Archetype is a JavaScript library that allows developers to cast and validate object properties to the correct data types. It provides composable, inspectable, and extensible types that make it easier than alternatives like Joi, JSONSchema, and PropTypes. The document demonstrates how Archetype can consolidate logic for a calendar app by casting data from action creators and ensuring assumptions are correct without walls of if statements. More information on Archetype is available on npmjs.com and thecodebarbarian.com.