reference style for writing research article

WHAT IS REFERENCING
Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of
information and ideas way have used in our assignments and which
allows the source to be identified.

Referencing
Referencing is the process of providing detailed information on all sources consulted to compile
an article, book chapter, essay or dissertation both within the text (in-text citations) and at the
end of your work (reference list or bibliography). This will allow readers to easily locate the
original sources and consult them.

WHY DO WE NEED REFERENCE
To give credit to the ideas / work of authors.
To allow others [ reader ] works of other authors to find the original sources easily [cited reference]
To make the work more informative [quality ]
To get recognition and authentication of the work

Require to support all significant statements
Used to indicate the origin of material and sources for research and further reading
Enable others to follow up on our work
Proves that substantial research has been done support our analysis
To verify quotations
To address the issue of plagiarism

Plagiarism:
 The practice of taking some else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s
own. The word comes from Latin ‘plagiarius’- kidnapping.
Plagiarism is a term used when an author either purposely or unintentionally
presents someone else’s work as if it is his/her own work. Therefore, using other
people’s ideas/works without citing the sources is considered as plagiarism.
Be careful of self-plagiarism. Using your previously submitted work without
acknowledging it is also considered as a form of plagiarism.

STEPS IN REFERENCING:
1. Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which
information is taken.
2. Punctuation marks and spaces in the referencing list and citation are very important. Follow
the punctuation and space exactly.
3. Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document
4. Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document

HOW TO CREATE A REFERENCE LIST / BIBILIOGRAPHY
A reference list contain details only of those works cited in the text of document. [E G. book, journal
article, pamphlet, internet site, cassette tape or film] these details must include sufficient detail so
that others may locate and consult your references.
A bibliography is separate list from the reference list and should be arranged
alphabetically by author or title

Continue……..
A bibliography lists sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject and where
used for background reading.
A reference list should appear at the end of your essay / report with the entries listed
numerically and in the same order that they have been cited in the text
Source cited from the internet should be in your reference list.

HOW DO I WRITE A REFERENCE?
To write your own references you need different bits of information about each item
that you read when you are researching a piece of work. These bits of information are
called ‘bibliographic’ information.
For all types of references the key bits of information you need to start with are:
1. Author or editor
2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording
3. Title of the item

This will form the basis of each reference you have to write. You may find that some items
are not as straightforward as others, so be aware of the following:
1. Author or editor: This means the primary (main) person who produced the item you
are using.
2. Date of publication/broadcast/recording: This means the date the item was produced.
It is usually a year, but if you are using a newspaper article, an email, or a television
recording, you will have to include a full date (day/month/year) in your reference.
3. Title of the item: This means the primary (main) title of the item you are using.
That sounds very obvious, but have a look at a web page and try to work out what the
main title is. We would advise common sense in this situation – you have to identify the
key piece of information that describes what you have used, and will allow the reader
of your work to identify that information.

Depending on the type of material you want to reference you will also need other bits
of information, such as:
• Name of publisher
• Place of publication
• Page numbers
• Volume number
• Issue number
• URL (website or web page address)
• DOI (Digital Object Identifier –
for published outputs)
• Title of conference proceedings

• Report number
• Book or conference editor
(if not your primary author)
• Book or conference title
(if not your primary title)
• Journal title (the journal article title
will be your primary title)
• Date of access (for online material)

UNDERSTANDING SIMILAR TERMS:
CITATION: Using another person’s work in our work and acknowledging them.
SECONDARY REFERENCE: When an author refers to another author’s work and
the primary source is not available.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: There may be many articles which we have referred but not
cited, these can be listed at the end of our assignment in a bibliography. These
articles should be listed in alphabetical order.

SOURCES OF REFERENCE
Book
Journal
Newspaper / magazine
Conference paper / proceedings
Annual report
Institutional /government publication
Electronic sources – website , CD-ROM , Databases
Theses / reports / unpublished works

ELEMENTS IN THE REFERENCE LIST
oAuthor
oTitle of document
oDate [ year of publication]
oEdition
oPeriodicity [ volume / issue / part number ]
oSeries

DIFFERENT TYPES OF REFFERENCING STYLES

APA Style (American psychological association ) :-psychology , education, and other social
sciences

Vancouver style

Harvard style :- style adapted by APA

MLA citation style(Modern language association ) :- literature , art and humanities

The Chicago manual of style :- Used with all subjects in the real world by books , magazines ,
newspapers and other scholarly publications)

Royal society of chemistry style

VANCOUVER REFERENCING STYLE
The Vancouver referencing style is a numeric style where you need to allocate a number to a source.
 If a source is cited more than once, the same number is assigned to it.
 The reference list is organised in the same numerical order as cited within the text.
 To numerate the reference, use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4…). This style is commonly used in medical
sciences.

ABOUT VANCOUVER
Small group editors met in Vancouver, Canada in 1978. Known as Vancouver group
Established guidelines for format of manuscripts submitted to their journals
Guidelines developed by the NLM, published in 1979
Group expanded to International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ( ICMJE )
ICMJE broadened concerns to include ethical principles related to publication in biomedical
journals.
ICMJE still operates as a small working group
Most obtained journals today use Vancouver
Vancouver accredited journals are encouraged to state the use of the technique in their
instruction o authors

WHAT IS A CITATION?
When you use another person’s work in your own work, either by referring to
their ideas, or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the
text of your work.
This acknowledgement is called a citation.

HOW DO I WRITE CITATIONS USING THE
VANCOUVER STYLE?
Each piece of work which is cited in your text should have a unique number,
assigned in the order of citation. If, in your text, you cite a piece of work more
than once, the same citation number should be used. You can write the number
in brackets or as superscript.

Citing one author
Recent research (1) indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published
is increasing.
or
Recent research1 indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published
is increasing.

Citing more than one piece of work at the
same time
If you want to cite several pieces of work in the same sentence, you will need to include
the citation number for each piece of work. A hyphen should be used to link numbers
which are inclusive, and a comma used where numbers are not consecutive.
The following is an example where works 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 15 have been cited in the same
place in the text.
Several studies (6–9,13,15) have examined the effect of congestion charging
in urban areas.

Citing the author’s name in your text
You can use the author’s name in your text, but you must insert the citation number as well.
As emphasised by Watkins (2) carers of diabetes sufferers ‘require perseverance
and an understanding of humanity’ (p.1).

Citing more than one author’s name in your text
If a work has more than one author and you want to cite author
names in your text, use ‘et al.’
after the first author.
Simons et al. (3) state that the principle of effective stress is
‘imperfectly known and understood by many practising engineers’
(p.4).

Citing works by the same author written in the
same year
If you cite a new work which has the same author and was written in
the same year
as an earlier citation, each work will have a different number.
Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under
focus,
particularly where reporting of facts and research is inaccurate (4,5).

Citing from works with no obvious author
If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have an obvious author, you should use
what is called a ‘corporate’ author. For example, many online works will not have individually
named authors, and in many cases the author will be an organisation or company. Using
the Vancouver style you don’t have to include the author in your citation in the text of your
work, but you still need to include an author in the full reference at the end of your work
(see section 9).

The citation to a work written by a ‘corporate’ author could appear in your text as:
The Department of Health (6) advocates a national strategy for creating a framework
to drive improvements in dementia services.
or
A national strategy is creating a framework to drive improvements in dementia services (6).
If you are unable to find either a named or corporate author, you should use ‘Anon’ as the
author name.

Citing from chapters written by different authors
Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from
such a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

Secondary referencing
Secondary references are when an author refers to another author’s work and the primary
source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author
of the work it was cited in should be used.
According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo as cited by Holding et al. (7) most patients given
opiates do not become addicted to such drugs.

HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES FOR YOUR
REFERENCE LIST AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY: VANCOUVER STYLE
Book: print
• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher
• Year of publication
Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering.
London: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001.

Book: chapter in an edited book
• Author of the chapter
• Title of chapter followed by, In:
• Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
• Title of book (this should be in italics)
• Publisher
• Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before single and multiple page numbers)
Partridge H, Hallam G. Evidence-based practice and information literacy. In: Lipu S,
Williamson K, Lloyd A. (eds.) Exploring methods in information literacy research.
Wagga Wagga, Australia: Centre for Information Studies; 2007. p.149–170.

Journal article: print
• Author
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• (Issue number)
• Page numbers of the article
Chhibber PK, Majumdar SK. Foreign ownership and profitability: Property rights, control,
and the performance of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law & Economics. 1999;42(1):
209–238.

Journal article: online/electronic
Most online articles will have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and you should use this in your
reference, if the article has a DOI you will not usually be required to add a date of access.
If the article only has a URL then do include a date of access. Always check your student
handbook and coursework guidance as some lecturers/tutors will provide specific guidance
on the use of DOI or URL.
If you read the article in a full-text database service, such as Factiva or EBSCO,
and do not have a DOI or direct URL to the article you should use the database URL.
• Author
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal (this should be in italics)
• Volume number
• (Issue number)
• Page numbers of the article
• Available from: URL (Include [Date of access]) or DOI (if available)

Errami M, Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature. 2008;451(7177): 397–399.
Available from: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html
[Accessed 20th January 2015].
or
Wang F, Maidment G, Missenden J, Tozer R. The novel use of phase change materials in
refrigeration plant. Part 1: Experimental investigation. Applied Thermal Engineering.
2007;27(17–18): 2893–2901. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.06.011.
Or
Read B. Anti-cheating crusader vexes some professors. Chronicle of Higher Education.
2008;54(25). Available from: http://global.factiva.com/ [Accessed 18th June 2015].

Conference proceeding: individual paper
• Author
• Title of conference paper followed by, In:
• Editor/ Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• Publisher
• Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before single and multiple page numbers)
Wittke M. Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour of tunnels in
swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem A, Charlier R, Thimus J-F, Tshibangu J-P. (eds.) Eurock
2006: multiphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics: Proceedings of
the International Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, EUROCK
2006, 9–12 May 2006, Liege, Belgium. London: Taylor & Francis; 2006. p.211–216.

Book: online/electronic
• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
• Publisher
• Available from: URL
• [Date of access]
Grech ED. ABC of interventional cardiology. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley blackwell;
2011 Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/imperial/detail.
action?docID=822522 [Accessed 6th July 2017].

Standard
• Name of Standard Body/Institution
• Standard number
• Publisher
British Standards Institution. BS EN 1993-1-2:2005. Eurocode 3. Design of steel
structures. General rules. Structural fire design. London: BSI; 2005.

Email: personal
Personal emails should be referenced as personal communication, unless you have
permission from the sender and receiver to include their details in your reference list.
• Sender
• Email sent to
• Name of receiver
• Date, month and year of communication
Harrison R. Email sent to: Mimi Weiss Johnson. 10th June 2014.

Personal communication
• Name of practitioner
• Occupation
• Personal communication
• Date when the information was provided
Law J. Engineering consultant. Personal communication. 26th March 2014.

Lecture/presentation
• Name of lecturer/presenter
• Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)
• [Lecture/Presentation]
• Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)
• Name of institution or location
• Date of lecture/presentation
Wagner G. Structural and functional studies of protein interactions in gene expression.
[Lecture] Imperial College London. 12th December 2006.

In-text citations
When citing your sources in-text, use a number. You may either write it in brackets (1) or as a
superscript 1.

APA style:
APA stands for American Psychological Association.
Originated in 1929 when a group of psychologists, anthropologists and business managers convened
and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or styles or rules that would codify the many
components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension
This style is most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social science.
References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in
the text.

WHY IS APA STYLE NEEDED?
Allow readers to cross reference your sources easily
Provide consistent format within a discipline
Gives you credibility as a writer
Protect yourself from plagiarism
Uniform style helps us scan articles quickly for key points and findings
Express the key elements of quantitative results
Choose the graphic form that will best suit for analyses individuals with accuracy and respect
Report critical details of our research protocol and describe

APA STYLE USES:
◦ Term papers
◦ Research reports
◦ Empirical studies
◦ Literature review
◦ Theoretical articles
◦ Methodological articles
◦ Case studies

Basic rules
1. The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of the authors’ last names.
2. If there is more than one work by the same author, order them by publication
date – oldest to newest (therefore a 2004 publication would appear before a 2008
publication).
3. If there is no author the title moves to that position and the entry is alphabetized
by the first significant word, excluding words such as “A” or “The”. If the title is
long, it may be shortened when citing in text.
4. Use “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a source.

5.The first line of the reference list entry is left-hand justified, while all subsequent lines are
consistently indented.
6. Capitalise only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if there is one, plus any proper names
– i. e. only those words that would normally be capitalised.
7. Italicise the title of the book, the title of the journal/serial and the title of the web document.
8. Do not create separate lists for each type of information source. Books, articles, web documents,
brochures, etc. are all arranged alphabetically in one list.

Books
1. Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname) appears first, followed by initials (Bloggs, J.).
2. Year of publication in brackets (2010).
3. Full title of the book. Capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle, if any, and proper
names. Italicise the title. Use a colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
4. Include the edition number, if applicable, in brackets after the title or subtitle (3rd ed.) or (Rev.
ed.). Note: No full stop, after the title, if there is an edition.
5. Place of publication. Always include the city and 2-letter state code when published inside the
USA, and the city & country, if published outside the USA (Fort Bragg, CA or Auckland, New
Zealand or Benalla, Australia or Weybridge, England). If there are two or more places included in
the source, then use the first one listed.
6. Publisher’s name. Provide this as briefly as possible. Do not use terms such as Publishers, Co.,
or Inc. but include the words Books & Press. When the author and the publisher are the same, use
the word Author as the name of the publisher.

Book – author & publisher are the same
Eg :- MidCentral District Health Board. (2008). District annual plan 2008/09.
Palmerston North, New Zealand: Author.

Serial/journal articles
1. Author/s last name (surname) first, followed by initials.
2. Year of publication in brackets. (2012)
3. Title of article. Capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle, if any, and proper names.
Use a colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
4. Title of the serial/journal in full in italics.
5. Volume number, in italics. Do not use “Vol.” before the number.
6. Issue number. This is bracketed immediately after the volume number but not italicised.
7. Month, season or other designation of publication if there is no volume or issue number.
8. Include all page numbers.
9. Include any Digital Object Identifiers [DOI].

Serial / journal article (print)
Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary tales for nurses. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand,
16(7), 26.
Serial / journal article – more than one author (print)
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during professional
rugby league skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583

Serial / journal article (online from a database – e.g. EBSCO or Newztext)
The database name and retrieval date are no longer required. Include the home page
of the journal. This may require a quick web search to locate the URL (Refer to the APA
manual, p. 191-192, 199).
Marshall, M., Carter, B., Rose, K., & Brotherton, A. (2009). Living with
type 1 diabetes: Perceptions of children and their parents. Journal of Clinical Nursing,
18(12), 1703-1710. Retrieved from http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0962-
1067

Serial / journal – more than one author (online– DOI)
The 6th ed. of the APA manual emphasises the use of DOI (Digital Object Identifiers). Many publishers,
databases and online journals use DOIs. They are alpha-numeric codes that usually appear on the first page of the
article. Copy the DOI exactly as it appears.
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during professional rugby
league skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007

Serial / Journal article – 8 or more authors (online – no DOI)
Reference list:
Crooks, C., Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M., Buetow, S., Brothers, S., … Jorgensen, P. (2010).
Adverse reactions to food in New Zealand children aged 0-5 years. New Zealand Medical Journal,
123(1327). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1327/4469/

Internet sources
Where possible, include similar information, in the same order, as you would for other types of
information and other sources (who, when, what) and then add the electronic retrieval information
required for people to locate the material you cited (where).
1. Author/s of the document or information – individual or organisation/corporate author.
2. Date of publication. If no date is available use (n.d.).
3. Title of the document or webpage in italics.
4. Complete & correct web address/URL.

Internet – no author, no date
When using information from the Internet consider carefully the origins of the information. Is it credible, valid
and reliable? Sometimes it is not clear who (author) wrote it or when (date) it was written.
Reference list:
Pet therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_pet-therapy.htm

Internet – Organisation / Corporate author
Reference list:
Ministry of Health. (2014). Ebola: Information for the public. Retrieved from
http://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/diseases-and-illnesses/ebolainformation-public
In text citation:
First time cited: (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2014).
Second and subsequent citations: (MOH, 2014).

Act (statute / legislation)
Reference list:
Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992. (2013, December 16). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.govt.nz
Note: The date in brackets is the date on the Act indicating the latest update or reprint.
In text citation:
(Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, 2013).

Blog post
Reference list:
Stefanie. (2014, October 8). What a tangled web: Website versus webpage [Blog post]. Retrieved from
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/10/what-a-tangled-web-website-versus-webpage.html
Note: The title of the blog post is not italicised – who knows why not? The vagaries of APA! Refer to the APA
manual, 2010, p. 215. The APA manual uses the technical term [Web log post] as the descriptor but we have
used the common terminology [Blog post].
In text citation:
(Stefanie, 2014).

Brochure / pamphlet
Tamihana, B. (2007). Gambling health promotion: Mate petipeti whakapiki hauora [Brochure].
Palmerston North, New Zealand: Best Care (Whakapai Hauora) Charitable trust.
Brochure / pamphlet (no author)
Reference list:
Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009a). Wellington, New Zealand:
Ministry of Health.
In text citation (for print brochure):
(“Ageing well,” 2009a).

Conference Paper
Reference list:
Williams, J., & Seary, K. (2010). Bridging the divide: Scaffolding the learning experiences of the mature age
student. In J. Terrell (Ed.), Making the links: Learning, teaching and high quality student outcomes.
Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the New Zealand Association of Bridging Educators (pp. 104-116).
Wellington, New Zealan
In text citation:
(Williams & Seary, 2010).

Dictionary (print)
Reference list:
Weller, B. F. (Ed.). (2009). Bailliere’s nurses dictionary: For nurses and health care workers (25th
ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier.

Dictionary (online)
Reference list:
Cambridge dictionaries online. (2011). Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
In text citation:
(Cambridge dictionaries online, 2011).

Specific entry in an online dictionary (no author or editor)
Reference list:
Acquiescence. (2011). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from
http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/acquiescence
In text citation:
(Acquiescence, 2011).

Specific entry in an online dictionary (editor)
Simpson, J. (Ed.). (2011). Acquiescence. In Oxford English dictionary.
Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/

DVD / Video / Motion Picture (including ClickView & Youtube)
Reference list:
Gardiner, A., Curtis, C., & Michael, E. (Producers), & Waititi, T. (Director). (2010). Boy: Welcome to my interesting
world [DVD]. New Zealand: Transmission.
In text citation:
(Gardiner, Curtis, Michael & Waititi, 2010).
Reference list:
Ahmed, A. (Producer), & Breitenmoser, K. (Director). (2012). Job seeker Q&A: Planning your search [ClickView
DVD]. Bendigo, Australia: VEA.
Competenz NZ. (2014, October 16). The tattooed baker [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Gr1IaBVXkI&list=UUfkO7pVdIaH2ROyw0pzvryg

e-book (including Safari and Google books)
Reference list: Rich, J. R. (2011). Your iPad 2 at work [e-book]. Retrieved from
http://safaribooksonline.com
Sadun, E., Grothaus, M., & Sande, S. (2011). Taking your iPad 2 to the max (2nd ed.) [e-book].
Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz

Figures (images, illustrations, photographs, maps, charts)
When you use a figure for educational purposes (e.g. in essays, reports, presentations, Moodle) you need to
reference the source of the figure. This means you need to cite and reference the publication details of where you
found the figure e.g. the web page, newspaper, book, or any other publication. Check with your lecturer to make
sure you meet the programme requirements for referencing figures.
In text citation
 Insert the figure within your essay/report, not
as a separate page.
 Use the most original source available.
 The in text citation below the figure identifies the source.
 Include the page or paragraph number if there is one.
 Include the full details in the reference list (Evans, 2000, p. 45).

Magazine
Reference list:
White, M. (2011, October). Food, inglorious food. North & South, 307, 96-97.
Ng, A. (2011, October-December). Brush with history. Habitus, 13, 83-87.

Music recording (Whole album)
Reference list:
Midler, B. (2010b). Memories of you [CD]. London, England: Warner Music UK.
In text citation:
(Midler, 2010b).
Reference list:
Nga Pihi. (2011b). Taki mei ao: Maori songs for children [CD]. Porirua, New Zealand: Universal Children’s Audio.
In text citation:
(Nga Pihi, 2011b).

Newspaper article
Reference List:
Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Foodbanks urge public to give generously. Manawatu Standard,
p. 4.
In text citation:
(Matthews, 2011).
Newspaper article (no author)
Reference list:
Little blue penguins homeward bound. (2011, November 23). Manawatu Standard, p. 5.
In text citation:
Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks.
(“Little blue penguins”, 2011).
Newspaper (online)
Rogers, C. (2011, November 26). Smartphone could replace wallets. The Dominion Post. Retrieved from
http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/gadgets/6038621/Smartphone-could-replace-wallets

Personal communication
This refers to letters, including email, interviews, telephone conversations and discussions on
placement or work experience. Personal communications are cited in text only and are NOT
included in the reference list. Refer to APA manual, 2010, p.179.
In text citation:
No-tillage technologies have revolutionized the way arable farmers manage their farming
operation and practices (W.R. Ritchie, personal communication, September 30, 2014).

Podcast (audio or video)
Radio New Zealand. (2014, December 3). Filmmaker slams corporates for delay tactics on climate change [Audio
podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz/audio/player/20159538
Software (including apps)
UBM Medica. (2010). iMIMS (Version1.2.0) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com

Television series
Flanagan, A., & Philipson, A. (Series producers & directors). (2011). 24 hours in A & E [Television series]. Belfast,
Ireland: Channel 4.
Television (single episode from a series)
Beaudry, C. (Series producer). (2014). Northland harbours [Television series episode]. In J. Curran (Executive
producer), Our big blue backyard. Dunedin, New Zealand: Natural History of New Zealand.
Note: If you can locate writer or director for your episode, use them place of series producer.
Thesis (online)
Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions in sport (Doctoral dissertation, The University of New
South Wales, Sydney, Australia). Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704

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