remote sensing platforms materials for student
- 2. ORBITS Geostationary orbit Near Polar orbit (appr.36.000 km) (appr. 500-1000 km)
- 3. MAJOR EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES • Landsat • SPOT • Ikonos • AVHRR • Seawifs • GOES • Meteosat • Terra EOS Satellite (ASTER, MODIS, CERES, MOPITT, MISR)
- 4. MAJOR EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES (contd.) • Radarsat • ESA Satellites (ERS, ATSR) • India Satellites (IRS, LISS, OCM) • Japanese Satellites (JERS, ADEOS, AVNIR, OCTS, MOS, ALOS) • Russian Satellites (Priroda, etc)
- 5. LANDSAT
- 6. LANDSAT • Swath Width: 185 km • Repeat Cycle 16 days • Orbit Altitude: 705 km • Equatorial Crossing: at around 10 a.m. local solar time Spectral Bands of Landsat-7 Band Spectral Range (mm) Ground Resolution 1 (Blue) .450- .515 30 2 (Green) .525- .605 30 3 (Red) .630- .690 30 4 (Near IR) .750- .900 30 5 (Mid IR) 1.55- 1.75 30 6 (Thermal IR) 10.4- 12.5 60 7 (Mid IR) 2.09- 2.35 30 Panchromatic .520-.900 15
- 7. Landsat Program Summary System Lounch (End Of Service) Res (m) Alt (km) R (days) D (Mbps) Landsat 1 7/23/1972 (1/6/1978) 80 (RBV), 80 (MSS) 917 18 15 Landsat 2 1/22/1975 (2/25/1982) 80 (RBV), 80 (MSS) 917 18 15 Landsat 3 3/5/1978 (3/31/1983) 30 (RBV), 80 (MSS) 917 18 15 Landsat 4 7/16/82 80 (MSS), 30 (TM) 705 16 85 Landsat 5 3/1/84 80 (MSS), 30 (TM) 705 16 85 Landsat 6 10/5/1993 (10/5/1993) 15 (PAN), 30 (MS) 705 16 85 Landsat 7 Dec-98 15 (PAN), 30 (MS) 705 16 150
- 8. SPOT 4 Characteristics Band (m) Spectral range (µm) Spatial resolution (m) B1 (Green) .500 - .590 20 B2 (Red) .610 - .680 10 and 20 B3 (Near IR) .790 - .890 20 SWIR (MIR) 1.58 - 1.75 20
- 10. Launch Date September 24, 1999 Launch Vehicle Athena II Launch Vehicle Manufacturer Lockheed Martin Ground resolution 1-meter panchromatic (nominal at <26deg off nadir) 4-meter multi-spectral (nominal at <26deg off nadir) The ground processing software has the capability to rapidly process and mosaic imagery so as to create seamless image products with a consistent pixel ground sample distance (GSD). Imagery Spectral Response Panchromatic: 0.45 - 0.90 microns Multispectral: #1: Blue 0.45 - 0.52 #2: Green 0.52 – 0.60 #3: Red 0.63 - 0.69 #4: Near IR 0.76 - 0.90 (same as Landsat 4&5 TM Bands #1-4) Nominal Swath Width 11 km at nadir Areas of Interest a nominal single image at 13 km x13 km strips of 11km x 100 km up to 11 km x 1000 km image mosaics of up to 12,000 sq. km. up to two 10,000 square kilometer contiguous areas in a single pass within a region Metric Accuracy 12-meter horizontal and 10-meter vertical accuracy with no ground control 2-meter horizontal and 3-meter vertical accuracy with ground control These are specified as 90% CE (circular error) for the horizontal and 90% LE (linear error) for the vertical Orbital Information Altitude 423 miles / 681 Inclination 98.1 degrees Speed 4 miles per second / 7 kilometers per second Revisit Frequency 2.9 days at 1-meter resolution; 1.5 days at 1.5-meter resolution Orbit time 98 minutes Orbit type sun-synchronous IKONOS Specifications
- 11. Vienna, Austria (full) April 2000 Vienna, Austria (enlargement) One-meter pan-sharpened image of Vienna, Austria. Shown here are the Imperial Palace and gardens. This imagery is useful for trans -portation network monitoring, tourism, real estate and other applications IKONOS
- 12. GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) • The GOES series of satellites is the primary weather observation platform for the United States. • The latest generation, GOES I-M, represent an advance in data products for weather forecasting and storm warnings over the previous series of geostationary satellites. • GOES I-M is a 3-axis stabilized system vs. the older spin- scan system, providing more accurate geo-location of earth images.
- 13. METEOSAT • Europe's geostationary weather observation satellite • Meteosat was launched in November 1993. • The 4 channel, 3-spectral-band high resolution radiometer constitutes the main payload on board Meteosat. • The radiometer scans in 3 spectral bands: Visible, Infrared, and Water Vapor. • The instrument allows continuous imaging of the Earth with images sent every half-hour.
- 15. SAR Characteristics Frequency / Wavelength 5.3GHz/C-band 5.6 cm RF Bandwidth 11.6, 17.3 or 30.0 Mhz Transmitter Power (peak) 5 kW Transmitter Power (average) 300 W Maximum Data Rate 85 Mb/s (recorded) - 105 Mb/s (R/T) Antenna Size 15m x 1.5m Antenna Polarization HH Orbit Characteristics Altitude 793-821 kilometres Inclination 98.6 degrees Period 101 minutes Ascending node 18:00 hours Sun-synchronous 14 orbits per day Coverage Access Using Maximum Swath Width North of 70 degrees N Daily North of 48 degrees N Every 4 days The Whole Earth Every 6 days RADARSAT Specifications
- 16. Imaging Modes MODE NOMINAL NO. OF SWATH INCIDENCE RESOLUTION (m) POSITIONS/BEAMS WIDTH (km) ANGLES (degrees) Fine 8 15 45 37-47 Standard 30 7 100 20-49 Wide 30 3 150 20-45 ScanSAR Narrow 50 2 300 20-49 ScanSAR Wide 100 2 500 20-49 Extended(H) 18-27 3 75 52-58 Extended(L) 30 1 170 10-22 RADARSAT Specifications (cont.)
- 17. ESA Satellites and Earth Observation System
- 18. ATSR (Along Track Scanning Radiometer) • Objective: sea surface temperature, cloud observations, land and ice surface emissivity • Spectral channels: 4 co-registered channels at 1.6, 3.7, 10.8 and 12 micro-meter • IFOV: 1 km x 1 km (nadir), 1.5 km x 2 km (forward view) • Swath width: 500 km
- 19. India Satellites and Earth Observation System
- 20. The earliest Indian satellite IRS-1C was launched in December 1995 and carried instruments with both high and medium spatial resolutions. IRS-1C IRS-1C data is available from January 1998 to till date IRS-1C WIFS data is available from October 4th 1999 to till date SENSOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION SCALE AREA LISS – III Standard Full scene based path row products 1:250,000 141 kmx 141 km LISS -III Standard Quadrant scene based path row products 1:125,000 72 km x 72 km PAN Standard Full Scene based path row products Not Applicable 70 km x (70- 91) km PAN Standard Quadrant scene based path row products Not Applicable 35 km x 35 km PAN Standard Sub-scene based path row products 1:50,000 23 km x (23- 30) km PAN Geocoded data products as per SOI toposheet for Indian region 1:25,000 14 km x 14 km PAN Point geocoded products 1:12,500 9 km x 9 km WiFS Standard Scene based path row products 1:2M 810 km x 810 km IRS-1C data is available from January 1998 to till date IRS-1C WIFS data is available from October 4th 1999 to till date SENSOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION SCALE AREA LISS – III Standard Full scene based path row products 1:250,000 141 kmx 141 km LISS -III Standard Quadrant scene based path row products 1:125,000 72 km x 72 km PAN Standard Full Scene based path row products Not Applicable 70 km x (70- 91) km PAN Standard Quadrant scene based path row products Not Applicable 35 km x 35 km PAN Standard Sub-scene based path row products 1:50,000 23 km x (23- 30) km PAN Geocoded data products as per SOI toposheet for Indian region 1:25,000 14 km x 14 km PAN Point geocoded products 1:12,500 9 km x 9 km WiFS Standard Scene based path row products 1:2M 810 km x 810 km
- 21. IRS-1D was successfully launched on September 29, 1997. The satellite is an identical twin to IRS-1C. Thus this satellite couple together gives a revisiting cycle of 12 days as opposed to the single-satellite 24-day revisit cycle. IRS-1D data is available from April 15th 1998 to till date SENSOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION SCALE AREA LISS – III Standard Full scene based path row products 1:250,000 127 km x 145.5 km LISS -III Standard Quadrant scene based path row products 1:125,000 63.5 km x 71 km PAN Standard Full Scene based path row products NotApplicable 63 km x 71.8 km PAN Standard Quadrant scene based path row products NotApplicable 31.5 km x 34.5 km (Nadir) PAN Standard Sub-scene based path row products 1:50,000 21 km x 23 km (Nadir) PAN Geocoded data products as per SOI toposheet for Indian region 1:25,000 14 km x 14 km PAN Point geocoded products 1:12,500 9 km x 9 km WiFS Standard Scene based path row products 1:2M 720 km x 778 km IRS-1D
- 22. IRS-P3 is a purely research satellite, successfully launched 21 March, 1996 with WiFS sensor such as IRS-1 C/D with SWIR band at resolution 188 x 246 meter. IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT-1) was successfully launched 26 May, 1999. The satellite is equipped with two instruments: OCM ( Ocean Color Monitor ) • Sun synchronous at an altitude of 720 km. • Operating in eight narrow spectral bands, 0.400 - 0.885 micrometer, • A resolution of 350 m and a swath of 1420 km • Used to collect data on chlorophyll concentration, detect and monitor phytoplankton blooms and obtain data on atmospheric aerosols and suspended sediments in the water. MSMR ( Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer ). • A swath of 1360 km • Operating in four microwave frequencies both in vertical and horizontal polarization • Used to collect data on sea surface temperature, wind speed, cloud water content and water vapor content in the atmosphere above the ocean. IRS-P3 and IRS-P4
- 23. Japanese Satellite and Earth Observation System
- 24. JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) 1. Objective: Gather data on global land masses while conducting observation for land surveys, agricultural-forestry-fisheries, environmental protection, disaster prevention and coastal surveillance, with emphasis on locating natural resources. 2. Operation Time : 1992 - 1998 3. Sensors: • SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) which is an active microwave sensor • OPS (Optical Sensor) that measures light reflected from the earth's surface ranging from visible light to short-wave infrared light.
- 25. ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite) 1. Goal: Monitoring global environmental changes such as maritime meteorological conditions, atmospheric ozone, and gases that promote global warming 2. Operation Time : August 1996 - June 1997 3. Sensors: • AVNIR (Advanced Visible Near Infrared Radiometer) • OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner) • NSCAT (NASA Scatterometer) • TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) • POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance) • IMG (Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases) • ILAS (Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer) • RIS (Retroreflector In-Space)
- 26. AVNIR (Advanced Visible Near Infrared Radiometer) Measurement Objectives: Land and Coastal Zone Scanning Method : Electronic(CCD) Wavelength: Visible( 3 Bands),Near-infrared(1) Panchromatic-Band (visible): 1Bands Spatial Resolution: 16m, Panchromatic-Band:8m Swath Width: 80km
- 27. OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner) Measurement Objectives: Ocean Color and Sea Surface Temperature Scanning Method: Mechanical Wavelength: Visible: 6 Bands, Thermal-infrared:3 Bands, Middle-infrared: 1 Bands Spatial Resolution: 700m Swath Width: 1400km
- 28. MOS (Marine Observation Satellite MOS-1 / MOS-1b) 1. Objective: Japan's first marine observation satellite, was launched as a link in a global satellite observation system for more effective natural resource utilization and for environmental protection. 2. Operation Time: 1987 - April 1996 3. Sensors: • MESSR ( Multi-spectral Electronic Self-scanning Radiometer ) An electronic scanning radiometer that observes solar light reflected from the earth surface. It is equipped with two camera systems that are set parallel to the satellite's flight direction. • VTIR (Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer ) Using a rotating scanning mirror, the VTIR mechanically scans from right to left at right angle to the satellite's flight direction. • MSR ( Microwave Scanning Radiometer ) A radio sensor scanning the earth surface along the flight path with its rotating dish antenna.