Relooking water resources pragyan viii ruby s.s. project
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The document summarizes information about water resources on Earth. It states that over two thirds of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with 97.2% contained in the five oceans. The largest freshwater storage is in ice sheets and glaciers, containing 90% of the planet's freshwater. Most water is part of the water cycle, with the largest reservoirs being the oceans (97.25%), ice caps and glaciers (2.05%), and groundwater (0.68%). Water scarcity is an increasing issue caused by population growth, consumption patterns, and climate change. Agriculture accounts for 70% of water usage globally while industry uses 22%. Conservation efforts like reducing waste and integrated watershed management can help
Relooking water resources pragyan viii ruby s.s. project
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- 3. 3 How much water is in earth? Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water. 97.2% of which is contained in the five oceans. The Antarctic ice sheet, containing 90% of all fresh water on the planet, is visible at the bottom. Atmospheric water vapour can be seen as clouds.
- 4. 4 Volume of water stored in the water cycle's reservoirs Reservoir Volume of water (106 km³) Percent of total Ocean 1370 97.25 Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05 Groundwater 9.5 0.68 Lakes 0.125 0.01 Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005 Atmosphere 0.013 0.001 Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001 Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004
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- 6. 6 Distribution of Water This is how the water is distributed on earth . We will see a graphical chart on this topic in the next slide. Type Location Percent Surface Lakes 0.009 Saline lakes/seas 0.008 Streams 0.0001 Subsurface Vadose 0.005 Groundwater (to 750 m) 0.31 Groundwater (below 750m) 0.31 Other Reservoirs Icecaps, glaciers 2.15 Atmosphere 0.001 Oceans 97.2
- 7. 7 We can see here that most of the water is in the oceans
- 8. 8 Sources of fresh water 1) Surface water 2) Under river flow 3) Ground water 4) Desalinization 5) Frozen water
- 9. 9 Scarcity of fresh water fresh water is a increasingly scarce resource. It is partially caused by increasing population coupled by change of consumption pattern and climate changes.
- 10. 10 Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods. Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth. Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff.
- 11. 11 1) Agricultural 2) Industrial 3) Household 4) Recreation 5) Environmental
- 12. 12Agricultural and industrial water uses Agricultural Industrial It is estimated that 70% of worldwide water use is for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable. It takes around 2,000 - 3,000 liters of water to produce enough food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need. This is a considerable amount, when compared to that required for drinking, which is between two and five liters. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry. Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes,etc Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture.
- 13. 13Household and agricultural water uses Household It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for household purposes. These include drinking, bathing, cooking, etc. Basic household water requirements have been estimated by Peter Gleick at around 50 liters per person per day. Recreation Recreational water use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use. Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs. If a reservoir is kept fuller than it would otherwise be for recreation. Release of water from a few reservoirs is also timed to enhance whitewater boating, which also could be considered a recreational usage.
- 14. 14 Environmental water uses Explicit environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use. Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental purposes ,but more often water is retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction. Environmental water usage includes watering of natural or artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat.
- 15. 15 Supply of Water Resources Small fraction (.014%) is readily available for human use
- 16. 16 It takes over 11,000 liters of water to produce a pound of coffee. It takes about 300 liters of water to make the paper for just one Sunday newspaper. Agriculture is responsible for about 70% of the world’s water usage. Industry uses a further 22%.
- 17. 17 It takes up to 5000 liters of water to produce 1kg of rice. 90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged into rivers or streams without any treatment. Water consumption in a US household is eight times that of an Indian household.
- 18. 18 TemperatureChange(C)o 0.6 0.3 - 0.3 0.0 - 0.6 1900 1950 2000 Global mean temperature change through last century 5-year running average 1950-60 Mean level
- 19. 19 8 0 4 -12 -8 -4 1900 20001950 5-year running average The global mean sea-level rise through last century Mean 1951-1970 level
- 20. 20 water scarcity What is water scarcity ? Causes of water scarcity Water scarcity already affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people around the world by at least one month every year. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water. Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water crisis. Unsustainable extraction of freshwater and other human interference with the water cycle are the immediate causes of water scarcity within a river basin. Human intervention which degrades the quantity and quality of the natural supply of freshwater occurs in three principal ways.
- 21. 21 Solutions Sustainable Water Use Not depleting aquifers Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems Preserving water quality Integrated watershed management Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations Marketing of water rights Raising water prices Wasting less water Decreasing government subsides for supplying water Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste Slowing population growth
- 22. 22 Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the house, sidewalk, or street. Plant during the spring or fall when the watering requirements are lower. We're more likely to notice leaky faucets indoors, but don't forget to check outdoor faucets, pipes, and hoses for leaks. Avoid installing ornamental water features and fountains that spray water into the air. Trickling or cascading fountains lose less water to evaporation. Turn off the water while you brush your teeth and save 3 gallons a minute. That's more than 1000 gallons a year. Check faucets and pipes for leaks. Take shorter showers. When washing dishes by hand, don't leave the water running for rinsing. Don't run the hose while washing your car
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- 24. 24 Social Studies Summer Assignment