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Real-time Ruby for the Real-time Web

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Ilya Grigorik

The document discusses real-time communication technologies for web applications, including XMPP, AMQP, and publish-subscribe protocols. It provides code examples in Ruby of sending messages and presence updates using XMPP, and publishing and subscribing to messages using AMQP. The document promotes these technologies for enabling low-latency messaging between web services and applications.

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Real-Time Ruby for the Real-Time Webaka IM for web-applicationsIlya GrigorikCTO / PostRank
www.postrank.comwww.igvita.com@igrigorikBackground: - PHP, Perl - Ruby + Rails from ‘06
Real-Time: the hype & the technologyReal-Time: the benefitsXMPPAMQPPSHBWebHooksRuby examplesReal-life applicationsFully buzzword compliant!The slides…Questions & CommentsMy blog
The Hype! Make it stop!
“Solution Exhibits Under 700 Nanoseconds of Latency for Inter-Process Communication Messaging”(micro/nano) secondsmilliseconds500ms is real-time enough to feel real-time for IM. secondsReal-time web is IM for web-servicesminutes / hoursReal-Time has many definitionsIt all depends on your context
+ New Applications+ Better Architecture
Many wasteful checksData?NoData?NoData?YesPolling: painful, wasteful
Real-time Ruby for the Real-time Web
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
From: A, To: BHello!From: A, To: BHello!Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
Event-stream protocolPersistent connectionsPresenceXMPP FeaturesIdentity and authentication
UserDomainResourceilya@postrank.com/officeJabber Software FoundationJID: Federation, Identity & Authentication
<message from="ilya@postrank.com/office" type="chat" to="ilya@igvita.com" id="aae1a"><body>hello</body><active xmlns="http://jabber.org/protocol/chatstates"/></message>Verbose protocol (XML)Example: Message Routing with XMPP
XMPP in the wild: Google Talk
XMPP in the wild: Google Talk + Video
Psi: cross-platform Jabber/XMPP client
require"rubygems"require"xmpp4r"jid=Jabber::JID::new("ilya@postrank.com")client=Jabber::Client.new(jid)client.connect("talk.google.com")client.auth("password")to = "ilya@aiderss.com"subject = "Jabber client"message = "Hello XMPP World!"piclient.sendJabber::Message::new(to, message).set_subject(subject)# <message to='ilya@igvita.com'># <body>Hello XMPP World!</body># <subject>Jabber client</subject># </message>XMPP4R (Ruby) Demo
require "rubygems"require "xmpp4r"jid= Jabber::JID::new("ilya@postrank.com")client = Jabber::Client.new(jid)client.connect("talk.google.com")client.auth("password")to = "ilya@postrank.com"subject = "Jabber client"message = "Hello XMPP World!"piclient.sendJabber::Message::new(to, message).set_subject(subject)# <message to='ilya@igvita.com'># <body>Hello XMPP World!</body># <subject>Jabber client</subject># </message>XMPP4R (Ruby) Demo
client.send(Jabber::Presence.new.set_type(:away))# <presence from='daniel@aiderss.com/iMac8D2CB97D' to='ilya@postrank.com/0EDD826C' xmlns='jabber:client'># <show>away</show># <priority>0</priority># <x xmlns='http://www.apple.com/xmpp/idle'># <idle-since>2009-04-01T21:48:15Z</idle-since># </x># </presence>client.add_message_callbackdo|m| puts "#{m.from} -- #{m.body}"end# > daniel@postrank.com -- Hey!Client Idle…XMPP4R (Ruby) Demo
client.send(Jabber::Presence.new.set_type(:available))# <presence from='daniel@aiderss.com/iMac8D2CB97D' to='ilya@aiderss.com/0EDD826C' xmlns='jabber:client'># <show>away</show># <priority>0</priority># <x xmlns='http://www.apple.com/xmpp/idle'># <idle-since>2009-04-01T21:48:15Z</idle-since># </x># </presence>client.add_message_callbackdo|m|puts"#{m.from} -- #{m.body}"end# > daniel@postrank.com -- Hey!Client Idle…XMPP4R (Ruby) Demo
One-to-many distribution + C2S
XEP-0060: Publish-Subscribe (Pubsub)
Persistent connectionSubscribeNew message!Publish-Subscribe
<iqtype='set‘ from='hamlet@denmark.lit/blogbot' to='pubsub.shakespeare.lit'id='pub1'><pubsubxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/pubsub'><publishnode='princely_musings'> <item> <entry xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'> <title>Soliloquy<title> <summary>To be, or not to be: that is the question! <summary> <link rel='alternate' type='text/html'href='http://denmark.lit/2003/12/13/atom03'/> <id>tag:denmark.lit,2003:entry-32397</id> <published>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</published> <updated>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</updated> </entry> </item></publish></pubsub></iq>IQ StanzaPubSub Protocol: Client XML
<iq type='set‘ from='hamlet@denmark.lit/blogbot' to='pubsub.shakespeare.lit'id='pub1'> <pubsubxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/pubsub'> <publish node='princely_musings'><item><entryxmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'><title>Soliloquy<title><summary>To be, or not to be: that is the question!<summary><linkrel='alternate'type='text/html' href='http://denmark.lit/2003/12/13/atom03'/><id>tag:denmark.lit,2003:entry-32397</id><published>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</published><updated>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</updated></entry></item> </publish> </pubsub></iq>AtomPubPubSub Protocol: Client XML
DistributeXEP-0060: Publish-Subscribe (Pubsub)Publish
<messagefrom='pubsub.shakespeare.lit' to='francisco@denmark.lit' id='foo'><eventxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/pubsub#event'><itemsnode='princely_musings'><itemid='ae890ac52d0df67ed7cfdf51b644e901'>[...ENTRY...]</item></items></event></message><messagefrom='pubsub.shakespeare.lit' to='bernardo@denmark.lit' id='bar'><eventxmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/pubsub#event'><itemsnode='princely_musings'><itemid='ae890ac52d0df67ed7cfdf51b644e901'>[...ENTRY...]</item></items></event></message>Subscriber ASubscriber BXEP-0060: Publish-Subscribe (Pubsub)
XMPPXMPPXMPPReal-time communication
Real-time Ruby for the Real-time Web
require'fire_hydrant'require'yaml'hydrant=FireHydrant.new(YAML.load(File.read("config.yml")))hydrant.on_location_updatedo|user|puts"#{user.token} has moved to #{user.locations.first}."endhydrant.run!Push notificationsRuby + FireEagle via XMPP
EjabberdErlangDjabberd PerlOpenFire JavaTigase JavaDefacto XMPP serverRPM, GUI, shinyXMPP / Jabber Servers
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
“AMQP is an open Internet Protocol for Business Messaging”AMQP Working Group (16 companies)
ConsumerAMQP BrokerAMQP ArchitecturePublisher
Broker ClusteringAMQP Clustering
Routing key:usd.stock.amzMessage: I like AMZ!Direct ExchangeTopic ExchangeFanout ExchangeAMQP Broker Internals
Routing key:usd.stock.amzMessage: I like AMZ!Direct ExchangeTopic ExchangeFanout ExchangeQueueName: amazonBind:usd.stock.amzAMQP Direct Exchange
Routing key:usd.stock.amzMessage: I like AMZ!Direct ExchangeTopic ExchangeFanout ExchangeQueueName: stocksBind:usd.stock.*AMQP Topic Exchange
Routing key:usd.stock.msftMessage: I like Microsoft! Direct ExchangeTopic ExchangeFanout ExchangeQueue Message: I like Microsoft! AMQP Topic Exchange
Routing key:usd.stock.msftMessage: I like Microsoft!Direct ExchangeTopic ExchangeFanout ExchangeQueue 2Name: stocksBind:“”Queue 1AMQP Fanout Exchange
Routing key: usd.stock.msftMessage: I like Microsoft! Direct ExchangeTopic ExchangeFanout ExchangeQueue 2Message: I like MicrosoftQueue 1AMQP Fanout Exchange
AMQP Kung-fu: Load-balancing
Routing key:usd.stock.amzMessage: I like AMZ! Direct ExchangeTopic ExchangeFanout ExchangeOnly one client gets the message!QueueAMQP Load Balancing
Bind:purchase.pdfGET/purchaseOKElastic AMQP Load-balancing
More AMQP Kung-fu: - Pubsub - Key routing - Failover - Instant feedback - At least once, exactly-once - …http://bit.ly/igvita-amqp
require'mq'AMQP.start(:host=>'amqp-server.com')domq=MQ.newmq.topic('stocks').publish("5.95",:key=>"usd.amz")endAMQP.start(:host => 'amqp-server.com') domq= MQ.newmq.queue(’stocks').bind(mq.topic('stocks'), :key => 'usd.*').subscribe{ |price| print ’stock quote: ', price}endPublisherAMQP + Ruby Example
require 'mq'AMQP.start(:host => 'amqp-server.com') domq= MQ.newmq.topic('stocks').publish("5.95", :key => "usd.amz")end AMQP.start(:host=>'amqp-server.com')domq=MQ.newmq.queue(‘stocks').bind(mq.topic('stocks'),:key=>'usd.*').subscribe{|price|print‘stock quote: ',price}endConsumerAMQP + Ruby Example
Real-time Ruby for the Real-time Web
http://blog.webhooks.org/2009/04/23/slides-from-pivotal-labs-talk/WebHooks:Pattern for enabling user-defined callbacks in web-applications
http://blog.webhooks.org/2009/04/23/slides-from-pivotal-labs-talk/WebHooks @ PayPal
http://blog.webhooks.org/2009/04/23/slides-from-pivotal-labs-talk//register http://callback-1.com/register http://callback-2.com1okhttp://blog.webhooks.org/2009/04/23/slides-from-pivotal-labs-talk//post Hello World!2ok/post Hello World!http://callback-1.com3http://callback-2.comWebHooks Workflow/post Hello World!
WebHooks WorkflowWebHooks @ GitHub
Rails ActiveRecord + WebHooks
http://github.com/jcapote/watercoolr-> POST /channels← { 'id':'2d0128d' }1-> POST /subscribers data={ 'channel':'2d0128d', 'url':'http://api.calback.com/handler' }← { 'status': 'OK' }2you -> POST /messages data={ 'channel':'2d0128d', 'message':'hey guys!' }watercoolr -> POSThttp://api.callback.com/handler data='hey guys!' ...for every subscriber...← { 'status': 'OK' }3Watercoolr: Ruby WebHooks Servervia a simple Sinatra app
require'rubygems'require'rest_client'require'json'# ruby postbin.rb http://www.postbin.org/1j11vypputs "creating channel..."resp=RestClient.post'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/channels', :data => ''id =JSON.parse(resp)["id"]puts "adding subscriber to channel #{id}"resp = RestClient.post 'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/subscribers', :data => { :channel => id, :url => ARGV[0] }.to_jsonputs resp # {"status":"OK"}puts "posting message to #{id}"resp = RestClient.post 'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/messages', :data => { :channel => id, :message => 'Hello World' }.to_jsonputs resp # {"status":"OK"}Watercoolr on Google App EngineDataMapper + Sinatra + Jruby
require'rubygems'require'rest_client'require'json'# ruby postbin.rb http://www.postbin.org/1j11vypputs "creating channel..."resp = RestClient.post 'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/channels', :data => ''id = JSON.parse(resp)["id"]puts "adding subscriber to channel #{id}"resp=RestClient.post'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/subscribers', :data => { :channel => id, :url => ARGV[0] }.to_jsonputs resp# {"status":"OK"}puts "posting message to #{id}"resp = RestClient.post 'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/messages', :data => { :channel => id, :message => 'Hello World' }.to_jsonputs resp # {"status":"OK"}Watercoolr on Google App EngineDataMapper + Sinatra + Jruby
require'rubygems'require'rest_client'require'json'# ruby postbin.rb http://www.postbin.org/1j11vypputs "creating channel..."resp = RestClient.post 'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/channels', :data => ''id = JSON.parse(resp)["id"]puts "adding subscriber to channel #{id}"resp = RestClient.post 'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/subscribers', :data => { :channel => id, :url => ARGV[0] }.to_jsonputs resp # {"status":"OK"}puts "posting message to #{id}"resp=RestClient.post'http://watercoolr.appspot.com/messages', :data => { :channel => id, :message => 'Hello World' }.to_jsonputs resp# {"status":"OK"}Watercoolr on Google App EngineDataMapper + Sinatra + Jruby
http://bit.ly/igvita-watercoolrhttp://www.github.com/igrigorik/watercoolrhttp://www.postbin.orgPOST’ing to PostBingreat debugging tool
PubSub over HTTPbasically, WebHooks…
“A simple, open, server-to-server web-hook-based pubsub (publish/subscribe) protocol as an extension to Atom and RSS.”“Parties (servers) speaking the PubSubHubbub protocol can get near-instant notifications (via webhook callbacks) when a topic (feed URL) they're interested in is updated.” http://pubsubhubbub.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/pubsubhubbub-core-0.2.htmlhttp://docs.google.com/present/view?id=ajd8t6gk4mh2_34dvbpchfs+Spec’edPubSub Protocol+ Deployed & Available+ XML Transport - XML Transport- Not as general purpose- No firehose
12
34
PSHB in the WildGoogle, Typepad, Wordpress…
require'pubsubhubbub'EventMachine.run { hub =EventMachine::PubSubHubbub.new('http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/')# subscribe to real-time notificationshub.subscribe"http://blog.yoursite.com/atom.xml", "http://yourhub.com/hubbub”# unsubscribe hub.unsubscribe "http://blog.yoursite.com/atom.xml", "http://yourhub.com/hubbub”hub.callback { puts "Processed" }hub.errback { puts "Error! " + hub.response_header.status.to_s }}Consuming PSHB in Rubygem install pubsubhubbub
require'pubsubhubbub'EventMachine.run { hub =EventMachine::PubSubHubbub.new('http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/')# subscribe to real-time notificationshub.subscribe "http://blog.yoursite.com/atom.xml", "http://yourhub.com/hubbub”# unsubscribe hub.unsubscribe"http://blog.yoursite.com/atom.xml", "http://yourhub.com/hubbub”hub.callback { puts "Processed" }hub.errback { puts "Error! " + hub.response_header.status.to_s }}Consuming PSHB in Rubygem install pubsubhubbub
require'pubsubhubbub'EventMachine.run { hub =EventMachine::PubSubHubbub.new('http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/') # subscribe to real-time notificationshub.subscribe "http://blog.yoursite.com/atom.xml", "http://yourhub.com/hubbub” # unsubscribe hub.unsubscribe "http://blog.yoursite.com/atom.xml", "http://yourhub.com/hubbub”hub.callback { puts "Processed" }hub.errback { puts "Error! "+hub.response_header.status.to_s }}Consuming PSHB in Rubygem install pubsubhubbub
require'pubsubhubbub'EventMachine.run { hub =EventMachine::PubSubHubbub.new('http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/publish')# publish notification to all subscribershub.publish ['http://www.test.com', 'http://www.test.com/2']hub.callback { puts "Notified PSHB Hub" }hub.errback { puts "Notification failed" + hub.response_header.status.to_s } }Publishing PSHB in Rubygem install pubsubhubbub
require'pubsubhubbub'EventMachine.run { hub =EventMachine::PubSubHubbub.new('http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/publish')# publish notification to all subscribershub.publish ['http://www.test.com', 'http://www.test.com/2']hub.callback { puts "Notified PSHB Hub" }hub.errback { puts "Notification failed"+hub.response_header.status.to_s } }Publishing PSHB in Rubygem install pubsubhubbub
http://github.com/igrigorik/pubsubhubbub
Real-Time Web = “IM for web applications”XMPP : PresenceAMQP : RoutingWebHooks: ExtensibilityPubsubHubbub: PubSub over HTTP
Related Blog Posts:http://bit.ly/igvita-amqphttp://bit.ly/igvita-webhookshttp://bit.ly/igvita-pshbQuestions?The slides…Questions & CommentsMy blog

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Real-time Ruby for the Real-time Web

Editor's Notes

  • #13: ResourceFederationClient to Server <> Server to ServerJabber.orgis the original IM service based on XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging. The service is run by a small group of volunteers. For that reason, you’ll often find people using Jabber and XMPP as synonyms. For all intents and purposes though, they are exactly the same. Having said that, each XMPP user has a “JID” or “Jabber ID”, which captures the following components: user, domain and resource.If you discard the resource component for a second, you’re left with an email address! Hence, as you may guess, the user identification and authentication will be done by a jabber server running on aiderss.com. And then the resource component simply assigns a unique handle, or location for that user. Unlike SMTP, which is stateless, we can have multiple clients be connected to our jabber server, which means we need a unique ID for each one.
  • #16: XMPP is also not limited to routing text snippets. Recently, Google integrated video chat into their products, once again, using XMPP. You can use XMPP to transfer binary files, real-time video, or anything else that your heart desires (not that it’s a necessarily good idea to do that though).
  • #30: Fire eagle exposes an XMPP endpoint which anyone can consume to receive your location updates. This saves them a lot of bandwidth and server resources, since the clients don’t have to poll for updates!
  • #32: Another interesting and fairly popular use for XMPP is the dynamic scalability. Instead of trying to build your own glue to detect and register new servers in the cloud, you could use XMPP and presence to solve this for you: whenever a server comes online, it logs into the XMPP server announcing it’s presence as available. Under load? Set it to “do not disturb”. If the server falls off the network, the XMPP server will detect that and remove it from its roster.