UCS Harvard Referencing
- 2. UCS Harvard referencing The referencing system used at UCS is UCS Harvard. It is and is based on the advice in this book: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Copies are available in the PC Suite shelved at 808.027 Harvard is often referred to as a Name Date system
- 3. What is referencing? •Referencing is the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in your essay or assignment. •It helps your tutors to check your sources as quickly and easily as possible. •You should reference direct quotes or any material you have paraphrased or referred to. •TIP! Good referencing can help you achieve a better grade – it can account for up to 5-10% of the total.
- 4. Common knowledge “If you are new to a subject and unsure if a fact or information is common knowledge, you should ask yourself the following: • Did I know this information before I started my course? • Does this information/idea come from my own brain? If the answer to either of the questions is “no”, then the information is not common knowledge to you and you should cite and reference your sources.” Pears (2013, p.2.)
- 5. Acknowledging your sources You should acknowledge your sources in two different places: • Within the main body of your essay as an in-text citation (included in your word count). • In the reference list at the end of your essay in alphabetical order (not included in your word count).
- 6. The in-text citation • Used in the main body of your essay. • Included in your word count. • Gives the brief abbreviated details of the work that you are quoting from, paraphrasing or referring to in your text. • Links from your essay to the full reference in the reference list at the end of your work.
- 7. In-text citation styles The most common in-text citation styles are as follows: • Author starts the sentence e.g. Pears and Shields (2013, p.4) look at how… • The work is referred to within the sentence or at the end of the sentence e.g. …this explains why referencing is so important (Pears and Shields, 2013, p. 4)
- 8. In-text citations - authors Up to 3 authors/editors may be mentioned. If there are 4 or more cite the first name listed in the source followed by et al. • You do not need to add ed. after editor in an in-text citation. • Do not use et al. in your reference list – all authors are mentioned • Citing multiple sources – use a semi-colon to separate the list and put in chronological order Examples: •3 authors: (Black, Smith and Robinson, 2014, p.14) •4 authors: (Morton et al., 2014, p.2)
- 9. Referencing FAQ Question Do I need to add page number(s) to my in-text citations? Answer – YES! A key function of referencing is to enable the reader to quickly locate the information you have used and to verify the conclusions you have drawn. To assist with this: • You need to include page numbers for direct quotes and for paraphrasing. • You do not need to add page numbers if you are just summarising the main points of an article, chapter or book.
- 10. Reference list or bibliography Reference list • The full list of references (sources) you have either cited from, paraphrased or referred to within your work. • It should be included at the end of your work in alphabetical order (by author’s surname). • It is not included in the word count. Bibliography • A list of sources which you have used or consulted for background reading but not referred to, paraphrased or cited in your work. • A bibliography is usually separate from a reference list and there should be no duplication between the two.
- 11. Book or e-book reference Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Author’s surname, followed by initial(s) e.g. Smith, N.P. If editor(s), add (ed.) or (eds) e.g. Smith, N.P. (ed.) • Date of edition (in brackets). Ignore reprinting dates – use the original date relating to the actual edition. • Title of the book, italicised, and followed by a full stop. If there is a subtitle, separate this from the main title by a colon. • Edition of the book if given (other than the 1st), followed by a full stop. • Place of publication followed by a colon. If there are multiple places of publication, use the UK one. • The publisher’s name followed by a full stop.
- 12. Referencing FAQ Question The date, edition and publication details are so confusing! How do I work out what is correct? Answer •Look at the title page (front and back) for this information. •Check the entry on Summon for guidance.
- 13. Referencing FAQ Question What is a DOI and do I need to include it in my reference? Answer A DOI is a digital object identifier - a numbered tag used to identify digital (online) sources e.g. e-books and e-journal articles. You only need to use the DOI if it is given. Often it is not given so you do not need to include it.
- 14. Chapter in edited work - example Reference list Kelly, C., Roberts, T. and Lawrence, C. (2012) ‘Skin and lip cancer’, in Symonds, P., Deehan, C., Mills, J.A. and Meredith, C. (eds) Walter and Miller’s text book of radiotherapy: radiation physics, therapy and oncology. 7th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 317-340. In-text citation styles The view proposed by Kelly, Roberts and Lawrence (2012, p.319) In a recent article (Kelly, Roberts and Lawrence, 2012, p.319) …
- 15. Journal or e-journal article reference Jervis, A. (2011) ‘Why are nurse mentors failing to fail student nurses who do not meet clinical performance’, British Journal of Nursing, 33 (3), pp. 323-326. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Date – year of publication (in brackets) • Article title (lower case in ‘single’ quotation marks followed by a comma • Title of the journal italicised . Capitalise the first letter of each significant word in the title and follow with a comma. Do NOT abbreviate titles. • Volume number followed by a space • Part/issue number or month(s) in round brackets followed by a comma e.g. 12 (1), or (May/June) • Page numbers followed by a full stop e.g. p.10. or pp.10-21.
- 16. Journal/e-journal article in-text citation Reference list Jervis, A. (2011) ‘Why are nurse mentors failing to fail student nurses who do not meet clinical performance’, British Journal of Nursing, 33 (3), pp. 323-326. In-text citation styles This is illustrated in a recent article (Jervis, 2011, p.323) which discusses how… Jervis (2011, p. 323) states that it is wrong to…
- 17. Referencing FAQ Question An article I need to reference has over 20 authors! Do I need to include all of them in the reference list? Answer – YES! Include all authors in the order in which they are listed. Do not re-order authors alphabetically as the first one named is likely to be a major rather than minor contributor. TIP! Only include the first 3 authors in the in-text citation. Use et al. if there are 4 or more e.g. Smith et al.
- 18. Web page (with author) reference National Health Service (2010) Check your symptoms. Available at: http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/checksymptoms (Accessed: 17 October 2012). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Author/editor of the page (this may be the name of an organisation). • The title is italicised here (and also within the in-text citation). • Year that the site was published or last updated (in round brackets). If no year, use the date you accessed the site. • Available at: URL (do not underline). • Date site accessed. This is important as the site may have been updated by the time the reader checks it.
- 19. Web page (with author) in-text citation Reference list National Health Service (2010) Check your symptoms. Available at: http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/checksymptoms (Accessed: 17 October 2012). In-text citation After identifying symptoms (National Health Service, 2010) …
- 20. Web page (no author) in-text reference Healthy eating for children diet sheet (2009) Available at: http://www/healthy eating for children_index.htm (Accessed: 23 July 2012). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • Where there is no author, the title is mentioned first. The title would still be italicised within an in-text citation. • Year that the site was published or last updated (in round brackets). If no year, use the date you accessed the site. • Available at: URL (do not underline) • Date site accessed. This is important as the site may have been updated by the time the reader checks it.
- 21. Web page (no author) in-text reference Reference list Healthy eating for children diet sheet (2009) Available at: http://www/healthy eating for children_index.htm (Accessed: 23 July 2012). In-text citation The Healthy eating for children diet sheet (2009) shows that…
- 22. Secondary referencing • Referencing a work mentioned/quoted in another author’s work. • Reference both sources in the text of your essay and use the phrase ‘cited in’. • Best practice is to consult the original source – avoid too many secondary references. • Do not directly cite books that you have not read yourself.
- 23. Secondary referencing - example Direct Quote “The suggestion that all humans may be cloned is rejected by all health professionals” (Burnard, 2009, cited in Murray, 2013, p. 82). Paraphrase Murray’s conclusion (2013, p.82) supports the views of Burnard (2009, cited in Murray, 2013, p.82) on human cloning. Reference List The book by Murray should be included in the reference list as this is the book you have actually read. Do not include the work by Burnard because you have not actually read it.
- 24. General tips •Minimise the number of direct quotes and try to paraphrase and use your own words as much as possible. •Do not use direct quotes to make your case or argument, do this in your own words or your work will not flow. •Images - do not include images unless they are really necessary and add something new to your work. •E-books and e-journals are referenced in exactly the same way – you do not need to add URLS or accessed dates for these