Referencing methods and approaches
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This document discusses referencing methods and approaches, including: - The importance of referencing sources so readers can follow up on sources easily. - Collecting references from the beginning and keeping full source details. - Choosing a referencing style like Harvard and sticking to it consistently. - Using reference management software like EndNote, RefWorks, Zotero to organize references and citations. - Compiling an accurate bibliography of only sources cited in the text.
Referencing methods and approaches
- 1. Referencing methods and approaches Dr Karen McAulay
- 2. A groan or a sigh?
- 3. What do we mean by referencing? • Footnotes • Bibliography • In The Dissertation • … or in articles/books you might write now or in the future …
- 4. Why? • Why does it matter? • So your examiners/readers can follow up your sources … books, articles and websites … • … with the minimum fuss!
- 5. Input / Output • 2 distinct stages:- • Collecting • Codifying / Sharing
- 6. Input
- 7. In preparation • Don’t start your bibliography when you start writing your text – if you haven’t already started, begin compiling your bibliography now. • Keep full details of anything you read – especially dates and pages. • Record place of publication and publishers’ names – you can decide later how much to include depending on the system you choose.
- 8. Gathering it all in?
- 9. For your own benefit … • If something you read strikes a particular chord, keep a brief annotation with the reference itself. This won’t go in the bibliography, but might be useful in your literature survey or a footnote.
- 10. Embarras de richesses? French (literally, ‘an embarrassment of riches’). More resources, pleasures, etc., than one knows what to do with. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1O33-embarrasderichesse.html
- 11. Embrace technology • There are various kinds of software to help you compile your bibliography. • EndNote and RefWorks are commercially- available software • We don’t subscribe, but Endnote available with educational discount as an individual, or • Access Refworks through the University of St Andrew’s.
- 13. Pros and Cons • EndNote and RefWorks are powerful tools • Synchronise with web-resources like COPAC and even international library catalogues • Synchronise with Word • Choose citation style and the software does it for you • But quite complex and does need learning.
- 14. Free shareware • Peggy uses Zotero (pronounced Zo-tair-oh) – requires you to use Firefox not Internet Explorer. Good for keeping citation details. • For saving favourite websites online, many people use Delicious – but Yahoo is apparently dropping it, so future uncertain. • Diigo is a new social bookmarking tool which I’m experimenting with – looks quite flexible, and portable.
- 15. Social bookmarking and more • Zotero http://www.zotero.org/ • Delicious http://www.delicious.com/ • Diigo http://www.diigo.com/index
- 16. Growing Knowledge • Take another look at the British Library Growing Knowledge website –more ideas there? • http://www.growingknowledge.bl.uk/Tools.aspx
- 17. Output
- 18. How? • How? • Different referencing systems, eg Harvard, Chicago, MHRA Style Guide (Modern Humanities Research Association) • RSAMD prefers Harvard system, as recommended in RSAMD “Writing Essays on Music” guidelines. • Links on Moodle and via RSAMD library catalogue; also in ‘how to write PhD’ books • Bottom line – consistency
- 19. Rules are for fools? (and the guidance of the wise) • All citation systems: consistency & clarity • Agree on a system: get rules & stick to them • Basic questions: footnotes or endnotes? • If endnotes, at end of chapter or dissertation? • Different views on how much info to be given.
- 20. University of St Andrews • Citing References – info on St Andrews Uni Library website • http://www.st- andrews.ac.uk/library/information/furtherhelp /citingreferences/
- 21. Harvard system @ Anglia Ruskin University
- 22. Anglia Ruskin University • http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/ harvard.htm = good online guide to the Harvard system.
- 23. Harvard system at Leeds Metropolitan
- 24. Leeds Metropolitan University • http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/Quote _Unquote.pdf = Quote, Unquote: a guide to Harvard referencing
- 25. Bibliography • Again, decide on a system then stick to it. • I was advised only to include items I’d referred to in the text. • Ask your supervisor if they require only cited materials, or additional reading matter too.
- 26. Actually Compiling the dreaded Bibliography My own personal method – 1. Big Master Bibliography from Day One; 2. Started EndNote Bibliography when I began writing up, to keep details of what I had actually cited; 3. Used that as basis for the Bibliography that went at the end of my dissertation. (But I didn’t use EndNote formatting within Word)
- 27. Geekiness • If you don’t have the page no. of a quotation, GoogleBooks can be invaluable. • … Search for the quotation and find which page it was on, even if you can’t read the book online. Quicker than going back to the library! • For accuracy, proofread intensively. • If there are mistakes you regularly make, use Edit>Find in Word, to ensure you’ve caught and corrected them all.
- 28. Practical help • Look at other people’s dissertations – get an idea of what passes muster, and what might work for you. Talk to people who have ‘been there, done that’. • If you have any difficulty formatting the dissertation, do speak to IT Trainer Julie Halstead early enough to allow you time to implement any changes/ improvements.
- 29. Always darkest before the dawn!
- 30. The End • Thank you Dr Karen McAulay Music & Academic Services Librarian