Relative clausesadvanced c level
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This document discusses defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining relative clauses provide essential information about the noun they refer to without commas. Non-defining relative clauses provide non-essential extra information and use commas. It also discusses relative pronouns like who, which, that, whose, where, why, when and relative phrases. Optional relative pronouns are omitted when the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. Prepositions are usually placed at the end of relative clauses in everyday speech.
Relative clausesadvanced c level
- 2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES To give information that is needed to complete something previously mentioned, no comma is used. RELATIVE PRONOUNS: WHO (also THAT): for a person: Ex.: Those are the students who/that never stop talking! (The pronoun refers to the students) WHICH (also THAT) for a thing: Ex.: It’s a film which/that is about the Second World War. (The pronoun refers to a film).
- 3. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES To give extra, non-essential information about something (you can omit it). Pronouns WHICH and WHO are obligatory (not THAT) and commas must be used: Ex.: The teacher, who lived in England for a long time, speaks English really well. COMPARE: Ex.: The students, who passed the exam, are having a party to celebrate (all the students passed the exam) The students who/that passed the exam are having a party to celebrate (only those who passed are having a party, this clause is necessary to know who is having the party)
- 4. RELATIVE PRONOUNS/ADVERBS PRONOUNS: THAT, WHICH, WHO, (as shown earlier) WHOSE: for possession (of which/of who): Ex.: That’s the boy whose father is a famous film director. ADVERBS: WHERE:Ex.: That’s the city where she lives. WHY: This is the reason why you have to work online. WHEN: That’s the time when people normally have lunch there. WHEREBY (by which):The government set up a plan whereby people could work from home
- 5. RELATIVE PHRASES/COLLOCATIONS Often with quantifiers: many of whom, two of which, etc. Ex.: We bought several computers for the school, two of which were really expensive. Collocations: A situation where A reason why A period in/during which The extent to which A process whereby In cases where The point at which Ways in which
- 6. OPTIONAL RELATIVE PRONOUNS When the relative pronoun is the object (and not the subject) of the relative clause (when both clauses have different subjects) we normally OMIT the pronoun: Ex.: Yes, that’s the film (which/that) we saw in the cinema last week. The clause in bold is the relative clause: The subject is “we”, which/that are the object and refer to the film in the main clause. ALSO when the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition which is placed at the end like in questions: Ex: That’s the person you have to talk to. That’s the person who/that you have to talk to (very uncommon) That’s the person to whom you have to talk (very uncommon and formal)
- 7. PREPOSITIONS They usually go at the end in everyday speech, as it happens in questions: Ex: The school I work for is very innovative If the preposition is placed at the beginning followed by the relative pronoun, it sounds extremely formal and is not very common: Ex:The school for which I work is very innovative. No preposition is used with the relative where Ex.: This is the school where I work.