Renewable Energy Based Floating Power Generator (Rivers and Canals)
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1) Researchers in India have developed a floating power generator system that can generate electricity from flowing water in rivers and canals without needing to be permanently installed. 2) The system consists of fiberglass floats connected to a water wheel that spins a waterproof generator as water flows between the floats. 3) Testing of a prototype in Mahi River in India showed it could generate up to 250 watts of power at a water flow rate of 6 cubic meters per second.
![Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 49|P a g e
Renewable Energy Based Floating Power Generator (Rivers and
Canals)
Dr. J.R.Gandhi1
, Harshvardhan Jha2
, S. N. Jha3
and Dr. D.S.Patel4
1
Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh VIdyanagar, Gujarat, India.
2
Final year student, Institute of Studies & Research in Renewable Energy, New Vallabh Vidyanagar.
3
Consultant, Supernova Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Vitthal Udyognagar, Dist. Anand
4
Research Scientist-Renewable Energy Department, Dinesh Allorga Ltd. At. Lunej, Khambhat, Gujarat
Abstract
We have developed a stand alone, (river and canal water stream) floating power generator system for village
electrification, agriculture water pumping, bridge street lights and such other utilities. The system is the unique
one of its kind as per our knowledge and various surveys. The physical structure of the system is made of the
non corrosive and unbreakable materials like mild steel, fiber glass etc. It works, as it rotates in the water flow.
It does not require any kind of the external electric grid power for its working. As the water flows, the specially
designed blades of the system rotate in the direction of the flow and ultimately the consistent power is
generated, this power can be used directly or it may be stored in battery and the utilized as and when required.
No permanent installation, No pollution and environment friendly floating Pico turbine. The observations taken
from the sight are tabulated and accordingly results are discussed.
Key Words: Water Stream, Float, Water Wheel, Water proof power generator, Electric load
I. Introduction
Humans have used the hydropower for more than
2000 years. Hydropower is the rate at which
hydraulic energy is extracted from specific amount of
falling water as a result of its velocity or position or
both. As a working fluid, water in a hydropower
system is not consumed and is available for other
uses. Hydropower can be used to power machinery or
to generate electricity or both at the same time. The
small scale hydro plants are suitable for mechanical
applications while large scale hydro power plants are
used for electricity generation [1]. For a well planned
and operated hydropower project, electricity
generation technology is stated as one of the cheapest
in terms of cost possibly because of the working fuel
availability free of cost without its wastage [2]. It is
the most important renewable energy contributes for
more than 19% of the world total electricity
generation. Small scale hydro is in most case ―run-of-
river‖ with no dam or water storage and is cost
effective system. India is endowed with rich
hydropower potential but less than 25% has been
developed or taken up for development. For a well
planed and operated hydropower project, hydropower
electricity generation technology is one of the
cheapest in terms of the electricity generation costs
possibly because the fuel (flowing water) is available
without any direct cost. This relatively low electricity
generation cost makes the hydropower, one of the
best renewable energy sources [3, 4]. Being a clean,
cheap and renewable source of energy, a lot of
research is being put in to efficient utilization of
water resources we have available on the planate [5].
Hydroelectric power plants are able to respond to
power demand fluctuations much faster than other
electricity generation systems such as thermal electric
power stations.This makes hydropower a flexible
energy conversion technology and also explain why
hydroelectric power stations are sometimes used for
peaking purposes. Further, hydroelectric power
technology is a high efficient energy conversion
process. The energy conversion system efficiency for
a well-operated hydroelectric power plant can be
around 85%, while the system efficiencies for
thermal-electric plants are less than 50%. In India,
hydropower projects having less than 25MW of
installed capacity are defined as small scale projects.
A classification by head refers to a difference in level
between inlet (headrace) and outlet (tailrace) of a
hydropower installation [6].
A ―run-of-river ―type hydropower project
generate electricity from the river flow without
significant impoundment. Water flow in the river
depends on precipitation and ground water flow.
These parameters may have substantial daily,
monthly, or seasonal variations.
Our newly developed floating water wheel
power generator system is a stand alone device which
can be anchored and unanchored as and when needed
in any open water body like canal and rivers. This
portable unit can be shifted easily to the required
place, as government doesn’t allow a permanent
installation in river and canal, it is also a costlier job
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j6206049052-160728055335/85/Renewable-Energy-Based-Floating-Power-Generator-Rivers-and-Canals-1-320.jpg)
![Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 50|P a g e
to have civil foundation in water for such standalone
system so it is the need of the time; this is purely a
Renewable hydro powered pollution free green
power source of electricity. The floats are designed
from FRP material to protect from humid and rust
condition, the aerodynamically designed FRP floats
minimize the thrust of flowing water on them and
boosting the force of flowing water to drive water
wheel at lower flow rate. The floats are mounted with
hot dip GI chassis fitted with water wheel, gear and
linear power generator. The entire floating generator
was anchored using ropes tided on both sides of river
bank.
The flowing water between the two floats rotates
the water wheel which drives the AC variable
frequency generator through gear, the generated AC
power is used directly to store the battery bank, but
this generator can also be used directly to the load.
This floating generator can be anchored in any canal,
flowing river or flowing stream. The generated power
can be connected to load, if your load is continues
like water pump for irrigation then this will keep on
running for all the time but if your load is lighting
load then you have to connect it to power controller
for charging battery so that the generation of the day
can be use to run more lighting load in night time, the
direct lighting load without battery is not advisable
because it will reduce your load to 1/3rd
. The
generation and harnessing of the power depends on
the size of generator and flow rate of water. The
system needs very low maintenance for a long period
of time, because of low rpm generator and the type of
quality materials used to fabricate this system, the
generator used in the system is water proof with no
carbon brush and no slip rings so the life of the
generator system is very long with very low
maintenance.
II. Fabrication and working
The base of this system is the Floats designed
aerodynamically and fabricated from fiber resigns
material specially to harness the maximum flow of
the flowing water with maximum stability at the
anchored place. The chassis of the system is
fabricated from hot dip galvanized MS material to
protect it from corrosion. The float is tied with the
steel wire at the banks of the flowing water body.
This system contains FRP blades [8] on shaft, which
rotates due to flow of water. On the rotating shaft
generator is coupled with gear having ratio of 1:10.
The special designed generator is waterproof, brush
less, slip-ring less and resin sealed generator with
double sealed Z bearing in SS304 housing. The out
put of generator is connected to load through power
controller placed on the land side which is connected
through water proof submersible cable. One such
system installed on site is shown in figure – 1.
The low rpm generator is designed for a longer
life without regular maintenance. To de-motivate the
theft of generator from the river the material utilized
in the device does not have resale value. The
generator can be removed during flood situation in
the river.
As the water flows, the fiber blades wheel rotates
driving the gear which plunges the generator to
produce variable AC power which is feed to battery
bank for lighting load, power generation depends on
the speed of the rotation of the wheel and ultimately
on the speed of the flow of water.
Figure -1: Floating Power Generator on site](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j6206049052-160728055335/85/Renewable-Energy-Based-Floating-Power-Generator-Rivers-and-Canals-2-320.jpg)
![Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 51|P a g e
Water wheel suspending shaft chassis has a
provision of adjusting the water submerging level of
water wheel flaps so that the optimum result can be
obtained from coupled generator. The attached
generator has axial flux with linear drive; we
designed this generator because due to low flow rate
of large volume of water we get more thrust for linear
drive compared to rotational power of high rpm and
so the generator was designed accordingly. Cable
with floats is laid down in water to bring electric
power. This is purely a green power source, the
system is maintenance free for a long period of time,
because of the type and the quality of the materials
used to fabricate this system, the life of the system
can be up to 20 years.
3.1. Water wheel Technical Details
Diameter of water wheel : 07’
Flap size : 04’X 02’
Number of flap : 12
Number of float : 0 2 (7’X2’X2’)
Rotation of water wheel at flow of 4.2 cusec: 04 rpm
3.2 Information of Water wheel
Blades: 12 nos.
Time for one full rotation of water wheel is 15
second
Volume of water between two blades: 5.24 cub. ft
(submerging of blades is adjustable)
There are 12 blades, the single rotation time is 15
second the water wheel passes the water of 5.24 cub.
ft X 12 Blades = 63 Cub. ft / 15 second
63 cub.ft. 15second = 4.2 Cusec
(This flow rate observed at Mahi river site Kherda,
Gujarat State)
3.3. Generator Details
Number of generator attached to the system : 01
Type of generator : PM
brush less, AC. Gear Ratio : 1:10
Stroke of generator at flow of 4.2 cusec: 40 stroke/ min
Drive : Axial Flux
Capacity of generator : 500 watt/hr
III. Results and Discussion
Table -1 Figure – 2: Power Curve
Observations were made during the on-sight
testing of our floating Generator system. The
observations are tabulated in table -1 and respective
graph is shown in figure -2. Based on the
observations an approximate estimation was prepared
for a generation of a day. The calculation is done for
an average flow rate of water between floats is 4.4
cusec and the following technical specifications.
As per the above specifications, an average
amount power generated in a day was 2.4 KW/hr at
an average water flow rate of 4.4 cusec
IV. Conclusion
This floating power generator is an efficient
device compare to the other conventionally available
ones. It is a convenient and cost effective system as it
does not requires any permanent installation having
civil work. It can be seen that the output power can
be increased by increasing the size of water wheel
blades. The output power is increases exponentially
with flow of water. Also the efficiency of the system
can be increased with larger size.
References
[1.] Chiyembekezo S. Kaunda,1
Cuthbert Z.
Kimambo,2
and Torbjorn K. Nielsen1
ISRN
Renewable Energy, Vo. 2012 (2012), Article
730631
[2.] USA Department of Energy, Hydropower
Technology Information. Basic Energy
Information,
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_p
lant_types.html, 2012.
[3.] A. Brown, S. Muller and Z. Dobrotkova,
International Energy Agency (IEA)
information paper November 2011
Flow of Water In
Cusec
Output
Power in
Watt
3.5 60
4 80
4.5 110
5 140
5.5 185
6 250](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j6206049052-160728055335/85/Renewable-Energy-Based-Floating-Power-Generator-Rivers-and-Canals-3-320.jpg)
![Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 52|P a g e
[4.] ―Renewable energy technologies—cost
analysis series, volume 1: power sector,‖
Paper 3(5) (2012)
[5.] Savale P.A. ―Role of Renewable Energy
Resources in Rural Development of India‖
Journal of Environmental Research and
Development, Vol.10 No. 1, July-September
-2015, p.124 - 138
[6.] International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA) ―Renewable Energy Technologies
- Cost Analysis Series, Vol.1: Power
Sector‖, IRENA Working Paper 3/5, 2012
[7.] Shreelal.N.Jha and J.R.Gandhi, Renewable
Energy Based Floating Aeration and
Ozonation System for Rivers and Canals, J.
Environment Res. Develop. 5(4), 661-
663,(2011)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j6206049052-160728055335/85/Renewable-Energy-Based-Floating-Power-Generator-Rivers-and-Canals-4-320.jpg)
Renewable Energy Based Floating Power Generator (Rivers and Canals)
- 1. Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52 www.ijera.com 49|P a g e Renewable Energy Based Floating Power Generator (Rivers and Canals) Dr. J.R.Gandhi1 , Harshvardhan Jha2 , S. N. Jha3 and Dr. D.S.Patel4 1 Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh VIdyanagar, Gujarat, India. 2 Final year student, Institute of Studies & Research in Renewable Energy, New Vallabh Vidyanagar. 3 Consultant, Supernova Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Vitthal Udyognagar, Dist. Anand 4 Research Scientist-Renewable Energy Department, Dinesh Allorga Ltd. At. Lunej, Khambhat, Gujarat Abstract We have developed a stand alone, (river and canal water stream) floating power generator system for village electrification, agriculture water pumping, bridge street lights and such other utilities. The system is the unique one of its kind as per our knowledge and various surveys. The physical structure of the system is made of the non corrosive and unbreakable materials like mild steel, fiber glass etc. It works, as it rotates in the water flow. It does not require any kind of the external electric grid power for its working. As the water flows, the specially designed blades of the system rotate in the direction of the flow and ultimately the consistent power is generated, this power can be used directly or it may be stored in battery and the utilized as and when required. No permanent installation, No pollution and environment friendly floating Pico turbine. The observations taken from the sight are tabulated and accordingly results are discussed. Key Words: Water Stream, Float, Water Wheel, Water proof power generator, Electric load I. Introduction Humans have used the hydropower for more than 2000 years. Hydropower is the rate at which hydraulic energy is extracted from specific amount of falling water as a result of its velocity or position or both. As a working fluid, water in a hydropower system is not consumed and is available for other uses. Hydropower can be used to power machinery or to generate electricity or both at the same time. The small scale hydro plants are suitable for mechanical applications while large scale hydro power plants are used for electricity generation [1]. For a well planned and operated hydropower project, electricity generation technology is stated as one of the cheapest in terms of cost possibly because of the working fuel availability free of cost without its wastage [2]. It is the most important renewable energy contributes for more than 19% of the world total electricity generation. Small scale hydro is in most case ―run-of- river‖ with no dam or water storage and is cost effective system. India is endowed with rich hydropower potential but less than 25% has been developed or taken up for development. For a well planed and operated hydropower project, hydropower electricity generation technology is one of the cheapest in terms of the electricity generation costs possibly because the fuel (flowing water) is available without any direct cost. This relatively low electricity generation cost makes the hydropower, one of the best renewable energy sources [3, 4]. Being a clean, cheap and renewable source of energy, a lot of research is being put in to efficient utilization of water resources we have available on the planate [5]. Hydroelectric power plants are able to respond to power demand fluctuations much faster than other electricity generation systems such as thermal electric power stations.This makes hydropower a flexible energy conversion technology and also explain why hydroelectric power stations are sometimes used for peaking purposes. Further, hydroelectric power technology is a high efficient energy conversion process. The energy conversion system efficiency for a well-operated hydroelectric power plant can be around 85%, while the system efficiencies for thermal-electric plants are less than 50%. In India, hydropower projects having less than 25MW of installed capacity are defined as small scale projects. A classification by head refers to a difference in level between inlet (headrace) and outlet (tailrace) of a hydropower installation [6]. A ―run-of-river ―type hydropower project generate electricity from the river flow without significant impoundment. Water flow in the river depends on precipitation and ground water flow. These parameters may have substantial daily, monthly, or seasonal variations. Our newly developed floating water wheel power generator system is a stand alone device which can be anchored and unanchored as and when needed in any open water body like canal and rivers. This portable unit can be shifted easily to the required place, as government doesn’t allow a permanent installation in river and canal, it is also a costlier job RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
- 2. Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52 www.ijera.com 50|P a g e to have civil foundation in water for such standalone system so it is the need of the time; this is purely a Renewable hydro powered pollution free green power source of electricity. The floats are designed from FRP material to protect from humid and rust condition, the aerodynamically designed FRP floats minimize the thrust of flowing water on them and boosting the force of flowing water to drive water wheel at lower flow rate. The floats are mounted with hot dip GI chassis fitted with water wheel, gear and linear power generator. The entire floating generator was anchored using ropes tided on both sides of river bank. The flowing water between the two floats rotates the water wheel which drives the AC variable frequency generator through gear, the generated AC power is used directly to store the battery bank, but this generator can also be used directly to the load. This floating generator can be anchored in any canal, flowing river or flowing stream. The generated power can be connected to load, if your load is continues like water pump for irrigation then this will keep on running for all the time but if your load is lighting load then you have to connect it to power controller for charging battery so that the generation of the day can be use to run more lighting load in night time, the direct lighting load without battery is not advisable because it will reduce your load to 1/3rd . The generation and harnessing of the power depends on the size of generator and flow rate of water. The system needs very low maintenance for a long period of time, because of low rpm generator and the type of quality materials used to fabricate this system, the generator used in the system is water proof with no carbon brush and no slip rings so the life of the generator system is very long with very low maintenance. II. Fabrication and working The base of this system is the Floats designed aerodynamically and fabricated from fiber resigns material specially to harness the maximum flow of the flowing water with maximum stability at the anchored place. The chassis of the system is fabricated from hot dip galvanized MS material to protect it from corrosion. The float is tied with the steel wire at the banks of the flowing water body. This system contains FRP blades [8] on shaft, which rotates due to flow of water. On the rotating shaft generator is coupled with gear having ratio of 1:10. The special designed generator is waterproof, brush less, slip-ring less and resin sealed generator with double sealed Z bearing in SS304 housing. The out put of generator is connected to load through power controller placed on the land side which is connected through water proof submersible cable. One such system installed on site is shown in figure – 1. The low rpm generator is designed for a longer life without regular maintenance. To de-motivate the theft of generator from the river the material utilized in the device does not have resale value. The generator can be removed during flood situation in the river. As the water flows, the fiber blades wheel rotates driving the gear which plunges the generator to produce variable AC power which is feed to battery bank for lighting load, power generation depends on the speed of the rotation of the wheel and ultimately on the speed of the flow of water. Figure -1: Floating Power Generator on site
- 3. Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52 www.ijera.com 51|P a g e Water wheel suspending shaft chassis has a provision of adjusting the water submerging level of water wheel flaps so that the optimum result can be obtained from coupled generator. The attached generator has axial flux with linear drive; we designed this generator because due to low flow rate of large volume of water we get more thrust for linear drive compared to rotational power of high rpm and so the generator was designed accordingly. Cable with floats is laid down in water to bring electric power. This is purely a green power source, the system is maintenance free for a long period of time, because of the type and the quality of the materials used to fabricate this system, the life of the system can be up to 20 years. 3.1. Water wheel Technical Details Diameter of water wheel : 07’ Flap size : 04’X 02’ Number of flap : 12 Number of float : 0 2 (7’X2’X2’) Rotation of water wheel at flow of 4.2 cusec: 04 rpm 3.2 Information of Water wheel Blades: 12 nos. Time for one full rotation of water wheel is 15 second Volume of water between two blades: 5.24 cub. ft (submerging of blades is adjustable) There are 12 blades, the single rotation time is 15 second the water wheel passes the water of 5.24 cub. ft X 12 Blades = 63 Cub. ft / 15 second 63 cub.ft. 15second = 4.2 Cusec (This flow rate observed at Mahi river site Kherda, Gujarat State) 3.3. Generator Details Number of generator attached to the system : 01 Type of generator : PM brush less, AC. Gear Ratio : 1:10 Stroke of generator at flow of 4.2 cusec: 40 stroke/ min Drive : Axial Flux Capacity of generator : 500 watt/hr III. Results and Discussion Table -1 Figure – 2: Power Curve Observations were made during the on-sight testing of our floating Generator system. The observations are tabulated in table -1 and respective graph is shown in figure -2. Based on the observations an approximate estimation was prepared for a generation of a day. The calculation is done for an average flow rate of water between floats is 4.4 cusec and the following technical specifications. As per the above specifications, an average amount power generated in a day was 2.4 KW/hr at an average water flow rate of 4.4 cusec IV. Conclusion This floating power generator is an efficient device compare to the other conventionally available ones. It is a convenient and cost effective system as it does not requires any permanent installation having civil work. It can be seen that the output power can be increased by increasing the size of water wheel blades. The output power is increases exponentially with flow of water. Also the efficiency of the system can be increased with larger size. References [1.] Chiyembekezo S. Kaunda,1 Cuthbert Z. Kimambo,2 and Torbjorn K. Nielsen1 ISRN Renewable Energy, Vo. 2012 (2012), Article 730631 [2.] USA Department of Energy, Hydropower Technology Information. Basic Energy Information, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_p lant_types.html, 2012. [3.] A. Brown, S. Muller and Z. Dobrotkova, International Energy Agency (IEA) information paper November 2011 Flow of Water In Cusec Output Power in Watt 3.5 60 4 80 4.5 110 5 140 5.5 185 6 250
- 4. Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52 www.ijera.com 52|P a g e [4.] ―Renewable energy technologies—cost analysis series, volume 1: power sector,‖ Paper 3(5) (2012) [5.] Savale P.A. ―Role of Renewable Energy Resources in Rural Development of India‖ Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol.10 No. 1, July-September -2015, p.124 - 138 [6.] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ―Renewable Energy Technologies - Cost Analysis Series, Vol.1: Power Sector‖, IRENA Working Paper 3/5, 2012 [7.] Shreelal.N.Jha and J.R.Gandhi, Renewable Energy Based Floating Aeration and Ozonation System for Rivers and Canals, J. Environment Res. Develop. 5(4), 661- 663,(2011)