The document reflects on a workshop focused on assessing the scientific progress of the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) program held in Addis Ababa from May 4-6, 2011. Key discussions centered around the integration of projects, clarity on core scientific concepts, and the challenges of translating scientific insights into practical applications. Emphasis was placed on the need for improved stakeholder involvement, communication, and innovative strategies to enhance project complementarities and sustainability.