Reproduction" is the making of one (1) or more copies of a work or
a sound recording in any manner or form (Sec. 41 (E), P.D. No. 49
a);
171.10.A "work of applied art" is an artistic creation with utilitarian functions
or incorporated in a useful article, whether made by hand or
produced on an industrial scale;
171.11.A "work of the Government of the Philippines" is a work created by
an officer or employee of the Philippine Government or any of its
subdivisions and instrumentalities, including government-owned or
controlled corporations as a part of his regularly prescribed official
duties.
CHAPTER II
Original Works
SECTION 172. Literary and Artistic Works. —
172.1. Literary and artistic works, hereinafter referred to as "works", are
original intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain
protected from the moment of their creation and shall include in
particular:
a. Books, pamphlets, articles and other writings;
b. Periodicals and newspapers;
c. Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations prepared for oral
delivery, whether or not reduced in writing or other material
form;
d. Letters;
e. Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; choreographic
works or entertainment in dumb shows;
f. Musical compositions, with or without words;
g. Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving,
lithography or other works of art; models or designs for works of
art;
h. Original ornamental designs or models for articles of manufacture,
whether or not registrable as an industrial design, and other
works of applied art;

i. Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts and three-dimensional
works relative to geography, topography, architecture or science;
j. Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character;
k. Photographic works including works produced by a process
analogous to photography; lantern slides;
l. Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works
produced by a process analogous to cinematography or any
process for making audio-visual recordings;
m. Pictorial illustrations and advertisements;
n. Computer programs; and
o. Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works.
172.2. Works are protected by the sole fact of their creation, irrespective of
their mode or form of expression, as well as of their content, quality
and purpose. (Sec. 2, P.D. No. 49a) cda
CHAPTER III
Derivative Works
SECTION 173. Derivative Works. —
173.1. The following derivative works shall also be protected by copyright:
a. Dramatizations, translations, adaptations, abridgments,
arrangements, and other alterations of literary or artistic works;
and
b. Collections of literary, scholarly or artistic works, and compilations
of data and other materials which are original by reason of the
selection or coordination or arrangement of their contents. (Sec.
2, [P] and [Q], P.D. No. 49)
173.2. The works referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of Subsection 173.1
shall be protected as new works: Provided however, That such new
work shall not affect the force of any subsisting copyright upon the
original works employed or any part thereof, or be construed to imply
any right to such use of the original works, or to secure or extend
copyright in such original works. (Sec. 8, P.D. 49; Art. 10, TRIPS)
SECTION 174. Published Edition of Work. — In addition to the right to
publish granted by the author, his heirs, or assigns, the publisher shall have
a copyright consisting merely of the right of reproduction of the typographical
arrangement of the published edition of the work. (n)

CHAPTER IV
Works Not Protected
SECTION 175. Unprotected Subject Matter. — Notwithstanding the
provisions of Sections 172 and 173, no protection shall extend, under this
law, to any idea, procedure, system, method or operation, concept, principle,
discovery or mere data as such, even if they are expressed, explained,
illustrated or embodied in a work; news of the day and other miscellaneous
facts having the character of mere items of press information; or any official
text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as well as any official
translation thereof. (n)
SECTION 176. Works of the Government. —
176.1. No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation
of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other
things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. No prior
approval or conditions shall be required for the use for any purpose
of statutes, rules and regulations, and speeches, lectures, sermons,
addresses, and dissertations, pronounced, read or rendered in courts
of justice, before administrative agencies, in deliberative assemblies
and in meetings of public character. (Sec. 9, first par., P.D. No. 49)
176.2. The author of speeches, lectures, sermons, addresses, and
dissertations mentioned in the preceding paragraphs shall have the
exclusive right of making a collection of his works. (n)
176.3. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, the Government is not
precluded from receiving and holding copyrights transferred to it by
assignment, bequest or otherwise; nor shall publication or
republication by the Government in a public document of any work in
which copyright is subsisting be taken to cause any abridgment or
annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation
of such work without the consent of the copyright owner. (Sec. 9,
third par., P.D. No. 49)
CHAPTER V
Copyright or Economic Rights
SECTION 177. Copyright or Economic Rights. — Subject to the provisions of
Chapter VIII, copyright or economic rights shall consist of the exclusive right
to carry out, authorize or prevent the following acts:
177.1. Reproduction of the work or substantial portion of the work;

177.2. Dramatization, translation, adaptation, abridgment, arrangement or
other transformation of the work; aisadc
177.3. The first public distribution of the original and each copy of the work
by sale or other forms of transfer of ownership;
177.4. Rental of the original or a copy of an audiovisual or cinematographic
work, a work embodied in a sound recording, a computer program, a
compilation of data and other materials or a musical work in graphic
form, irrespective of the ownership of the original or the copy which
is the subject of the rental; (n)
177.5. Public display of the original or a copy of the work;
177.6. Public performance of the work; and
177.7. Other communication to the public of the work. (Sec. 5, P. D. No.
49a)
CHAPTER VI
Ownership of Copyright
SECTION 178. Rules on Copyright Ownership. — Copyright ownership shall
be governed by the following rules:
178.1. Subject to the provisions of this section, in the case of original
literary and artistic works, copyright shall belong to the author of the
work;
178.2. In the case of works of joint authorship, the co-authors shall be the
original owners of the copyright and in the absence of agreement,
their rights shall be governed by the rules on co-ownership. If,
however, a work of joint authorship consists of parts that can be
used separately and the author of each part can be identified, the
author of each part shall be the original owner of the copyright in the
part that he has created;
178.3. In the case of work created by an author during and in the course of
his employment, the copyright shall belong to:
a. The employee, if the creation of the object of copyright is not a
part of his regular duties even if the employee uses the time,
facilities and materials of the employer.
b. The employer, if the work is the result of the performance of his
regularly-assigned duties, unless there is an agreement, express
or implied, to the contrary.
178.4. In the case of a work commissioned by a person other than an
employer of the author and who pays for it and the work is made in
pursuance of the commission, the person who so commissioned the
work shall have ownership of the work, but the copyright thereto
shall remain with the creator, unless there is a written stipulation to
the contrary;

178.5. In the case of audiovisual work, the copyright shall belong to the
producer, the author of the scenario, the composer of the music, the
film director, and the author of the work so adapted. However,
subject to contrary or other stipulations among the creators, the
producer shall exercise the copyright to an extent required for the
exhibition of the work in any manner, except for the right to collect
performing license fees for the performance of musical compositions,
with or without words, which are incorporated into the work; and
178.6. In respect of letters, the copyright shall belong to the writer subject
to the provisions of Article 723 of the Civil Code. (Sec. 6, P.D. No.
49a)
SECTION 179. Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works. — For purposes of
this Act, the publishers shall be deemed to represent the authors of articles
and other writings published without the names of the authors or under
pseudonyms, unless the contrary appears, or the pseudonyms or adopted
name leaves no doubt as to the author's identity, or if the author of the
anonymous works discloses his identity. (Sec. 7, P.D. 49) cdtai
CHAPTER VII
Transfer or Assignment of Copyright
SECTION 180. Rights of Assignee. —
180.1. The copyright may be assigned in whole or in part. Within the scope
of the assignment, the assignee is entitled to all the rights and
remedies which the assignor had with respect to the copyright.
180.2. The copyright is not deemed assigned inter vivos in whole or in part
unless there is a written indication of such intention.
180.3. The submission of a literary, photographic or artistic work to a
newspaper, magazine or periodical for publication shall constitute
only a license to make a single publication unless a greater right is
expressly granted. If two (2) or more persons jointly own a copyright
or any part thereof, neither of the owners shall be entitled to grant
licenses without the prior written consent of the other owner or
owners. (Sec. 15, P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 181. Copyright and Material Object. — The copyright is distinct
from the property in the material object subject to it. Consequently, the
transfer or assignment of the copyright shall not itself constitute a transfer of
the material object. Nor shall a transfer or assignment of the sole copy or of
one or several copies of the work imply transfer or assignment of the
copyright. (Sec. 16, P.D. No. 49)

SECTION 182. Filing of Assignment or License. — An assignment or
exclusive license may be filed in duplicate with the National Library upon
payment of the prescribed fee for registration in books and records kept for
the purpose. Upon recording, a copy of the instrument shall be returned to
the sender with a notation of the fact of record. Notice of the record shall be
published in the IPO Gazette. (Sec. 19, P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 183. Designation of Society. — The copyright owners or their heirs
may designate a society of artists, writers or composers to enforce their
economic rights and moral rights on their behalf. (Sec. 32, P.D. No. 49a)
CHAPTER VIII
Limitations on Copyright
SECTION 184. Limitations on Copyright. —
184.1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Chapter V, the following acts shall
not constitute infringement of copyright:
a. The recitation or performance of a work, once it has been lawfully
made accessible to the public, if done privately and free of charge
or if made strictly for a charitable or religious institution or
society; (Sec. 10(1), P.D. No. 49)
b. The making of quotations from a published work if they are
compatible with fair use and only to the extent justified for the
purpose, including quotations from newspaper articles and
periodicals in the form of press summaries: Provided, That the
source and the name of the author, if appearing on the work, are
mentioned; (Sec. 11, third par., P.D. No. 49)
c. The reproduction or communication to the public by mass media
of articles on current political, social, economic, scientific or
religious topic, lectures, addresses and other works of the same
nature, which are delivered in public if such use is for information
purposes and has not been expressly reserved: Provided, That
the source is clearly indicated; (Sec. 11, P.D. No. 49)
d. The reproduction and communication to the public of literary,
scientific or artistic works as part of reports of current events by
means of photography, cinematography or broadcasting to the
extent necessary for the purpose; (Sec. 12, P.D. No. 49)
e. The inclusion of a work in a publication, broadcast, or other
communication to the public, sound recording or film, if such
inclusion is made by way of illustration for teaching purposes and
is compatible with fair use: Provided, That the source and of the
name of the author, if appearing in the work, are mentioned;

f. The recording made in schools, universities, or educational
institutions of a work included in a broadcast for the use of such
schools, universities or educational institutions: Provided, That
such recording must be deleted within a reasonable period after
they were first broadcast: Provided, further, That such recording
may not be made from audiovisual works which are part of the
general cinema repertoire of feature films except for brief
excerpts of the work;
g. The making of ephemeral recordings by a broadcasting
organization by means of its own facilities and for use in its own
broadcast; cdt
h. The use made of a work by or under the direction or control of the
Government, by the National Library or by educational, scientific
or professional institutions where such use is in the public interest
and is compatible with fair use;
i. The public performance or the communication to the public of a
work, in a place where no admission fee is charged in respect of
such public performance or communication, by a club or
institution for charitable or educational purpose only, whose aim
is not profit making, subject to such other limitations as may be
provided in the Regulations; (n)
j. Public display of the original or a copy of the work not made by
means of a film, slide, television image or otherwise on screen or
by means of any other device or process: Provided, That either
the work has been published, or, that the original or the copy
displayed has been sold, given away or otherwise transferred to
another person by the author or his successor in title; and
k. Any use made of a work for the purpose of any judicial
proceedings or for the giving of professional advice by a legal
practitioner.
184.2. The provisions of this section shall be interpreted in such a way as to
allow the work to be used in a manner which does not conflict with
the normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably
prejudice the right holder's legitimate interests.
SECTION 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work. —
185.1. The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news
reporting, teaching including multiple copies for classroom use,
scholarship, research, and similar purposes is not an infringement of
copyright. Decompilation, which is understood here to be the
reproduction of the code and translation of the forms of the computer
program to achieve the inter-operability of an independently created
computer program with other programs may also constitute fair use.
In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular
case is fair use, the factors to be considered shall include:

a. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use
is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational
purposes;
b. The nature of the copyrighted work;
c. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to
the copyrighted work as a whole; and
d. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the
copyrighted work.
185.2. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not by itself bar a finding of
fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above
factors.
SECTION 186. Work of Architecture. — Copyright in a work of architecture
shall include the right to control the erection of any building which
reproduces the whole or a substantial part of the work either in its original
form or in any form recognizably derived from the original: Provided, That
the copyright in any such work shall not include the right to control the
reconstruction or rehabilitation in the same style as the original of a building
to which that copyright relates. (n)
SECTION 187. Reproduction of Published Work. —
187.1. Notwithstanding the provision of Section 177, and subject to the
provisions of Subsection 187.2, the private reproduction of a
published work in a single copy, where the reproduction is made by a
natural person exclusively for research and private study, shall be
permitted, without the authorization of the owner of copyright in the
work.
187.2. The permission granted under Subsection 187.1 shall not extend to
the reproduction of:
a. A work of architecture in the form of building or other
construction;
b. An entire book, or a substantial part thereof, or of a musical work
in graphic form by reprographic means;
c. A compilation of data and other materials;
d. A computer program except as provided in Section 189; and
e. Any work in cases where reproduction would unreasonably conflict
with a normal exploitation of the work or would otherwise
unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. (n)

SECTION 188. Reprographic Reproduction by Libraries. —
188.1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Subsection 177.6, any library or
archive whose activities are not for profit may, without the
authorization of the author of copyright owner, make a single copy of
the work by reprographic reproduction:
a. Where the work by reason of its fragile character or rarity cannot
be lent to user in its original form;
b. Where the works are isolated articles contained in composite
works or brief portions of other published works and the
reproduction is necessary to supply them, when this is considered
expedient, to persons requesting their loan for purposes of
research or study instead of lending the volumes or booklets
which contain them; and
c. Where the making of such a copy is in order to preserve and, if
necessary in the event that it is lost, destroyed or rendered
unusable, replace a copy, or to replace, in the permanent
collection of another similar library or archive, a copy which has
been lost, destroyed or rendered unusable and copies are not
available with the publisher.
188.2. Notwithstanding the above provisions, it shall not be permissible to
produce a volume of a work published in several volumes or to
produce missing tomes or pages of magazines or similar works,
unless the volume, tome or part is out of stock: Provided, That every
library which, by law, is entitled to receive copies of a printed work,
shall be entitled, when special reasons so require, to reproduce a
copy of a published work which is considered necessary for the
collection of the library but which is out of stock. (Sec. 13, P.D. 49a)
SECTION 189. Reproduction of Computer Program. —
189.1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 177, the reproduction in
one (1) back-up copy or adaptation of a computer program shall be
permitted, without the authorization of the author of, or other owner
of copyright in, a computer program, by the lawful owner of that
computer program: Provided, That the copy or adaptation is
necessary for:
a. The use of the computer program in conjunction with a computer
for the purpose, and to the extent, for which the computer
program has been obtained; and
b. Archival purposes, and, for the replacement of the lawfully owned
copy of the computer program in the event that the lawfully
obtained copy of the computer program is lost, destroyed or
rendered unusable.

189.2. No copy or adaptation mentioned in this Section shall be used for any
purpose other than the ones determined in this Section, and any
such copy or adaptation shall be destroyed in the event that
continued possession of the copy of the computer program ceases to
be lawful.
189.3. This provision shall be without prejudice to the application of Section
185 whenever appropriate. (n)
SECTION 190. Importation for Personal Purposes. —
190.1. Notwithstanding the provision of Subsection 177.6, but subject to the
limitation under the Subsection 185.2, the importation of a copy of a
work by an individual for his personal purposes shall be permitted
without the authorization of the author of, or other owner of
copyright in, the work under the following circumstances: aisadc
a. When copies of the work are not available in the Philippines and:
i. Not more than one (1) copy at one time is imported for
strictly individual use only; or
ii. The importation is by authority of and for the use of the
Philippine Government; or
iii. The importation, consisting of not more than three (3)
such copies or likenesses in any one invoice, is not for
sale but for the use only of any religious, charitable, or
educational society or institution duly incorporated or
registered, or is for the encouragement of the fine arts, or
for any state school, college, university, or free public
library in the Philippines.
b. When such copies form parts of libraries and personal baggage
belonging to persons or families arriving from foreign countries
and are not intended for sale: Provided, That such copies do not
exceed three (3).
190.2. Copies imported as allowed by this Section may not lawfully be used
in any way to violate the rights of owner the copyright or annul or
limit the protection secured by this Act, and such unlawful use shall
be deemed an infringement and shall be punishable as such without
prejudice to the proprietor's right of action.
190.3. Subject to the approval of the Secretary of Finance, the
Commissioner of Customs is hereby empowered to make rules and
regulations for preventing the importation of articles the importation
of which is prohibited under this Section and under treaties and
conventions to which the Philippines may be a party and for seizing
and condemning and disposing of the same in case they are
discovered after they have been imported. (Sec. 30, P.D. No. 49)

CHAPTER IX
Deposit and Notice
SECTION 191. Registration and Deposit with National Library and the
Supreme Court Library. — After the first public dissemination of performance
by authority of the copyright owner of a work falling under Subsections
172.1, 172.2 and 172.3 of this Act, there shall, for the purpose of completing
the records of the National Library and the Supreme Court Library, within
three (3) weeks, be registered and deposited with it, by personal delivery or
by registered mail, two (2) complete copies or reproductions of the work in
such form as the directors of said libraries may prescribe. A certificate of
deposit shall be issued for which the prescribed fee shall be collected and the
copyright owner shall be exempt from making additional deposit of the works
with the National Library and the Supreme Court Library under other laws. If,
within three (3) weeks after receipt by the copyright owner of a written
demand from the directors for such deposit, the required copies or
reproductions are not delivered and the fee is not paid, the copyright owner
shall be liable to pay a fine equivalent to the required fee per month of delay
and to pay to the National Library and the Supreme Court Library the amount
of the retail price of the best edition of the work. Only the above mentioned
classes of work shall be accepted for deposit by the National Library and the
Supreme Court Library. (Sec. 26, P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 192. Notice of Copyright. — Each copy of a work published or
offered for sale may contain a notice bearing the name of the copyright
owner, and the year of its first publication, and, in copies produced after the
creator's death, the year of such death. (Sec. 27, P.D. No. 49a)
CHAPTER X
Moral Rights
SECTION 193. Scope of Moral Rights. — The author of a work shall,
independently of the economic rights in Section 177 or the grant of an
assignment or license with respect to such right, have the right:
193.1. To require that the authorship of the works be attributed to him, in
particular, the right that his name, as far as practicable, be indicated
in a prominent way on the copies, and in connection with the public
use of his work;
193.2. To make any alterations of his work prior to, or to withhold it from
publication;
193.3. To object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or
other derogatory action in relation to, his work which would be
prejudicial to his honor or reputation; and

193.4. To restrain the use of his name with respect to any work not of his
own creation or in a distorted version of his work. (Sec. 34, P.D. No.
49)
SECTION 194. Breach of Contract. — An author cannot be compelled to
perform his contract to create a work or for the publication of his work
already in existence. However, he may be held liable for damages for breach
of such contract. (Sec. 35, P.D. No. 49)
SECTION 195. Waiver of Moral Rights. — An author may waive his rights
mentioned in Section 193 by a written instrument, but no such waiver shall
be valid where its effects is to permit another:
195.1. To use the name of the author, or the title of his work, or otherwise
to make use of his reputation with respect to any version or
adaptation of his work which, because of alterations therein, would
substantially tend to injure the literary or artistic reputation of
another author; or
195.2. To use the name of the author with respect to a work he did not
create. (Sec. 36, P.D. No. 49)
SECTION 196. Contribution to Collective Work. — When an author
contributes to a collective work, his right to have his contribution attributed
to him is deemed waived unless he expressly reserves it. (Sec. 37, P.D. No.
49)
SECTION 197. Editing, Arranging and Adaptation of Work. — In the absence
of a contrary stipulation at the time an author licenses or permits another to
use his work, the necessary editing, arranging or adaptation of such work,
for publication, broadcast, use in a motion picture, dramatization, or
mechanical or electrical reproduction in accordance with the reasonable and
customary standards or requirements of the medium in which the work is to
be used, shall not be deemed to contravene the author's rights secured by
this chapter. Nor shall complete destruction of a work unconditionally
transferred by the author be deemed to violate such rights. (Sec. 38, P.D.
No. 49)

SECTION 198. Term of Moral Rights. —
198.1. The rights of an author under this chapter shall last during the
lifetime of the author and for fifty (50) years after his death and shall
not be assignable or subject to license. The person or persons to be
charged with the posthumous enforcement of these rights shall be
named in writing to be filed with the National Library. In default of
such person or persons, such enforcement shall devolve upon either
the author's heirs, and in default of the heirs, the Director of the
National Library.
198.2. For purposes of this Section, "Person" shall mean any individual,
partnership, corporation, association, or society. The Director of the
National Library may prescribe reasonable fees to be charged for his
services in the application of provisions of this Section. (Sec. 39, P.D.
No. 49)
SECTION 199. Enforcement Remedies. — Violation of any of the rights
conferred by this Chapter shall entitle those charged with their enforcement
to the same rights and remedies available to a copyright owner. In addition,
damages which may be availed of under the Civil Code may also be
recovered. Any damage recovered after the creator's death shall be held in
trust for and remitted to his heirs, and in default of the heirs, shall belong to
the government. (Sec. 40, P. D. No. 49)
CHAPTER XI
Right to Proceeds in Subsequent Transfers
SECTION 200. Sale or Lease of Work. — In every sale or lease of an original
work of painting or sculpture or of the original manuscript of a writer or
composer, subsequent to the first disposition thereof by the author, the
author or his heirs shall have an inalienable right to participate in the gross
proceeds of the sale or lease to the extent of five percent (5%). This right
shall exist during the lifetime of the author and for fifty (50) years after his
death. (Sec. 31, P.D. No. 49)
SECTION 201. Works Not Covered. — The provisions of this Chapter shall
not apply to prints, etchings, engravings, works of applied art, or works of
similar kind wherein the author primarily derives gain from the proceeds of
reproductions. (Sec. 33, P.D. No. 49)

CHAPTER XII
Rights of Performers, Producers of Sounds Recordings and Broadcasting
Organizations
SECTION 202. Definitions. — For the purpose of this Act, the following terms
shall have the following meanings:
202.1. "Performers" are actors, singers, musicians, dancers, and other
persons who act, sing, declaim, play in, interpret, or otherwise
perform literary and artistic work;
202.2. "Sound recording" means the fixation of the sounds of a performance
or of other sounds, or representation of sound, other than in the
form of a fixation incorporated in a cinematographic or other
audiovisual work;
202.3. An "audiovisual work or fixation" is a work that consists of a series of
related images which impart the impression of motion, with or
without accompanying sounds, susceptible of being made visible and,
where accompanied by sounds, susceptible of being made audible;
202.4. "Fixation" means the embodiment of sounds, or of the
representations thereof, from which they can be perceived,
reproduced or communicated through a device;
202.5. "Producer of a sound recording" means the person, or the legal
entity, who or which takes the initiative and has the responsibility for
the first fixation of the sounds of a performance or other sounds, or
the representation of sounds; cd
202.6. "Publication of a fixed performance or a sound recording" means the
offering of copies of the fixed performance or the sound recording to
the public, with the consent of the right holder: Provided, That copies
are offered to the public in reasonable quality;
202.7. "Broadcasting" means the transmission by wireless means for the
public reception of sounds or of images or of representations thereof;
such transmission by satellite is also "broadcasting" where the means
for decrypting are provided to the public by the broadcasting
organization or with its consent;
202.8. "Broadcasting organization" shall include a natural person or a
juridical entity duly authorized to engage in broadcasting; and
202.9. "Communication to the public of a performance or a sound recording"
means the transmission to the public, by any medium, otherwise
than by broadcasting, of sounds of a performance or the
representations of sounds fixed in a sound recording. For purposes of
Section 209, "communication to the public" includes making the
sounds or representations of sounds fixed in a sound recording
audible to the public.

SECTION 203. Scope of Performers' Rights. — Subject to the provisions of
Section 212, performers shall enjoy the following exclusive rights:
203.1. As regards their performances, the right of authorizing:
a. The broadcasting and other communication to the public of their
performance; and
b. The fixation of their unfixed performance.
203.2. The right of authorizing the direct or indirect reproduction of their
performances fixed in sound recordings, in any manner or form;
203.3. Subject to the provisions of Section 206, the right of authorizing the
first public distribution of the original and copies of their performance
fixed in the sound recording through sale or rental or other forms of
transfer of ownership;
203.4. The right of authorizing the commercial rental to the public of the
original and copies of their performances fixed in sound recordings,
even after distribution of them by, or pursuant to the authorization
by the performer; and
203.5. The right of authorizing the making available to the public of their
performances fixed in sound recordings, by wire or wireless means,
in such a way that members of the public may access them from a
place and time individually chosen by them. (Sec. 42, P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 204. Moral Rights of Performers. —
204.1. Independently of a performer's economic rights, the performer, shall,
as regards his live aural performances or performances fixed in
sound recordings, have the right to claim to be identified as the
performer of his performances, except where the omission is dictated
by the manner of the use of the performance, and to object to any
distortion, mutilation or other modification of his performances that
would be prejudicial to his reputation.
204.2. The rights granted to a performer in accordance with Subsection
203.1 shall be maintained and exercised fifty (50) years after his
death, by his heirs, and in default of heirs, the government, where
protection is claimed. (Sec. 43, P.D. No. 49)
SECTION 205. Limitation on Right. —
205.1. Subject to the provisions of Section 206, once the performer has
authorized the broadcasting or fixation of his performance, the
provisions of Sections 203 shall have no further application.
205.2. The provisions of Section 184 and Section 185 shall apply mutatis
mutandis to performers. (n)

SECTION 206. Additional Remuneration for Subsequent Communications or
Broadcasts. — Unless otherwise provided in the contract, in every
communication to the public or broadcast of a performance subsequent to
the first communication or broadcast thereof by the broadcasting
organization, the performer shall be entitled to an additional remuneration
equivalent to at least five percent (5%) of the original compensation he or
she received for the first communication or broadcast. (n)
SECTION 207. Contract Terms. — Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed
to deprive performers of the right to agree by contracts on terms and
conditions more favorable for them in respect of any use of their
performance. (n)
CHAPTER XIII
Producers of Sound Recordings
SECTION 208. Scope of Right. — Subject to the provisions of Section 212,
producers of sound recordings shall enjoy the following exclusive rights:
208.1. The right to authorize the direct or indirect reproduction of their
sound recordings, in any manner or form; the placing of these
reproductions in the market and the right of rental or lending;
208.2. The right to authorize the first public distribution of the original and
copies of their sound recordings through sale or rental or other forms
of transferring ownership; and
208.3. The right to authorize the commercial rental to the public of the
original and copies of their sound recordings, even after distribution
by them by or pursuant to authorization by the producer. (Sec. 46,
P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 209. Communication to the Public. — If a sound recording
published for commercial purposes, or a reproduction of such sound
recording, is used directly for broadcasting or for other communication to the
public, or is publicly performed with the intention of making and enhancing
profit, a single equitable remuneration for the performer or performers, and
the producer of the sound recording shall be paid by the user to both the
performers and the producer, who, in the absence of any agreement shall
share equally. (Sec. 47, P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 210. Limitation of Right. — Sections 184 and 185 shall apply
mutatis mutandis to the producer of sound recordings. (Sec. 48, P.D. No.
49a)

CHAPTER XIV
Broadcasting Organizations
SECTION 211. Scope of Right. — Subject to the provisions of Section 212,
broadcasting organizations shall enjoy the exclusive right to carry out,
authorize or prevent any of the following acts:
211.1. The rebroadcasting of their broadcasts;
211.2. The recording in any manner, including the making of films or the
use of video tape, of their broadcasts for the purpose of
communication to the public of television broadcasts of the same;
and
211.3. The use of such records for fresh transmissions or for fresh
recording. (Sec. 52, P.D. No. 49)
CHAPTER XV
Limitations on Protection
SECTION 212. Limitations on Rights. — Sections 203, 208 and 209 shall not
apply where the acts referred to in those Sections are related to:
212.1. The use by a natural person exclusively for his own personal
purposes;
212.2. Using short excerpts for reporting current events;
212.3. Use solely for the purpose of teaching or for scientific research; and
212.4. Fair use of the broadcast subject to the conditions under Section 185.
(Sec. 44, P.D. No. 49a)
CHAPTER XVI
Term of Protection
SECTION 213. Term of Protection. —
213.1. Subject to the provisions of Subsections 213.2 to 213.5, the
copyright in works under Sections 172 and 173 shall be protected
during the life of the author and for fifty (50) years after his death.
This rule also applies to posthumous works. (Sec. 21, first sentence,
P.D. No. 49a)
213.2. In case of works of joint authorship, the economic rights shall be
protected during the life of the last surviving author and for fifty (50)
years after his death. (Sec. 21, second sentence, P.D. No. 49)
213.3. In case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, the copyright shall
be protected for fifty (50) years from the date on which the work was

first lawfully published: Provided, That where, before the expiration
of the said period, the author's identity is revealed or is no longer in
doubt, the provisions of Subsections 213.1. and 213.2 shall apply, as
the case may be: Provided, further, That such works if not published
before shall be protected for fifty (50) years counted from the
making of the work. (Sec. 23, P.D. No. 49)
213.4. In case of works of applied art the protection shall be for a period of
twenty-five (25) years from the date of making. (Sec. 24(B), P.D.
No. 49a)
213.5. In case of photographic works, the protection shall be for fifty (50)
years from publication of the work and, if unpublished, fifty (50)
years from the making. (Sec. 24(C), P.D. 49a)
213.6. In case of audio-visual works including those produced by process
analogous to photography or any process for making audio-visual
recordings, the term shall be fifty (50) years from date of publication
and, if unpublished, from the date of making. (Sec. 24(C), P.D. No.
49a)
SECTION 214. Calculation of Term. — The term of protection subsequent to
the death of the author provided in the preceding Section shall run from the
date of his death or of publication, but such terms shall always be deemed to
begin on the first day of January of the year following the event which gave
rise to them. (Sec. 25, P.D. No. 49)
SECTION 215. Term of Protection for Performers, Producers and
Broadcasting Organizations. —
215.1. The rights granted to performers and producers of sound recordings
under this law shall expire:
a. For performances not incorporated in recordings, fifty (50) years
from the end of the year in which the performance took place;
and
b. For sound or image and sound recordings and for performances
incorporated therein, fifty (50) years from the end of the year in
which the recording took place.
215.2. In case of broadcasts, the term shall be twenty (20) years from the
date the broadcast took place. The extended term shall be applied
only to old works with subsisting protection under the prior law. (Sec.
55, P.D. No. 49a)

CHAPTER XVII
Infringement
SECTION 216. Remedies for Infringement. —
216.1. Any person infringing a right protected under this law shall be liable:
a. To an injunction restraining such infringement. The court may
also order the defendant to desist from an infringement, among
others, to prevent the entry into the channels of commerce of
imported goods that involve an infringement, immediately after
customs clearance of such goods.
b. Pay to the copyright proprietor or his assigns or heirs such actual
damages, including legal costs and other expenses, as he may
have incurred due to the infringement as well as the profits the
infringer may have made due to such infringement, and in
proving profits the plaintiff shall be required to prove sales only
and the defendant shall be required to prove every element of
cost which he claims, or, in lieu of actual damages and profits,
such damages which to the court shall appear to be just and shall
not be regarded as penalty.
c. Deliver under oath, for impounding during the pendency of the
action, upon such terms and conditions as the court may
prescribe, sales invoices and other documents evidencing sales,
all articles and their packaging alleged to infringe a copyright and
implements for making them.
d. Deliver under oath for destruction without any compensation all
infringing copies or devices, as well as all plates, molds, or other
means for making such infringing copies as the court may order.
e. Such other terms and conditions, including the payment of moral
and exemplary damages, which the court may deem proper, wise
and equitable and the destruction of infringing copies of the work
even in the event of acquittal in a criminal case.
216.2. In an infringement action, the court shall also have the power to
order the seizure and impounding of any article which may serve as
evidence in the court proceedings. (Sec. 28, P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 217. Criminal Penalties. —
217.1. Any person infringing any right secured by provisions of Part IV of
this Act or aiding or abetting such infringement shall be guilty of a
crime punishable by:
a. Imprisonment of one (1) year to three (3) years plus a fine
ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) to One hundred fifty
thousand pesos (P150,000) for the first offense.
b. Imprisonment of three (3) years and one (1) day to six (6) years
plus a fine ranging from One hundred fifty thousand pesos

(P150,000) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) for the
second offense.
c. Imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day to nine (9) years
plus a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000)
to One million five hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,000) for the
third and subsequent offenses.
d. In all cases, subsidiary imprisonment in cases of insolvency.
217.2. In determining the number of years of imprisonment and the amount
of fine, the court shall consider the value of the infringing materials
that the defendant has produced or manufactured and the damage
that the copyright owner has suffered by reason of the infringement.
217.3. Any person who at the time when copyright subsists in a work has in
his possession an article which he knows, or ought to know, to be an
infringing copy of the work for the purpose of:
a. Selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for
sale, or hire, the article; cdasia
b. Distributing the article for purpose of trade, or for any other
purpose to an extent that will prejudice the rights of the copyright
owner in the work; or
c. Trade exhibit of the article in public, shall be guilty of an offense
and shall be liable on conviction to imprisonment and fine as
above mentioned. (Sec. 29, P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 218. Affidavit Evidence. —
218.1. In an action under this Chapter, an affidavit made before a notary
public by or on behalf of the owner of the copyright in any work or
other subject matter and stating that:
a. At the time specified therein, copyright subsisted in the work or
other subject matter;
b. He or the person named therein is the owner of the copyright;
and
c. The copy of the work or other subject matter annexed thereto is a
true copy thereof, shall be admitted in evidence in any
proceedings for an offense under this Chapter and shall be prima
facie proof of the matters therein stated until the contrary is
proved, and the court before which such affidavit is produced
shall assume that the affidavit was made by or on behalf of the
owner of the copyright.
218.2. In an action under this Chapter:
a. Copyright shall be presumed to subsist in the work or other
subject matter to which the action relates if the defendant does
not put in issue the question whether copyright subsists in the
work or other subject matter; and
b. Where the subsistence of the copyright is established, the plaintiff
shall be presumed to be the owner of the copyright if he claims to

be the owner of the copyright and the defendant does not put in
issue the question of his ownership.
c. Where the defendant, without good faith, puts in issue the
questions of whether copyright subsists in a work or other subject
matter to which the action relates, or the ownership of copyright
in such work or subject matter, thereby occasioning unnecessary
costs or delay in the proceedings, the court may direct that any
costs to the defendant in respect of the action shall not be
allowed by him and that any costs occasioned by the defendant to
other parties shall be paid by him to such other parties. (n)
SECTION 219. Presumption of Authorship. —
219.1. The natural person whose name is indicated on a work in the usual
manner as the author shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary,
be presumed to be the author of the work. This provision shall be
applicable even if the name is a pseudonym, where the pseudonym
leaves no doubt as to the identity of the author.
219.2. The person or body corporate whose name appears on an audio-
visual work in the usual manner shall, in the absence of proof to the
contrary, be presumed to be the maker of said work. (n)
SECTION 220. International Registration of Works. — A statement
concerning a work, recorded in an international register in accordance with
an international treaty to which the Philippines is or may become a party,
shall be construed as true until the contrary is proved except:
220.1. Where the statement cannot be valid under this Act or any other law
concerning intellectual property.
220.2. Where the statement is contradicted by another statement recorded
in the international register. (n)
CHAPTER XVIII
Scope of Application
SECTION 221. Points of Attachment for Works under Sections 172 and 173.
—
221.1. The protection afforded by this Act to copyrightable works under
Sections 172 and 173 shall apply to:
a. Works of authors who are nationals of, or have their habitual
residence in, the Philippines;
b. Audio-visual works the producer of which has his headquarters or
habitual residence in the Philippines;

c. Works of architecture erected in the Philippines or other artistic
works incorporated in a building or other structure located in the
Philippines;
d. Works first published in the Philippines; and
e. Works first published in another country but also published in the
Philippines within thirty days, irrespective of the nationality or
residence of the authors.
221.2. The provisions of this Act shall also apply to works that are to be
protected by virtue of and in accordance with any international
convention or other international agreement to which the Philippines
is a party. (n)
SECTION 222. Points of Attachment for Performers. — The provisions of this
Act on the protection of performers shall apply to:
222.1. Performers who are nationals of the Philippines;
222.2. Performers who are not nationals of the Philippines but whose
performances:
a. Take place in the Philippines; or
b. Are incorporated in sound recordings that are protected under this
Act; or
c. Which has not been fixed in sound recording but are carried by
broadcast qualifying for protection under this Act. (n)
SECTION 223. Points of Attachment for Sound Recordings. — The provisions
of this Act on the protection of sound recordings shall apply to:
223.1. Sound recordings the producers of which are nationals of the
Philippines; and
223.2. Sound recordings that were first published in the Philippines. (n)
SECTION 224. Points of Attachment for Broadcasts. —
224.1. The provisions of this Act on the protection of broadcasts shall apply
to:
a. Broadcasts of broadcasting organizations the headquarters of
which are situated in the Philippines; and
b. Broadcasts transmitted from transmitters situated in the
Philippines.
224.2. The provisions of this Act shall also apply to performers who, and to
producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations which,
are to be protected by virtue of and in accordance with any
international convention or other international agreement to which
the Philippines is a party. (n)

CHAPTER XIX
Institution of Actions
SECTION 225. Jurisdiction. — Without prejudice to the provisions of
Subsection 7.1(c), actions under this Act shall be cognizable by the courts
with appropriate jurisdiction under existing law. (Sec. 57, P.D. No. 49a)
SECTION 226. Damages. — No damages may be recovered under this Act
after four (4) years from the time the cause of action arose. (Sec. 58, P.D.
No. 49)
CHAPTER XX
Miscellaneous Provisions
SECTION 227. Ownership of Deposit and Instruments. — All copies
deposited and instruments in writing filed with the National Library and the
Supreme Court Library in accordance with the provisions of this Act shall
become the property of the Government. (Sec. 60, P.D. No. 49)
SECTION 228. Public Records. — The section or division of the National
Library and the Supreme Court Library charged with receiving copies and
instruments deposited and with keeping records required under this Act and
everything in it shall be opened to public inspection. The Director of the
National Library is empowered to issue such safeguards and regulations as
may be necessary to implement this Section and other provisions of this Act.
(Sec. 61, P.D. No. 49)
SECTION 229. Copyright Division; Fees. — The Copyright Section of the
National Library shall be classified as a Division upon the effectivity of this
Act. The National Library shall have the power to collect, for the discharge of
its services under this Act, such fees as may be promulgated by it from time
to time subject to the approval of the Department Head. (Sec. 62, P.D. 49a)
PART V
Final Provisions
SECTION 230. Equitable Principles to Govern Proceedings. — In all inter
partes proceedings in the Office under this Act, the equitable principles of
laches, estoppel, and acquiescence where applicable, may be considered and
applied. (Sec. 9-A, R.A. No. 165)

SECTION 231. Reverse Reciprocity of Foreign Laws. — Any condition,
restriction, limitation, diminution, requirement, penalty or any similar burden
imposed by the law of a foreign country on a Philippine national seeking
protection of intellectual property rights in that country, shall reciprocally be
enforceable upon nationals of said country, within Philippine jurisdiction. (n)
SECTION 232. Appeals. —
232.1. Appeals from decisions of regular courts shall be governed by the
Rules of Court. Unless restrained by a higher court, the judgment of
the trial court shall be executory even pending appeal under such
terms and conditions as the court may prescribe.
232.2. Unless expressly provided in this Act or other statutes, appeals from
decisions of administrative officials shall be provided in the
Regulations. (n)
SECTION 233. Organization of the Office; Exemption from the Salary
Standardization Law and the Attrition Law. —
233.1. The Office shall be organized within one (1) year after the approval
of this Act. It shall not be subject to the provisions of Republic Act
No. 7430.
233.2. The Office shall institute its own compensation structure: Provided,
That the Office shall make its own system conform as closely as
possible with the principles provided for under Republic Act No. 6758.
(n)
SECTION 234. Abolition of the Bureau of Patents, Trademarks, and
Technology Transfer. — The Bureau of Patents, Trademarks, and Technology
Transfer under the Department of Trade and Industry is hereby abolished. All
unexpended funds and fees, fines, royalties and other charges collected for
the calendar year, properties, equipment and records of the Bureau of
Patents, Trademarks and Technology Transfer, and such personnel as may be
necessary are hereby transferred to the Office. Personnel not absorbed or
transferred to the Office shall enjoy the retirement benefits granted under
existing law, otherwise, they shall be paid the equivalent of one month basic
salary for every year of service, or the equivalent nearest fractions thereof
favorable to them on the basis of the highest salary received. (n)

SECTION 235. Applications Pending on Effective Date of Act. —
235.1. All applications for patents pending in the Bureau of Patents,
Trademarks and Technology Transfer shall be proceeded with and
patents thereon granted in accordance with the Acts under which
said applications were filed, and said Acts are hereby continued to be
enforced, to this extent and for this purpose only, notwithstanding
the foregoing general repeal thereof: Provided, That applications for
utility models or industrial designs pending at the effective date of
this Act, shall be proceeded with in accordance with the provisions of
this Act, unless the applicants elect to prosecute said applications in
accordance with the Acts under which they were filed.
235.2. All applications for registration of marks or trade names pending in
the Bureau of Patents, Trademarks and Technology Transfer at the
effective date of this Act may be amended, if practicable to bring
them under the provisions of this Act. The prosecution of such
applications so amended and the grant of registrations thereon shall
be proceeded with in accordance with the provisions of this Act. If
such amendments are not made, the prosecution of said applications
shall be proceeded with and registrations thereon granted in
accordance with the Acts under which said applications were filed,
and said Acts are hereby continued in force to this extent for this
purpose only, notwithstanding the foregoing general repeal thereof.
(n)
SECTION 236. Preservation of Existing Rights. — Nothing herein shall
adversely affect the rights on the enforcement of rights in patents, utility
models, industrial designs, marks and works, acquired in good faith prior to
the effective date of this Act. (n)
SECTION 237. Notification on Berne Appendix. — The Philippines shall by
proper compliance with the requirements set forth under the Appendix of the
Berne Convention (Paris Act, 1971) avail itself of the special provisions
regarding developing countries, including provisions for licenses grantable by
competent authority under the Appendix. (n)
SECTION 238. Appropriations. — The funds needed to carry out the
provisions of this Act shall be charged to the appropriations of the Bureau of
Patents, Trademarks, and Technology Transfer under the current General
Appropriations Act and the fees, fines, royalties and other charges collected
by the Bureau for the calendar year pursuant to Sections 14.1 and 234 of
this Act. Thereafter such sums as may be necessary for its continued
implementations shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act.
(n)

SECTION 239. Repeals. —
239.1. All Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent herewith, more particularly
Republic Act No. 165, as amended; Republic Act No. 166, as
amended; and Articles 188 and 189 of the Revised Penal Code;
Presidential Decree No. 49, including Presidential Decree No. 285, as
amended, are hereby repealed.
239.2. Marks registered under Republic Act No. 166 shall remain in force but
shall be deemed to have been granted under this Act and shall be
due for renewal within the period provided for under this Act and,
upon renewal, shall be reclassified in accordance with the
International Classification. Trade names and marks registered in the
Supplemental Register under Republic Act No. 166 shall remain in
force but shall no longer be subject to renewal.
239.3. The provisions of this Act shall apply to works in which copyright
protection obtained prior to the effectivity of this Act is subsisting:
Provided, That the application of this Act shall not result in the
diminution of such protection. (n)
SECTION 240. Separability. — If any provision of this Act or the application
of such provision to any circumstances is held invalid, the remainder of the
Act shall not be affected thereby. (n) cdta
SECTION 241. Effectivity. — This Act shall take effect on 1 January 1998.
(n)
Approved: June 6, 1997
Copyright 2002 CD Technologies Asia, Inc. cdtai

R.a.no. 8293 (ip code)

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